biofuels – state of the art and future developments filebiofuels – state of the art and future...
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Biofuels – State of the art and future developments Franziska Müller-Langer, Stefan Majer, Sinéad O‘ Keeffea FNR-Konferenz Neue Biokraftstoffe 2015 | Berlin 02./03.03.2015
a UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioenergy
Agenda
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1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of technologies
3. Comparison
4. Summary and outlook
Introduction Biofuels | Overview
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Biofuel use
Land use /Biomass production
Biofuel production
Biofueldistribution
Starch biomass (e.g. corn, wheat,
rye)
Storage Distribution Fuel stationTransfer station
Combustion engine
Hybrid technologies
Sugar biomass (e.g.
cane, beet)
Oil biomass (e.g. rape, soya, palm, jatropha)
Woody biomass (e.g.
residues, willow, poplar)
Herbaceous biomass
(e.g. straw, grass)
Waste biomass (e.g. manure,
biowaste, sludge)
Thermo-chemical conversion
Pyrolysis / Torrefaction / Hydrothermal
Gasification
Physico-chemical conversion
Pressing / extraction
Trans-/esterification
Biodiesel (FAME)
Hydrotreat. veg. oil / fat(HVO/HEFA)
Biomethane / Biogas
Biomethane / Bio-SNG
Bioethanol / Butanol
BTL (e.g. FT,
DME, Alc.)
Bio-hydrogen
Algae biomass (e.g. micro algae)
Biomass supply(Logistics) TransportTreatment Cargo
handling StorageHarvesting / Collection
Biochemical conversion
Alcoholic fermentation
Anaerobic digestion
Source: DBFZ 2013 w/o entitlement of completeness
Introduction Biofuels | Future prospects
4 Sources: DBFZ based on IEA (2011) Biofuels Technology Roadmaps; Thrän, D. et al. (2011): Global and Regional Spatial Distribution of Biomass Potentials;
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Biof
uels
for t
rans
port
ener
gy d
eman
d w
orld
wid
e /
EJ a
-1
Biomethane (maize, lignocelluloses, residues)BTL / FT (lignocelluloses)HVO / HEFA (oils, fats, residues)Biodiesel (rape, soya, palm)Bioethanol (lignocelluloses)Bioethanol (sugar cane)Bioethanol (corn / cereals, sugar beet)
Max. techn. biofuel potential: 6.5 EJ
Technical raw material potential (estimated):
100 to 300 EJ
Total transport energy demand: 2009: 93 EJ a-1 2050: 116 EJ a-1
Characteristics of technologies Technical characteristics of selected biofuels
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Biofuel option Typical by-productsa State of developmentb
Installed capacity | production worldwide (all 2013/2014)c
R&D demand
Biodiesel press extraction meal, glycerine, salt
Commercial TRL 9
>70 mn t a-1 | 17 mn t a-1 | US/LA: soya, EU: rape, UCO SA: palm
Process optimisation: low quality oils and fats, catalysts and treatment technologies, methanol substitution
Hydrotreated veg.oils or esters and fatty acids (HVO / HEFA)
(press extraction), propane, gasoline fractions
Commercial TRL 9
about 3.1 mn t a-1 | unknown | EU/SA: palm, UCO
Raw material (e.g. algae, pyrolysis or hydrother-mal oil), corefining in mineral oil refinery, process optimisation: catalysts, H2 demand
Bioethanol (sugar, starch)
sugar: bagasse / vinasse | starch: gluten, stillage for DDGS, fertiliser, biogas
Commercial TRL 9
> 100 mn t a-1 | 70 mn t a-1 | US: corn, BR: sugar cane, EU: wheat, sugar beet
Process optimisation regarding process integration, e.g. upgrading by-products and stillage (e.g. recycling, biogas / biomethane, nutrient recovery)
Bioethanol (lig.) lignin, pentoses, stillage products like fertiliser, biogas
Demo plants TRL 7
about 0.52 mn t a-1 | unknown | US/EU: straw, BR: bagasse
Upscaling and demo of overall process concepts, further development for lignin, pentoses, enzyme use and efficiency improvement
Biomethane / Biogas digestate, electricity Commercial TRL 9
about 0.71 mn t a-1 (EU) | unknown |EU/DE: different
Lignocelluloses as cosubstrat, process optimisation (CH4 yield, enzymes, gas treatment)
