BIOGEOGRAPHY.

SPECIES INTERACTIONS.Presented by:-

NADA SILLO BALOHHO-Dip Educ(MorogoroTCC),Bed Arts MWUCE).

MWENGE UNIVERSITY-MOSHI TANZANIA.JUNE 2011.

1

QUESTION NO 03.

Giving examples; discuss the different types

of species interactions and show how each

type of interaction influences the fitness of

each type of interaction.

2

SPECIES INTERACTIONS.

Meaning:-

-species.

-interactions.

-species interactions.

Categories:-

-positive interactions.

-negative interactions

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POSITIVE INERACTIONS.

• Mutualism.

• Commensalism.

• Reproduction.

• Protection/inhibition.

• Proto-cooperation.

4

NEGATIVE INTERACTIONS

• Competition.

• Amensalism.

• Herbivory.

• Parasitism.

• Predation.

.

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SPECIES.

• Is a group of organisms that are able to

reproduce together, it can also be said that

species is a group of individuals or things that

have similar characteristics and or qualities.

• Species is a group of organism that have a

unique characteristics that distinguish them

from other organisms.

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INTERACTION.

• Means interrelation or association between phenomena.

• If two things interact, the two have an effect on each other(oxford advance dictionary.pg782).

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SPECIES INTERACTION.

• This refer to direct and indirect interrelationship or association between different organisms, it could be plants and plants, plants and animals and animals and animals as well as micro organisms like bacteria, fungi and the like.

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POSITIVE INTERACTION.

• Is the mutual association or relationship between animals and animals, plants and plants, and plants and animals.

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NEGATIVE INTERACTION.

• Is the category of interaction through which one species of organism benefit and the result to reduction or total exclusion of a certain species.

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MUTUALISM

• Is the type of symbiotic relationship where two

species of organisms live together and benefit

from the interaction.

• -facultative mutualism.

• -obligatory mutualism.

e.g. aunts and small trees the Acacia.

• -a fascinating mutualism.

e.g. Boran people and honey guard.

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HONEY GUIDE BIRB

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EXAMPLES MUTUALISM.

-Protozoan that live in gut of termites.

-Process of pollination, birds and insects transfer pollen while birds and insects get nectar.

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TERMITES MUTUALISM.

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MUTUALISM EXAMPLES.

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COMMENSALISM

• Is the relationship where one species derives a benefit from other species and the other species is not harmed by the relationship nor does it benefit from it.

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EXAMPLES OF COMMENSALISM

• The cattle egret, this birds stirs the bugs thatlive on the cattle and eats them. The bird isbenefited however the cattle does not benefitnor is the cattle negatively affected.

• Another example is in the forest there arenumber of vines, mosses, lichens, andclimbing plants that use trunks and branchesof trees for support or substrate.

Cont------------17

COMMENSALISM.

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COMMENSALISM.

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COMMENSALISM

• Another example is that of clown fish andanemone, the clown fish tend to hides fromenemies within the stinging tentacles of a seaanemone to which the clown fish is immune.

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CLOWN FISH AND ANEMONE

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REPRODUCTION.

• This means the act or process of producing babies, young animals, or plants. (Oxford Dictionary, pg 1253).

• One of the first phase in the sexual reproduction is the location of mate.

• This may occur by the advertisement by one sex of its whereabouts using scent (the phenomena of female moths)

• Cont--------------22

REPRODUCTION.

• OR sound (croaking in some species of frog) or sight (light in glow worms.

• The selection of mate often includes competition between individuals of the same sex, either males for females or more rarely females for males. In red deer for example males compete without fighting and the female chose the attractive one.

• Cont-------------23

REPRODUCTION.• The other example is peacock and birds of

paradise, competition between females for males occur in the jacanas which are small water birds.(Chapman and Reiss.1999.pg 101.)

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PROTO-COOPERATION.

