biofuels in sweden – moving the sustainability agenda forward semida silveira phd, sustainability...

Biofuels in Sweden – moving the sustainability agenda forward

Semida SilveiraPhD, sustainability expert

International Secretariat

Curso combustíveis líquidos

Campinas, Brasil

08 June 2006


Presentationstructure

EU policies and concerns

Swedish experiences

Reducing fossil fuel dependence

Priorities in EU energy policies

security of energy supply

environmental protection

industrial competitiveness

Security of supply

In 2030, EU may have to import

90% of oil

90% of coal

60% of gas

Why alternative fuels for transport in Europe? (1)

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

(transport is major source of GHG emissions)

8% reduction of GHG emissions

(2008-2012)

Why alternative fuels for transport in Europe? (2)

Estimated greenhouse gas reductions from biofuels

Source: IEA, Biofuels for Transport, 2004

Range of cost per tonne of CO2 reduction

Source: IEA

Biofuels directive

5.75 % in share of biofuels in transport 2010

Increasing production of biofuels

Test of ethanol busses in many cities

Action to promote transport biofuels use in Europe

EU targets for alternative motor fuels(% of total road fuels)




Swedish experiences


Sweden’s energy use 2004

Total energy use

1970 = 408 TWh

2004 = 405 TWh

Energy intensity per BNP

Sweden 1980-2002

UraniumCoalGasOilBiofuelsHydro, windTotal

Source: SCB

energy use delinked from development

Accomplishments

Growth of income per capita

1980-2004 (50% increase)

Growth in %BNI/capita 10.000kr

Broken time series 1993/94

Source: SCB

Total energy use

1970 = 408 TWh

2004 = 405 TWh

energy use delinked from economic growth

Transport fuels in Sweden

1970-2003

CO2 emissions in Sweden

1980-2003

Greenhouse gas emissions per sector in Sweden

transport

buildings

waste

Industrial processes

heat and power

agriculture

industry

Bioenergy in Sweden

factors that favoured the development

district heating systems – heat markets

investment subsidies and tax incentives

integration with forest industry

local engagement in energy issues

long-term policies for fossil fuel substitution

research and development

Development of district heating 1970-2004

Bioenergy use for electricity generation in pulp mills

effect of green certificates

Source: Svebio

BioEthanol expansion in Sweden 2001-2005

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

2001:1 2001:2 2002:1 2002:2 2003:1 2003:2 2004:1 2004:2 2005:02:00

Total RME-volym

Total etanol-volym

Clean vehicles in Sweden

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Nu

mb

er

of

ve

hic

les

Heavy duty electric andfuel cellCNG buses and lorries

Ethanol buses

Low consumption

Ethanol

CNG

Electric hybrid

Electric battery

Major driving forces favouring transport biofuels in Sweden

Policy to break oil dependency 2020

CO2 emissions reduction needs (4%)

The biofuel directive (5.75 biofuel 2010)

Security of supply

Driving forces for ethanol use in Sweden

Tax incentives on biofuels

Cheap ethanol from Brazil

Legislation on installation of pumps in gas stations

Legislation for filling stations

Mandatory biofuel pump at stations

• larger than 3500 tonnes gasoline (2006)

• Larger than 1000 tonnes gasoline (2009)

Technology neutral but will favour ethanol (biogas pumps cost 5-10 times more than ethanol)

Filling stations in Sweden 300 filling stations for ethanol E85

Green-ethanol

Yellow-FAME

Blue-Biogas, natural gas

all stations expected to deliver biofuels in 2009

Driving forces for flexifuel vehicle (FFV) in Sweden

Tax reduction on biofuels

Incentives for car owner

Free parking in some municipalities

No congestion fee in Stockholm

Cheap ethanol

Calculations for a FFV owner Company car taxation - 300

Euro Free parking - 500

Euro No congestion fee - 1400 Euro Lower price on ethanol - 150 Euro

Total savings per year - 2350 Euro

Problems on consumer side

less energy content in ethanol (up to 30%) conservatism short term legislation (2008) uncertain development of ethanol prices fewer advantages for private cars FFV more expensive than conventional car (€400-900)

Problems for the government

tax exemption is expensive (green certificates?)

