Biofuels:

Potential and Challenges

Biofuels: Potential and Challenges

Editors

A.K. Pandey and A.K. Mandal Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur

Published by: Scientific Publishers (India) 5-A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91, Jodhpur – 342 001 (India) E-mail: info@scientificpub.com www.scientificpub.com

© Pandey & Mandal, 2011

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ISBN: 978-81-7233-696-7

eISBN: 978-93-86347-43-5

Printed in India

PREFACE

In recent times serious concerns have been expressed both by developed as well as developing economies of the world over the increase in global warming, ozone layer depletion and number of other environ-mental problems occurring due to massive carbon footprints left by use of fossil fuels as a result of exponentially amplified demand in transpor-tation and other purposes. The rising and volatile prices of petroleum products compelled entire world to search for new and more efficient technologies and alternative sources of energy. The huge energy demand has forced India to depend on other countries for oil and the country is spending huge amount due to high price of the crude oil in the internat-ional market. Biofuels, therefore, assume great importance and has become a high priority. The term biofuel is referred to as liquid or gaseous fuels that are predominantly produced from biomass. The biofuels that are currently the focus of attention are: (i) bioethanol (ii) biodiesel (iii) biomass derived fuels (iv) biogas and (v) oil bearing algae. The major strategic advantages of using biofuels are: (a) providing energy security (b) saving foreign exchange (c) promoting environmental security (d) meeting climate change commitments (e) promoting renewable energy sources and (f) generating rural employment opportunities.

The biofuel industry in India is poised to make important contribu-tions to meet India’s energy needs by supplying clean, environment friendly fuel. India commenced on its biofuel use journey in 2003. Basically, the Indian biofuel sector is driven by ethanol. The ethanol industry derives much benefit from improved agricultural practices in sugarcane cultivation, more efficient production processes and the use of alternate feedstocks including cellulosic material. On the other hand, the biodiesel industry is at the incubation stage and large-scale cultivation of Jatropha and other species and the infrastructure for oilseed collection and oil extraction is being established so that the industry can be placed on a rapid growth track. The biofuel sector is constantly developing in the country.

In order to deliberate the key issues by scientific and research community and industry to accelerate the growth of biofuel industry, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur organized a National Conference on “Biofuels: Potential and Challenges” from 25–26 February, 2009. The conference has brought together researchers, policy

vi Biofuels: Potential and Challenges

makers, industries and all other stakeholders and had productive discussions on how best to meet India’s growing biofuel needs.

Papers presented during the conference have been screened, edited and included in this proceedings. Following themes are covered:

Biofuels: Global and Indian scenario

Biofuel potential: Current and future prospects

Biofuels and environment

Biofuels: Challenges and sustainability issues

Biofuels plantation development and management

We hope that the publication would provide a valuable source of knowledge to enhance the understanding of biofuels.

Biofuel cannot be the saviour alone, but it has a key role to play by both displacing fossil fuels and sequestering atmospheric carbon.

Editors

CONTENTS

Preface v

Biofuels: Global and Indian scenario

1 Biofuels: An overview

A.K. Pandey and Pankaj Bhargava 1

2 Biodiesel security: importance of multiple non-edible oilseeds

N.K. Sahoo, Jagdamba Prasad and S. N. Naik 29

3 Jatropha: an environment friendly fuel and an opportunity foremployment generation in rural and urban India

R.L. Srivastava, N. K. Bohra and D.K. Mishra 42

4 Information on Indian Jatropha species from internet andliterature

Indumathy and P. Ratha Krishnan 55

5 Jatropha curcas oil as a promising biofuel oil for future

Bhumika Chauhan, Rashmi and Anita Tomar 60

6 Potential of Jatropha plantations in Rajasthan

Prakash Chandra Chaplot 65

7 Jatropha- “The Wonder Plant”

Pradeep Kumar Singh 71

Biofuel potential: Current and future prospects

1 Potential and prospects of biofuels from lignocellulosic forestry residues

Sanjay Naithani, Alok Kumar Dubey, Gyanesh Joshi and P.K. Gupta

77

viii Biofuels: Potential and Challenges

2 Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Neem(Azadirachta indica) oil