• Means cooperation in which organisms or

species can come together for food

manufacture and when one species left alone

can also stand alone for its own food

manufacture. It is further considered as an

interrelation which benefit both partners but is

not obligatory.

• Cont----------

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EXAMPLES.

• For example when a tree roots grow and come into contact and develop natural grafting leading to mutual union which very important for photosynthesis when one is deep rooted, the deep rooted can assist the shallow rooted type of plant in absorbing water on the ground, when the deep rooted disappear it wont affect the existence of shallow rooted plant.

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PROTECTION/INHIBITION.

• Is a mechanism, either physiological or mechanical which flora and fauna have developed to better protect themselves.

• Many organisms attempting to avoid predation use other organism for protection.

• Cont----------

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PROTECTION/INHIBITION.

• Some organisms gain protection from predation by using the defense mechanism of another species. Some moth have living patterns that imitates back or leaves of trees.

• The canniber moth caterpillar eats the poisonous rag wart plant and concentrates the plants toxic in its own tissues.

• Cont---------

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PROTECTION/INHIBITION.

• The caterpillars are brightly colored with black and yellow stripes to warn birds that they are unpleasant to eat.

• Some edible species even copy the warning colorations of harmful ones to gain protection (Chapman &Reiss, 1999.pg 103)

• Cont--------

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PROTECTION/INHIBITION.

• Another example of protection is of human to inhibition of other species through the use of pest-sides, herbicides, fire, tilling, weeding, and land cleaning (www.wcupa.edu.accer/amigos/cd/species_inte

ractions.htm). In this way crop are protected where as weeds, insect and pest are destroyed by human beings.

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COMPETITION.

• This means two consumer share the same resources, each reduces the availability of resources of the other.

• Competition may be an indirect result of other type of interactions.

• In both animals and plants competition may occur at any time during the life cycle;

• Cont-------

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COMPETITION.

• Between sperms or actively growing pollen tubes for chance to fertilize an egg;

• Between embryo in the womb for parental nutrients;

• Between seedlings for light and space;

• Between offspring in the same litter or in the different litters in the same social group;

(Chapman &Reiss, 1999.pg 102)

Cont-------------32

COMPETITION.

• The outcome of these competition is one organism to loose, that is to die or become weak or diminish.

• It is important to know that competition occur between individuals within a species and among different species for environmental resources such as food, space, light, water as well as mineral nutrients.

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COMPETITION.

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A COMPETITION-FACILITATION CONTINUUM

Facilitation: nurse plants

Individuals of one species

facilitate the germination

and growth of a second

species

An example: ironwood in

desert provides protected

sites for the establishment of

cacti (later competition for

nutrient, water and light)

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HERBIVORY.

• Is the process of consuming whole or part of the plant by a consumer.

• It fall under negative interaction when it happen that herbivorus example goat, cow, or antelope eats plants, normally what happen there it destroy the particular plant and therefore affect the pattern of growth and distribution while herbivores receive nuitrients.

• Cont-------- 36

HERBIVORY.

• Example when a cow eats grasses the cow

benefit while grass lose or diminish.

consumer (cow)+ Resource (Grass) -

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INSECTIVOROUS EXAMPLES.

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AMENSALISM.

• Is an interaction that depresses one organism

while the other remain stable, this is really

seen in a temperate woodlands clearing where

wider variety of quick growing herbs such as

RANUNCULUS (bitter cup)

• Cont-------

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AMENSALISM.

and grasses (GRAMINEAE) soon develop in

brighter sunshine but then die as the more

slowly growing tree species such as BIRCH

(Behila) or beech (fungus) spread out their

leaves and shade the

ground.(Knapp,1994.pg278).

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RANUNCULUS AND GRAMINAEA

RANUNCULUS

GRAMINAEA

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AMMENSALISM

BIRCH TREE

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PARASITISM.

