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Cemig Biodiversity Report - 2016

Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais – Cemig

Biodiversity Report

2016 Subject: Flora - Evaluation of the last 30 years of

Cemig Riparian Reforestation Program Case study: Volta Grande Reservoir

Volta Grande Reservoir

Cemig Biodiversity Report - 2016

Table of Contents

......................................................................................................................................... 1

1. ................................................................................................................................. Introduction

....................................................................................................................................................... 2

2 Legal aspects ............................................................................................................................. 3

3. Riparian reforestation in the reservoir of Volta Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant ........ 7

3.1 History - the beginning of everything.................................................................................. 7

3.2 Characterization of planting areas .................................................................................... 10

3.3 Origin of seedlings used .................................................................................................... 11

4 ............................................................ Implementation of the riparian reforestation program

..................................................................................................................................................... 13

5 ........................................................................................................................................ P&D 484

..................................................................................................................................................... 14

Current status of the establishment of riparian forests in the Volta Grande reservoir5.1

14

6 ......................... Ecosystem services provided by riparian forests of Volta Grande Reservoir

..................................................................................................................................................... 20

7 .................................................................................................................................... Conclusion

..................................................................................................................................................... 27

8 ................................................................................................................................... Bibliography

..................................................................................................................................................... 28

9 ..........................................................................................................................................Authors

..................................................................................................................................................... 39

Message from the Superintendence of Environmental Management of Generation

and Transmission

Cemig Biodiversity Report - 2016 Page 1

Cemig in its 64 years has established itself as a nationally and internationally recognized

company becoming a reference in the electricity sector, in all its areas.

Cemig is reference in quality for the whole society, including the environmental and the

sustainability spheres. Cemig is pioneer and has a robust portfolio of achievements, which

make it one of the leaders worldwide, as evidenced by their presence for 17 consecutive years

in e Dow Jones Sustainability Index and for 12 consecutive years in Corporate Sustainability

Index - ISE/BM&Bovespa.

Even before environmental legislation was implemented in Brazil, Cemig was already

developing actions related to environmental and biodiversity protection. Wildlife rescue

projects when filling the reservoir, and voluntary implementation of conservation units, like

Peti, are some of these actions. Peti Conservation Unit is a place whereseveral environmental

studies have been developed together with researchers from different institutions and that

contributed to generate basis of knowledge that today is used in environmental licensing

process.

Cemig is one of the largest generators of environmental scientific knowledge in their area of

expertise. When preparing environmental studies required by licensing, always in partnership

with educational and research institutions and specialized companies, Cemig studies the

environment in their social, physical and biotic aspects, providing the whole society valuable

information about the world where we live.

When deploying conservation units, we protect important ecosystems and preserve local

biodiversity.

When developing the various actions and environmental programs, as well as restore and

conserve ecosystems, we improve local and regional environmental conditions.

And, when working these issues in interaction with all interested social groups, we practice

citizenship.

Enio Marcus Brandão Fonseca


1. Introduction

The forests that cover the riverbanks and their springs are given the popular name of

riparian forests, also known as riparian woodland. In Brazil, the riparian forests are

present in all biomes: Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Amazon forest, Pantanal and

Pampas. Therefore, one can imagine the immense diversity of plants and animals that

make up such riparian forests in the different biomes (Kuntschik et al., 2014).

The formation of large reservoirs from hydroelectric power plants, creates a large

perimeter usually lacking forest formations. When the forest is present usually, it is

composed by species adapted to a drier environment and therefore poorly adapted to

high soil moisture due to the elevation of the water table level and fluctuations of the

reservoir level (Botelho, 1995). This new environment conformation creates the need

for deployment, recovery and conservation of riparian forests surrounding the

reservoirs for maintenance of ecological processes.

For nearly 30 years, Cemig has been

developing, in partnership

with higher education

institutions, several studies that have

supported the implementation of

Riparian Reforestation Program

surrounding its reservoirs. The first studies

in this direction were developed under

CEMIG/UFLA/FAEPE agreement and primarily

dealt with the implementation of techniques for riparian forest recovery projects, as

well as the behavior of different species used (Davide et al., 1991; Davide, Scolforo &

Faria, 1993 a; b; c; d; Davide et al., 1993; Davide, Faria & Prado, 1994; Davide, 1994;

Faria, Davide & Botelho, 1994).

