biofuels what are they? - home | spirax sarco … adoption of biofuels will reduce habitat for...
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Q2Apr-Jun 2011
MICA (P) 180/12/2010
Expertise • Solutions • Sustainability
Cover Story • P1
Biofuels are any kind of fuel made from living things, or from the waste they produce. This is a very long and diverse list, including:
•Wood,woodchippingsandstraw• Pelletsorliquidsmadefromwood• Biogas(methane)fromanimals’excrement• Ethanol,dieselorotherliquidfluidsmadefromprocessingplantmaterialorwasteoil
Inrecentyears,theterm‘Biofuel’hascometomeanthelastcategory–ethanolanddiesel,made from crops including corn, sugarcane and rapeseed. Bio-ethanol, an alcohol, is usually mixed with petrol, while biodiesel is either used on its own or in a mixture.
Ethanol for fuel is made through fermentation, the same process which produces it in wine and beer. Biodiesel is made through a variety of chemical processes.
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BIOFUELS..... What are they?What are they?
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Cover Story • P2
Are Biofuels climate-friendly?
In principle, Biofuels are a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional transport fuels. Burning the fuels releases carbon dioxide; but growing the plant absorbs a comparable amount of the gas from the atmosphere. However, energy is used in farming and processing the crops and this can make Biofuels as polluting as petroleum-based fuels, depending on what is grown and how it is treated.
Where are Biofuels used?
Production of ethanol doubled globally between 2000 and 2005, with Biodiesel output quadrupling.Brazilleadstheworldinproductionanduse,makingabout16billionlitresperyear of ethanol from its sugarcane industry. 60% of new cars can run on a fuel mix which includes 85% ethanol.
What are the downsides?
From an environmental point of view, the big issue is Biodiversity. With much of the western world’sfarmlandalreadyconsistingofidenti-kitfieldsofmonoculturedcrops,thefearisthatamajor adoption of biofuels will reduce habitat for animals and wild plants.
If increased proportions of food crops such as corn or soy are used for fuel that may push pricesup,affectingfoodsuppliesforlessprosperouscitizens.
On the technical side, engines can generally cope with the new fuels but current technologies limitproduction,becauseonlycertainpartsofthespecificplantscanbeused.Thebighopeis the so-called second-generation of Biofuels, which will process the cellulose found in many plants.Thisshouldleadtofarmoreefficientproductionusingamuchgreaterrangeofplantsand plant waste.
Spirax Sarco and Petrolog MUM …… 20 Years in Partnership
1 February 2011 marks the 20 years of partnership between Spirax Sarco Singapore and PT Petrolog Multi Usaha Mandiri (Petrolog
MUM).PetrologMUMistheagentforSpiraxSarco’srangeofproductsand services covering the Java and Kalimantan markets except Sumatra. They have been in the industry for more than 25 years.
To commemorate this day, Spirax Sarco and Petrolog MUM jointly organisedaseminarattheGranMeliaHotelentitled“EnergyEfficiencyand Emission Reduction in Steam System and the Potential Use of Carbon Market”.
About 260 customers grace the event with their presence.
The seminar included many interesting topics, some of which were as follows:
• GovernmentPolicyonEnergyEfficiencyandtheNationalEnergyConservationMasterPlan• RenewableEnergyandConservation• CarbonMarketsandUtilisationOpportunitiesinIndonesia• FutureTrendsfortheOperationofSteamSystemandSteamQuality• EnergyConservationthroughSteamSystemAuditandSteamTrapManagementSystem
Amidst the serious presentations, the day’s program was lightenedby a dance performance as well as a song routine accompanied by a live band. And of course a sumptuous lunch was enjoyed by all speakers and participants.
The event ended with an impact by the renowned Motivational Speaker –MrMarioTeguh.
Congratulations PT Petrolog MUM! We look forward to many more good years of partnership.
Spirax Happenings • P3
Left to Right : Mr Ian Aplin (General Manager for Spirax Sarco Pte Ltd), Mr Moetaryanto (Executive Vice Chairman for Petrolog Group of Companies), Mr Don Murniadi (Managing Director for PT Petrolog MUM).