large imports (duties?) X own production

distribution of biofuels (mandatory measures)

hard to fulfill the biofuel directive

no direct solution for diesel (BTL)




Swedish experiences


Dealing with the energy and climate challenges

technological challenge

sustainable development

restructuring of markets

less fossilmore renewablesefficient energy supply and use

ecologically, socially and economically robust systems; increased energy service access; climate change mitigation

competitive marketsnew systemsnew investment patterns

Major policy targets in Sweden

breaking oil dependence (2020)

17 TWh more electricity from renewables (2002-2016)

non-binding target of annual wind power = 10 TWh in 2015

reduce energy use in buildings by 20% (1995-2020)

4% less ghg emissions without sinks or flexible mechanisms

Goals and policies

Research focusenergy in transport

Production processes for renewable fuels

Improved energy efficiency of vehicles

Development platform – well to wheel

VEHICLES

EMISSIONS RENEWABLE FUELS

Fuels are CO2

neutral and highly efficient

Efficient vehicles delivered from industry

Commercial technologies; harmonization within EU

Introduction of biofuels

in the market

Fuels Low mixture 100% clean fuel

DME

Ethanol (E)

Alcohols (A)

Diesel

short term ----> middle-long term

E5 (E10)

Synthetic

M3

Synthetic

A100

Biodiesel production in Europe(in thousand tonnes)

Country 2005 2006

Germany 1699 2681

France 492 775

Italy 396 857

Czech Rep 133 203

Poland 100 150

Austria 85 134

UK 51 445

Sweden 52

Total EU 3184 6069

Source: European biodiesel board

Ethanol from cellulose

pilot plant - € 27 million project

Gasification and synthes gas

for transport fuels and chemicals

Synthes gasSynthes gas(CO+H2)(CO+H2)

GasGas

CoalCoal

BiomassBiomass

Synthetic Diesel (FT)

Metanol

DME DME (DiMetylEter(DiMetylEter))

HydrogenBlack liquorBlack liquor

Oil prodsOil prodsG

AS

IFIC

AT

ION

CO2

Two gasification roads

being tested in Sweden

Source: modified from CHEMREC

Växjö Värnamo Biomass

Gasification Center


Gasification Center

project illustrating Swedish and European ambitions to accelerate the implementation of the Biofuels Directive

centre of excellence for training and development of technical know-how in gasification for liquid biofuel

regional project with global interest

Feeding systems Hot gas cleaning Gasification of biomass IGCC GT Synthes gas upgrading Catalyst research BTL processes H2 for fuel cells Training and education


Gasification Center

CHEMREC’s demonstration plant

black liquor gasification

The BLGMF process substitutes the recovery boiler and allows production of transport fuels

typically5-600 MW

Pulp

Black liquor energy

Biomass

BLGMF DME/MeOH

Source: CHEMREC

Extra biomass inputs balances the internal energy needs

Typically5-600 MW

Pulp

Black liquor energy

Biomass BLGMF DME/MeOH

Source: CHEMREC

and allows for 65% more production of highly efficient transport fuels

typically5-600 MW

Pulp

BiomassBLGMF

DME/MeOH

>65%Source: CHEMREC

Black liquor energy

Price of the fuel at the pump -methanol and gasoline (Chemrec)

Heavy duty vehiclesdistance per hectare and year

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

km / hectare & year

Rapeseed to RME, byproducts asanimal feed

Wheat to ethanol, straw as energy,byproducts as animal feed

Salix to Ethanol

Salix to Synthetic Diesel

Salix to Synthetic Diesel via BlackLiquor

Salix to Methanol

Salix to DME

Salix to Methanol via Black Liquor

Salix to DME via Black Liquor

Diesel engine efficiency assumed for all fuels

Source: AB Volvo

The road ahead for

biofuels in Sweden

biofuels can be phase-in into existing transport systems ethanol is a good starting point incentives are needed in initial phase introduction of biofuels expensive for the government more RTD is needed for development of biofuels EU consensus on what to do but how to do it still pending

Obrigada!

[email protected]

www.stem.se

biofuels in sweden – moving the sustainability agenda forward semida silveira phd, sustainability...

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