Biomethane / Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
electricity and heat Demo plants TRL 7
about 0.04 mn t a-1 (EU) | unknown| EU: wood
Upscale, demo of overall concepts, adapt. syngas treatment to gasifier properties, efficiency increase, adaptation for decentralised plants
Synthetic biomass-to-liquids (BTL)
waxes, naphtha, electricity and heat
Pilot plants TRL 6
about 0.25 mn t/a | unknown | EU / NA: wood, straw
Upscaling and demo of overall process concepts, adaption syngas treatment to gasifier properties, efficiency increase and downscaling synthesis and final fuel treatment
a depending on process design; b according to technology readiness level (TRL) of the European Commission (1 - basic principles observed, 2 - technology concept formulated, 3 - experimental proof of concept, 4 - technology validation in lab, 5 - technology validation in relevant environment, 6 - demonstration in relevant environment, 7 - demonstration in operational environment, 8 - system completed and qualified, 9 - successful mission operations), c AT – Austria, BR – Brazil, EU – European Union, LA – Latin America, SA - Southeast Asia; d Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles
Comparison | Technical aspects Capacities of biofuel production plants
6 Source: Müller-Langer et al. In: Stolten, Scherer (ed.) Transition to Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley VCH, ISBN 987-3-527-33239-7, 2013
0 100 200 300 400 500
presentexpected
presentexpected
presentexpected
presentexpected
presentexpected
presentexpected
presentexpected
Typical biofuel production capacity per plant - range / MW biofuel
BTL / FT
Biomethane / SNGBiomethane / biogas Bioethanol (lignocelluloses)Bioethanol (sugar, starch)
HVO / HEFA capacity up to 1220
Biodiesel
Typical mineral oil refinery capacities: 6 800 to > 20 000 MW crude oil
Comparison | Technical aspects Overall efficiencies of biofuel production plants
7 Total input energy: raw materials, auxiliaries with energetic relevance and externally process energy; total output energy: main product, energy associated with all other by-products including surplus process energy). Source: Müller-Langer et al. In: Stolten, Scherer (ed.) Transition to Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley VCH, ISBN 987-3-527-33239-7, 2013
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Biodiesel (soya)Biodiesel (rape)Biodiesel (palm)
HVO / HEFA (different oil crops)Bioethanol (wheat, rye, triticale)
Bioethanol (corn)Bioethanol (sugar beet)Bioethanol (sugar cane)
Bioethanol (lignocelluloses)BTL /FT (lignocelluloses)
Biomethane / biogas (silage)Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste)
Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses)
Energetic efficiency of biofuel production - range international publications in %
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Biodiesel (different oil crops)
HVO / HEFA (different oil crops)
Bioethanol (wheat, rye)
Bioethanol (corn)
Bioethanol (sugar beet)
Bioethanol (sugar cane)
Bioethanol (lignocelluloses)
BTL /FT (lignocelluloses)
Biomethane / biogas (silage)
Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste)
Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses)
Fossil comparator
GHG emission - range of international publications in kgCO2eq GJ-1
Comparison | Environmental aspects GHG emissions
8 white dots indicate the default values for the biofuel pathways included in Annex V of the RED rape seed biodiesel for biodiesel (different oil crops), rapeseed HVO for HVO/HEFA (different oil crops; Source: Müller-Langer F, Majer S, O´Keeffe S, Energy, Sustainability and Society 2014, 4:20 doi:10.1186/s13705-014-0020-x
GHG mitigation (RED) 60% 50% 35%
Comparison | Economic aspects Typical total capital investments of biofuel plants