Subhalaxmi Pradhan, N.K. Sahoo, P.K. Rout and S.N. Naik 83

3 Inter-population variability of Jatropha curcas L. accessions characterized by RAPD markers

Mamta Sahu, Mohd. Akram and Munish Kumar 92

4 Isolation of Acaulospora species from Jatropha curcas L. and Pongamia pinnata Pierre

Madhavi Kamalvanshi, Anil Kumar, Anuradha Jha and Ashok Shukla

98

5 Clonal propagation of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre through stem cuttings

R. Nainamalai, Bhimi Ram and T.S. Rathore 103

6 In vitro regeneration of Jatropha curcas

Pankaj Bhargava, S.K. Tiwari, Amit Pandey, M.P. Goswami and Shweta Mishra

110

7 Scope and utilization of by-products of biodiesel

Anubha Srivastav and A.K. Pandey 116

8 Ultradesiccation, an effective tool for the conservation of animportant biodiesel seed, Jatropha

J. Radhamani and Garima Srivastava 121

Biofuels and environment

1 Jatropha curcas: a solution for moisture stress shifting cultivation areas of northeast region

B.K. Pandey, H.O. Saxena, Y.C. Tripathi and P. Hazarika 131

2 Jatropha curcas - a potential species to reclaim silica mining area

Kumud Dubey, A.K. Pandey and K.P. Dubey 137

3 Effect of frost on Jatropha curcas plantations

V.R.R. Singh, Dinesh Kumar, Sanjay Singh, Ritesh Sharma,Harish Chandra and Kshitij Malhotra

142

Biofuels: Challenges and sustainability issues

1 Why digesters exclusively fed with cattle dung did not sustain inbiogas production?

P.C. Suryawanshi, M.R. Patil, A.B. Chaudhari and R.M. Kothari 155

Biofuels: Potential and Challenges ix

2 Handling and processing of Jatropha seeds for long-term conservation

J. Radhamani and Garima Srivastava 163

3 Jatropha curcas (L.) – seed production and seed handling

R. Anandalakshmi, B. Gurudev Singh, Rekha R.Warrier and V. Sivakumar

173

4 Biofuels: performance characteristics of gasoline and dieselpassenger cars

Sunil Pathak, Yograj Singh, Vineet Sood, and S.K. Singal 188

Biofuels plantation development and management

1 Factors to consider in managing large scale plantations

Satish Lele 205

2 Nursery techniques for healthy Jatropha seedlings

Gohil Rajendra Sinh 212

3 Propagation of Jatropha curcas through shoot sprouts

Dinesh Kumar, Sanjay Singh, Vishavjeet Kumar,Ritesh Sharma and Kshitij Malhotra

215

4 Canopy development and management of Jatropha curcas for higher seed yield

K. Chalapathy Reddy, Vishal V. Naole, Tarun Thakur, V.K. Kiran Kumar, B. H. Raghu and Satyavir Singh

222

5 Comparative evaluation of Jatropha clones (grafted) and seedsource

P. Masilamani, K.T. Parthiban, M. Paramathma and K. Annadurai

228

6 Cloning of Jatropha curcas (L.): An excellent source of biodiesel

Vinod Saharan, Birchand Patel, Rupesh Singh,Rajveer Singh, Anita Sharma and Vimal Sharma

235

7 Evaluation of Jatropha curcas accessions under tropical climatic conditions of central India

A.K. Pandey and A.K.Mandal 241

8 Response of different nutritional and pruning levels on growthand yield of Jatropha curcas

S.J. Patil, S.M. Mutanal, H.Y. Patil, Girish Shahapurmath and V. Maheswarappa

249

x Biofuels: Potential and Challenges

9 Study of asexual propagation method in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.)

Gohil Rajendra Sinh 256

10 A study on Jatropha curcas L. cutting based nursery

Kapil Sekhri, Kamendra Singh and Ghanashyam Bhanja 260

11 Pongamia pinnata - Variability in seed characters and oil contentamong the plus trees of Karnataka

R. Nainamalai, Geeta Joshi, A.N.Arunkumar and Bhimi Ram 269

12 Performance evaluation of twenty two provenances of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Madhya Pradesh

A.K. Pandey, Dhan Shri Sharma and A.K. Mandal 277

13 Initiatives by NABARD in promoting and funding of biodiesel plantations on wastelands

M.S. Haque and K.G. Karmakar 287

14. Economic evaluation of lab-scale biodiesel production from Pongamia pinnata

Swati Dindorkar and S.J. Kakde 294

15 Screening of some oil bearing seed plants of subtropical region of Madhya Pradesh for biodiesel production

Gulab Singh Thakur and P.S. Bisen 302

16 Biodiesel production technology - Looking ahead

Naveen Kumar 310