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Biogas Upgrading -An Introduction
Arthur WellingerNova Energie Ltd.
Leader Task 37
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IEA Bioenergy
www.ieabioenergy.com
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
IEA Bioenergy presently engulfs 12 Tasks:
Task 29: Socio-Economic Drivers in Implementing Bioenergy Projects
Task 31: Conventional Forestry Systems
Task 32: Biomass Combustion and Co-firing
Task 33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass
Task 34: Pyrolysis of Biomass
Task 35: Techno-Economic Assessments for Bioenergy Applications
Task 36: Energy from Integrated Solid Waste Management Systems
Task 37: Energy from Biogas and Landfill Gas
Task 38: Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems
Task 39: Liquid Bio-Fuels
Task 40: Sustainable International Bioenergy Trade
Task 43: Biomass feedstocks for energy markets
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Member countries participating in Task 37: Energy from Biogas and Landfill Gas
Switzerland: Arthur Wellinger (Task Leader)Austria: Rudolf BraunCanada: Jody Anne BarclayDenmark: Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen/ Teodorita Al SeadiEC: David BaxterFinland: Juka RintalaFrance: Olivier Théobald, ADEMEGermany: Peter Weiland, FALSweden: Anneli PeterssonNetherlands: Mathieu DumontUK: Claire Lukehurst
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IEA Bioenergy
Upgrading of Biogas
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Biogas cleaning:Removal of undesired trace substances from the biogas like minerals, sulphide, ammonia, etc.
Biogas upgrading:Removal of CO2 to reach natural gas like quality
Biomethane:Natural gas like, upgraded biogas for grid injection or vehicle fuel
Definition
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Biogas conditioning: Requirements of utilizers
Application H2S CO2 H2O Silox-ane
Heating < 1'000 ppm
no no no
Cooking yes no no no
Engine (CHP) < 500 ppm
no no condensati
onyes
High pressurecompression
yes recommended
yes no
Grid and fuel quality yes yes yes Eventually
Hot fuel cells yes No No conden-sation
yes
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Hydrogene Sulfide Removal
• Air/Oxygen dosing into the digester
• Biological oxidation on a filter bed
• Iron oxyde sponge
• Iron chloride dosing into the digester
• Activated carbon
• Scrubers (water, amines or glycoles)
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Biological OxidationH2S + ½ O2 = H2O + S°
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
• Iron chloride dosing into the digester
• Adsorption on iron oxide
• Adsorption on activated carbon
Chemical/physical removal:
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Biogas upgrading:CO2 removal with physical scrubbers: Water & organic solutions
Kings County
Pratteln
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
PSA with activated carbon
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Chemical binding (MEA, DEA)
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Membrane separation:
Air Liquide, USA Bruck/L
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Compressedto 17-26 bar
Cooled to -25°C
Removal of water, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, halogens and siloxanes
Cooled to -50 to -59°C, then to - 65°C or lower
Cryogenic gas upgrading
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• Methane emission (slip) • Market volume• Trade • Regulation
IEA Bioenergy Task 37
What are the bottle necks ?
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Methane emission – The solutions
Upgrading w/o slip
Monitoring over 2months of a DME plant
Utilisation of CH4 in off gas
Flox burnerafter PSA
Converter after water scrubing
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Market volume
A low price helps a lot !
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Marketing
Testimonials
Are you old fashioned?
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Injection into grid (Balance renewable energies) of the
location of production
Upgrading
Export to other balance
district
Biogas-plant(D)
Biogas
Biomethane
Export to othercountry Sale of biomethane in importing
country
Bio-Erdgas
Auditing/certification
On the basis of importing country
biomethane
Data
Physicalexport
Import to thirdcountry
TÜV
Clearing data bank
Guarantee of origin
Trade
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
The Swan Label was initiated in 1989 in Sweden and Norway. The Label is managed by the Nordic Eco-labelling Board. It covers 25 product groups, e.g. washing machines, freezers, etc. Since 2008Biomethane.Advantage: Well establishedDisadvantage: No independent audit,
no pure biomethane (min. 35%)
Bmp greengas is a private company. Trade since 2007 (tradeplatform). Created an own label. Audited by TüV
Disadvantage: No independent management
Europe‘s top label (together with o.k. power) for electricity. Since 2008 label for renewable heat and biomethane.Mangaged by an independent association. Audited and labeld by
Trust
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Regulatory restrictions
Germany: - Limited access due to feed-in tariff- Preference for CHP
Italy: - No gas injection allowed so far
Austria: - Only biomethane from agricultural origin
U.K.: - Stringent requirements for oxygen (< 0.2%)
France: - Hygienic limits (no gas injection for WWTP & landfills
- Chemical restrictions so far no gas injection possible
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Source: Marina Moletta
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
Source: University of Lund & SGC
0.4 m3 natural gas 0.4m3 air during test
0.5 m3 upgraded biogas
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Microbes in biogas from landfills & WWTP
Source: Diane Saber, GTI
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GTI looked also in the dangerous chemicals
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IEA Bioenergy Task 37
The future for biomethane looks bright –
but there is still a long way to go !