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TCI - total capital investment; a here typical capacities of commercial or expected plant capacity; b for new plants, without land costs and surrounding infrastructure for green field installations; c without oil mill Source: Müller-Langer et al. In: Stolten, Scherer (ed.) Transition to Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley VCH, ISBN 987-3-527-33239-7, 2013
Biofuel option Plant capacity a / MW biofuel
TCI b / 106 EUR
Specific TCI / EUR kW-1 biofuel
Biodiesel c 4 to 190 1.4 to 66 65 to 350
HVO/HEFA c 150 to 1030 > 100 390 to 500
Bioethanol (starch, sugar) 7 to 220 16 to 300 1360 to 2290
Bioethanol (lignocelluloses) 15 to 185 30 to 325 1800 to 2800
Biomethane / biogas 5 to 30 7.5 to 50 1500 to 3000
Biomethane / SNG 20 to 170 30 to 170 1000 to 2100
Synthetic biomass-to-liquids (BTL) 130 to 220 430 to 1000 2300 to 3775
Comparison | Economic aspects Biofuel production costs
10 White dots indicate cost values for exemplarily concepts by DBFZ, Costs normalised to the year 2013 Source: Müller-Langer F, Majer S, O´Keeffe S, Energy, Sustainability and Society 2014, 4:20 doi:10.1186/s13705-014-0020-x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Biodiesel (soya)
Biodiesel (rape)
Biodiesel (palm)
HVO / HEFA (different oil crops)
Bioethanol (wheat, rye)
Bioethanol (corn)
Bioethanol (sugar beet)
Bioethanol (sugar cane)
Bioethanol (lignocelluloses)
BTL /FT (lignocelluloses)
Biomethane / biogas (silage)
Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste)
Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses)
Biofuel production costs - range international publications in EUR GJ-1
Price level crude oil 50 100 200 USD bbl-1
Comparison | Economic aspects GHG mitigation costs
11 *no GHG standard values according to RED, white dots indicate the reduction costs calculated with the RED default values and the cost values published by DBFZ Sources: Müller-Langer F, Majer S, O´Keeffe S, Energy, Sustainability and Society 2014, 4:20 doi:10.1186/s13705-014-0020-x
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Biodiesel (soya)Biodiesel (rape)Biodiesel (palm)
HVO / HEFA (different oil crops)Bioethanol (wheat, rye)
Bioethanol (corn)Bioethanol (sugar beet)Bioethanol (sugar cane)
Bioethanol (lignocelluloses)BTL /FT (lignocelluloses)
Biomethane / biogas (silage)*Biomethane / biogas (residues, biowaste)
Biomethane / SNG (lignocelluloses)*
GHG mitigation costs - range in EUR tCO2eq.-1
Summary and outlook
Current biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel or HVO/HEFA) important until 2020
Future biofuels (biomethane, bioethanol or synfuels on lignocelluloses) enter the market in the EU or US first >> key element policies
Each option with benefits and drawbacks: available raw materials, surrounding available infrastructure and market demand
Sustainability criteria with additional incentive for biofuel producers optimising their GHG balance
Emissions from biofuel production predominantly driven by biomass production and conversion; iLUC out of control for producers
Key criteria for economic viability: ideal locations / infrastructure, secure market for products and long-term raw material supply
Biofuel production costs mainly driven by raw material costs and their dependence on energy prices and climatic conditions, CAPEX and OPEX
With regard to future R&D needs, several challenges to be managed; e.g. biorefinery approaches, frame conditions for investments
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DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH
Torgauer Straße 116 D-04347 Leipzig Tel.: +49 (0)341 2434 – 112 E-Mail: [email protected] www.dbfz.de
Research for the energy of the future. Be invited.
Contact
Dr.-Ing. Franziska Müller-Langer Department Biorefineries Tel. +49 (0)341 2434 – 423 [email protected]
Please see also “Benchmarking biofuels – a comparison of technical, economic and environmental indicators”, online at http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/4/1/20