biofuels in brazil - tappib2 mandatory at jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year) b5 mandatory at jan/2010...
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BiofuelsBiofuels in in BrazilBrazil
“TAPPI - InternationalConference on Renewable
Energy”Atlanta, 2007
Prof. Donato ArandaFederal Univ. Rio de Janeiro
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EnergyEnergy MixMix
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1925: First experiments with ethanol/gasoline blends1975: Ethanol program started after the 1st oil crisis1989: Leaded Gasoline forbiden.1993: E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country (33,000 gas stations)2003: Flex Fuel engines2006: 80% of new vehicles are Flex (2.5 million/year)615 million ton of CO2 avoided emissions, so far
EthanolEthanol ProgramProgram in in BrazilBrazil
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Sugar Sugar CaneCane Output/Input Output/Input EnergyEnergy ~ 8.2*~ 8.2*
Ethanol production in 2006: 16 billion liters
*Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island Press, 1993
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EthanolEthanol PlantsPlants
313 Ethanol Plants
1 million employees
60,000 agric. producers
5 million ha (0.6 % of Br. area)
89 New plants are beingcontructed
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Raw Material Production / ha (kg)
Quantity of Product / liter
of EthanolQuantity of Ethanol / ha
SUGAR CANE 85,000 12 kg 7,080 liter
CORN 10,000 2.8 kg 3,570 liter
Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry
PhysicalPhysical ProductivityProductivity
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T rig o
M ilh o (E U A )
B e te rra b a
C a n a -d e -A ç ú c a r (B ra s il)
Source: F.O.Licht (in “New trends to the ethanol supply chain in Brazil”, Simoes, R.B., Master Thesis, Universiteit Van Tilburg, Holanda, Jul-2006)
Wheat
Corn
Sugar Beet
Sugar Cane(Brazil)
Ethanol Energetic Balance
Output/Input Energy
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Sugar Sugar CaneCane EnergyEnergy1 mton of Sugar Cane:1.7 103 kcal ~ 1.2 barrel of petroleum
Sugar cane bagasse is producing ~ 2,500 MW
Breakthrough: ethanol from bagasse and otherresidual biomass
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EthanolEthanol//BiodieselBiodiesel IntegrationIntegration
Barralcool (Mato Grosso State)
Produces:100,000 mt/year of Ethanol50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel
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BiodieselBiodiesel ProgramProgramB2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year)B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly)
Now:10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year)2,000 gas stations providing B2Some transportation companies using B30Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants
LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONSREGIONS
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SoybeanSoybean,,TallowTallow,,CottonCotton
PalmPalmCastorCastor
SunflowerSunflower
JatrophaJatropha
CanolaCanola
BabassuBabassu
PeanutPeanut
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SoybeanSoybean BiodieselBiodiesel (Output/input (Output/input energyenergy ~ 3)*~ 3)*
* NREL (USA) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf
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JatrophaJatropha curcascurcas BiodieselBiodiesel
Output/Input Energy ~ 5- 6*
*Ref: Ouedraogo, 1991
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PalmPalm OilOil BiodieselBiodiesel
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Output/Input Output/Input EnergyEnergy ~ 8*~ 8*
*Ref: Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergyhttp://www.svebio.se/attachments/33/295.pdf
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11stst BiodieselBiodiesel PlantPlant –– HeterogeneousHeterogeneousCatalystCatalyst/Residual /Residual FeedstockFeedstock
((CrudeCrude PalmPalm FattyFatty AcidsAcids))
Patent: D. A. G. Aranda et al; PI0301103-8, 2003. D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO2004096962, 2004.
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OperatingOperating CostsCosts in a in a ConventionalConventionalTransesterificationTransesterification BiodieselBiodiesel PlantPlant
4.7567¢/LOper.Costs0.7112¢/LEnergy4455¢/LChemicals
100,00050,00020,00010,000Ton/yearSize
In a 100,000 t/year, it means US$ 5.3 Million/year !!Chemicals: US$ 4.5 Million/year
Highly Acid Feedstocks: Loss in Refining
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OperatingOperating CostsCosts: : HydroesterificationHydroesterification vsvsTransesterificationTransesterification (50,000 (50,000 mtonmton//yearyear))
35Oper.Costs (¢/L)21Energy (¢/L)14Chemicals (¢/L)
Hydrolysis + Esterification
Transesterification
If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol plant, operatingcosts will be less than 2 ¢/L.
No acidity limits in the feedstocks
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSBrazil is open to share experiences in biofuelsand offers good opportunity for internationalcolaborations and investments in this field.Both ethanol and biodiesel production willsignificantly increase in the next years. There’s agricultural land to support this increasing.Integration between ethanol and biodiesel plantsis strongly competitive.Biodiesel process is being adapted to tropical feedstcoks (larger acidity) with higher yields andlower operating costs.
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ThankThank youyou !!
www.greentecwww.greentec--ufrj.comufrj.com
“ God causes all things to work together for good to those who love Him” ( Rm 8,28)
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BiodieselBiodiesel plantplant 100,000 t/100,000 t/yearyear, , oiloil costscosts: US$ 250/t : US$ 250/t andandBiodieselBiodiesel soldsold atat US$ 0.60/L (US$ 0.60/L (No incentive No incentive scenarioscenario))
EBITDA e EBIT
39,4
23,4
39,4 39,4 39,4 39,4 39,4 38,9 38,9 38,9
23,8
37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4
8,0
13,0
18,0
23,0
28,0
33,0
38,0
43,0
48,0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R$
mi
EBITIDA EBIT
EBITDA e EBIT
42,6
25,4
42,6 42,6 42,6 42,6 42,6 42,1 42,1 42,1
25,9
40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6
8,0
13,0
18,0
23,0
28,0
33,0
38,0
43,0
48,0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R$
mi
EBITIDA EBIT
EBITDA e EBIT
31,6
18,5
31,6 31,6 31,6 31,6 31,6 31,1 31,1 31,1
19,0
29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6
8,0
13,0
18,0
23,0
28,0
33,0
38,0
43,0
48,0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R$
mi
EBITIDA EBIT
Gross Margin: 30.8%
Gross Margin: 24.1 % Gross Margin: 33.3 %
a) Regular Transesterification
b) Hydroesterification
c) Hydroesterification integrated withEthanol plant