Product Highlights • P4
Spirax Sarco new DLV7 pressure reducing valve is a semi- balanced direct acting valve to complement our existing
DRV range.
The DLV7 was designed to use a single bellows to provide both pressure-balancing and stem-sealing functionality. It also comes with a contoured plug design to improve the controlstabilityatlowerflowrates.
The DLV7 range is available in SG Iron construction and sizesDN15 toDN100, PN16and PN25. Theactuatorsused in DLV are common with DRV.
DLV7 Direct Acting Pressure Reducing Valves
Features Benefits
Self-powered • Simple and reliable• Low maintenance• Low cost installation• Single trade installation
Single control spring • Reduced stock holding• Easier selection
Common actuators used • Reduced stock holding• Easier selection
DLV7 Direct Acting Pressure Reducing Valves
Product Highlights • P5
Spirax Sarco is pleased to present the two large size ILVA flow elements for steam,gasandfluidmeasurement.
ThetwonewILVAsizesareDN250(10”)and DN300 (12”).
In today’smarket, ILVA isoneof thebestprimaryflowelements in theworld. It islight, simple to install and operate. It also uniquelyprovidesanaccurate,nearlinear,flowmeasurement over awide turndownof 100:1.
Large Size ILVA
Features Benefits
100:1flowturndown •Accuratelymeasuresflowacrossawiderangeofflowrate.
Simplenearlinearflowprofile • Uses readily available standard DP transmitters(nosquarerootextraction)togiveawideflowturndownofupto100:1.
Erosion-resistant • No degradation in accuracy over long periods of service. Ideally suited to saturated steam applications.
Wafer design • Fitsbetweenflanges,shortoveralllinelengthand low weight.
Well-proven design • Reliable and trouble-free performance.
Cost competitive design • Waferdesignsignificantlyreducesflowmeterand installation costs without compromising performance.
Large Size ILVA
Cool Tips For Hot Issues • P6
Flashsteamisprettymuch inevitable ineverysteamplant– itcomes from thehotcondensatedischarged from steam traps.
Acommonlyacceptedviewisthatnothingmuchcanbedoneaboutit–it’sthe“necessaryevil”ofasteamsystem.Butalthoughit’struethatflashsteamisgenerallyunavoidable,it’squitewrongtobelieve that nothing can be done about it.
Thenotionthatit’sunrecoverablecomesfromthefactthatflashsteamislow-pressuresteamwitha relatively low temperature and constitutes “low-grade heat” compared to most, if not all, of the heatingrequirementsonasite.Andinmanycasesthisdoesindeedappeartrue–nomatterhowhardyoulook,youcan’tfindanyuseforlow-gradeheat.
Now … … Have a look at your steam system again. Without the effort of looking too far, you willseethatthemostobviousplacetouseflashsteamisintheboilerfeedtank,toheattheboilerfeedwater. But what if it is already as hot as it can be (usually because of condensate return)?
We are unable to heat water in an open feed tank to more than about 95°C without the danger of it boiling. However, if water is pressurised, we can heat it above 100°C without boiling.
Refertotheflashsteamrecoverydesignbelow.Theboilerfeedwaterispressurisedonthedischargeside of the boiler feed-pump, downstream of the boiler feed check valve (non-return valve).
flashsteamat110kPa/122°C
steam at 900kPa/180°C
flashsteamseparation
vessel
condensate andflashsteamfrom plant
condensate condensate
steam trapboiler feedpump
non-returnvalve
boilerfeedwater
at 95°C
plate-type heat exchanger
boiler pressure(or higher)
steam trap
boiler feedtank95°C
boiler feedwaterat 120°C
boiler
If you would like to find out if flash steam recovery in your plant could be practical and economic, contact our Spirax Sarco engineer today! (Contacts on backpage).
Flash Steam …… What a Waste!!!
Dear TC • P7
In this column, we feature customers’ questions and answers provided by our Technical and Training Manager, Mr Chng Poh Beng.