-Parasitism: a relationship of two organisms

living together (symbiosis) and one derives its

nourishment at the expense of the other

-Parasite and host

-Parasitism has

• Negative effect on hosts

• But do not usually kill hosts 43

PARASITE

Parasite consists of a wide range of organisms,

including

• Virus, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and

invertebrates (include arthropods)

• 50% of the species on Earth (typically feed

on only one or a few host species).

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HOSTS PROVIDE HABITATS

FOR PARASITES Hosts are the habitats for parasites

Depends on the places:

– Ectoparasites: live on the skin within the protective cover

of feathers and hair

– Endoparasites: live within the host

Examples:

Fleas, ticks, are ectoparasites

Liver flukes, lung flukes, flatworms, are endoparasites

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PARASITISM.

FUNGUS.46

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE.

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PREDATION.

• This occurs when one organism feed on another through which one organism benefit by receiving nutrients while the other lose.

• All organisms have to feed on other organism(Chapman & Reiss, 1999.pg 102-103)

• Insectivores and carnivores are all involved in inter-specific interaction.

• Cont---------

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PREDATION.

• The evolutionary pressure on predators to be good at locating and consuming their prey and on potential victims to be good at avoiding being eaten causes a constant struggle between individuals of both species for survival resulting in dynamic co-evolution(Chapman & Reiss, 1999.pg 102-103)

• Cont------

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PREDATION

and failure to get or locate and consume or to avoid being eaten which result to total dismissal of a particular species.

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PREDATION

NOTE:

Co –evolution implies that as oneorganism/species evolves particularcharacteristic the other species also evolve inresponse to this; the first then evolve inresponse to the response of the second andso on. (Chapman & Reiss, 1999.pg 256)

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PREDATION.

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CONLUSION.• The concept of species interactions is a wide

and vital question to the survival of species.

• It is a concept that must be viewed in a broader perspective of the ecosystem.

• The species interactions both positive and negative which ranges from mutualism to competition among individuals of the same and among other species is instrumental in explaining the concepts of natural balance in an ecosystem.

• Cont-----------53

-The issue of biodiversity within the ecosystem

is only possible through species interactions.-In a nut shell no species that can survive /exist

in its own without a minimum degree of interaction within itself or with other species.

-This implies that the species interactions helps to clarify and justify the issues of interrelationships, association and interdependence among species in the ecosystem in terms of space and time. It is capitalized here that species interactions is key to the natural balance in the ecosystem.

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TYPES OF INTERACTIONS.

COMMENSALISMWren makes nestwithout affecting cactus

COMPETITION Fox and coyote arepredators of same prey

PREDATION Kit fox huntsand feeds on kangaroo rat

MUTUALISM Yucca moth pollinatesand lays eggs on yucca flowers;moth larvae spread yucca seeds

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QUESTION NO 03.

RESEACHED, DISCUSSED, COMPILED AND PRESENTED BY NADA SILLO BALOHHO.

THANK YOU FOR CAREFUL LERNING, LISTENING AND WRITING .

WELCOME FOR ADDITIONAL:-

-COMMENTS.

-OPINIONS.

-QUESTIONS.

THANK YOU ONCE AGAIN.

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REFERENCES

• Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research.(NO DATE) Species (Retrieved on 27/05/2011 at 17.20pm) www.answers.com.

• Chapman, L. J and Reiss, J. M. (1999). Ecology Principles and Applications. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

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REFERENCES

• Heller, H.C (2005).Species interactions(Retrieved on 26/05.2011 at 20.30). (www.global change. Umich.edu/globalch

• Hornby, A.S.(2010). Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University press.

• Knapp, B. (1994). Systematic Geography. London: Butter and Tanner Ltd.

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REFERENCES

• Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry (2006).Species interactions (Retrieved on 26/05/2011 at 20.20pm)www.wcupa.edu/aceer/amigos/cd.species_interactions.htm.

• Taylor, B.J.(2003).Biological Science. Prentice Hall, Inc. A Pearson Company

• Waugh, D. (2000). An Integrated Approach Geography (3rd Ed.).London: Nelson Publishers 59