Simply send your questions marked “Dear TC” to [email protected] or to fax number 65-6459 6854. Kindly indicate if you do not wish to have your name and/or your company’s name published. We reserve the right to edit the questions and not to publish them. If your question is published in Steam Express, you will receive a corporate gift.
This is often an area of confusion because a steam trap which is operating at high pressure and isdischargingtoatmospherewillalways‘flash’offsomesteamasthecondensatedropsfromahigher pressure (and temperature) to a lower pressure. This is a law of nature and can only be avoided by cooling the condensate (which has its own set of problems).
Asaguide,16kgofflashisgeneratedwhen100kgofhotcondensateat184°C is discharged through a steam trap to drain.
A leaking steam trap is normally identifiedby thepressureandvelocityof thedischargingsteam. Flash steam generated when discharging to drain at atmospheric pressure is more like a cloud rising to the sky straight after the pipe exit. On the other hand, leaking live steam has much more pressure behind it and will travel in the direction of the trap discharge out of the pipe before rising. The longer the distance travelled, the greater is the leaking of live steam.
Another indication can be found by listening to the trap. Even at moderate pressure, the trap will make a whistling noise which indicates something is wrong. A trap which is working correctly has common noise characteristic depending on the type of steam trap which is being used.
With the need to save energy and eliminate emission, the energyfromtheflashsteam&condensatecanberecovered.Spirax Engineers are available to work with you on the feasibility and possible options.
We have a steam trap discharging at 10 barg to the drain. Can you please let us know how we could tell whether the trap is leaking live steam or generating flash steam?
Li JingAero Laundary
A
Q
Spirax Sarco Customer Experience ImprovementSpirax Sarco Customer Experience Improvement is a channel for YOU, our valued customer, to share your views on your experience in partnering us. We welcome views on any facet of our business.
Get in-touch with our Customer Experience Improvement: Stephanie Cheong [email protected] (65) 6349 0472 (65) 6459 6854
Website: www.spiraxsarco.com/sg Email: [email protected]
Spirax Sarco Pte Ltd(Hong Kong Branch)
Unit 1507, 15/F, ProsperityCenter, Chong Yip Street,
Kwun Tong, Kowloon,Hong Kong
Tel: (852) 2754 9828Fax: (852) 2754 3660Contact: Alfred Wong
E-mail: [email protected]
HO
NG KONG
Spirax Sarco Pte Ltd (Philippines Branch)
Natividad Building2308 Chino Roces Ave Ext
Makati City, Philippines
Tel: (63) 2812 8654Fax: (63) 2812 8673Contact: Peter Rorison
E-mail: [email protected]
THE P
HILIPPINES
Spirax Sarco Vietnam Rep Office
64 / 22 Pho Quang, Ward 2Tan Binh Dist, Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam
Tel: (84) 08 9974324Fax: (84) 08 4086909
Contact: Nguyen Thanh HaiE-mail: spiraxsarco@
hcm.vnn.vn
VIET
NAM
Spirax Sarco Rep OfficeJln Zeni No. 4
Mampang ParapatanJakarta 12790, Indonesia
Tel: (62) 021 797 3332Fax: (62) 021 798 2156
Contact: Cosner TambunanE-mail: spiraxsarco.jkt@
petrologmum.co.id
INDONESIA
PT Petrolog Multi Usaha Mandiri
Jln Zeni No. 4Mampang Prapatan
Jakarta 12790, Indonesia
Tel: (62) 021 790 1480Fax: (62) 021 798 2156Contact: Budi Setiawan
E-mail: [email protected]
PT Centrindo PalmaxBlok.F No.2-3 KompleksBrayan, Prima JI. KL. YosSudaruso, Tanjung Mulia
Medan, Indonesia
Tel: (62-61) 6642784-6642785Fax: (62-61) 6642786
Contact: SugiantoE-mail: [email protected]
Spirax Sarco Pte Ltd(Regional Office)
464 Tagore Industrial AvenueSingapore 787833
Tel: (65) 6 349 0480Fax: (65) 6 459 6854
Contact: Kwek Chin LeongE-mail: chinleong.kwek@
sg.spiraxsarco.com
SINGAPORE