Since its origin, the Riparian Reforestation Program was based on the development of

studies in the Research and Development (R&D) Program of Cemig. The R&D programs

aim to encourage the constant search for innovations and meet the technological

Riparian forests are an important source

for the supply of groundwater due to its

role in facilitating water infiltration into

the soil. This relationship is also reflected

in the flow rate of the springs, since this

depends on the fluctuations in the

volume of the water table. (Kuntschik, et

al., 2014)


challenges of the electricity sector. In this context, Law No. 9.991, of July/2000

establishes that power distribution, generation and transmission concessionaires and

licensees apply annually part of their net operating revenue in Research and

Development (R&D) Program of the Electric Energy Sector, regulated by the Brazilian

National Electric Energy Agency (Aneel). The R&D 484 developed in partnership with

the Federal University of Ouro Preto – UFOP, evaluates the effectiveness and

sustainability of riparian forest of Volta Grande Reservoir in the conservation of

ecological processes and biodiversity. The R&D 456, in partnership with the Federal

University of Lavras - UFLA, is developing a "Phytogeographic model as a basis for

revitalization of areas of permanent preservation the Rio Grande Basin." Results from

those R&D projects, published in papers and congress proceedings, are listed in the

item “Bibliography” at the end of this Report.

The establishment or restoration of riparian forests requires the use of appropriate

techniques to be defined according to detailed evaluation of site conditions. This

evaluation depends on species selection, soil preparation methods, liming, fertilizing,

planting techniques, maintenance and management of vegetation.

In order to do it, first we will address a legal issue, the Brazil’s new Forest Code, which

states the recovery of riparian forests in the country.

2 Legal aspects

The Brazilian law has different rules and regulations that aims to discipline the human

action and recovery of areas that must be permanent preserved, called Permanent

Preservation Areas – APPs,, such as riparian forests.

The New Brazilian Forest Code (Law No. 12.651) was approved on 05/25/2012 and

replaces the previous one (Law No. 4.771), which dated from 1965. The Law No.

12.651 provides guidance for protection of native vegetation and defines, in its Article

3, that APP is all protected area, whether covered by native vegetation or not, with

environmental function of preserving water resources, landscape, geological and


biodiversity stability, facilitate gene flow of fauna and flora, soil protection and ensure

the well-being of human populations.

For the purposes of this Law, Art. 4 considers APP in rural or urban areas::

I - the marginal stretchs of any natural perennial and intermittent watercourse,

ephemeral excluded, from the edge of the regular bed rail, in minimum width of:

a) 30 (thirty) meters for watercourses of less than 10 (ten) meters wide;

b) 50 (fifty) meters for watercourses that have 10 (ten) to 50

(fifty) meters wide;

c) 100 (one hundred) meters for

watercourses that have 50

(fifty) to 200 (two hundred) meters

wide;

d) 200 (two hundred) meters for

watercourses that have 200 (two hundred)

to 600 (six hundred) meters wide;

e) 500 (five hundred) meters for watercourses that have width greater than 600

(six hundred) meters;

II - the areas surrounding the lakes and natural ponds in stretch with a minimum width

of:

a) 100 (one hundred) meters in rural areas, except for the water body with up to

20 (twenty) hectares of surface, whose marginal stretch is 50 (fifty) meters;

b) 30 (thirty) meters, in urban areas;

III - the areas around the artificial water reservoirs resulting from damming of natural

watercourses in the stretch defined in the environmental license of the enterprise; (...).

Following the precepts of the Federal Law, it was approved in Minas Gerais, in 2013

the new Forestry Law of Minas Gerais (Law No. 20.922), replacing the previous one

that dated back to the year 2002 (Law No. 14.309). In its Article 8, Law No. 20.922

Riparian forests are, together,

classified as any vegetation

that occupies the banks of

water bodies. (Antonini, Yasmine et

al., 2016)


considers APP area, whether covered by native vegetation or not, with the

environmental function of preserving water resources, landscape, geological and

biodiversity stability, facilitate gene flow of fauna and flora, protect soil and ensure the

well-being of human populations. A description of these areas is presented in Article 9

and has followed most of definitions of Law No. 12.651/2012.

Article 9 For the purposes of this Law, in rural or urban areas, are APPs:

I - the marginal stretchs of natural perennial and intermittent watercourse, ephemeral

excluded, measured from the edge of the regular bed rail, in minimum width of:

a) 30 (thirty) meters for watercourses of less than 10 (ten) meters wide;

b) 50 (fifty) meters for watercourses from 10 (ten) to 50 (fifty) meters wide;

c) 100 (one hundred) meters for watercourses from 50 (fifty) meters to 200 (two

hundred) meters wide;

d) 200 (two hundred) meters for watercourses from 200 (two hundred) to 600 (six

hundred) meters wide;

e) 500 (five hundred) meters for watercourses of more than 600 (six hundred)

meters;

II - the areas surrounding the lakes and natural ponds in protection range with a

minimum width of:

a) 30 (thirty) meters in urban areas;

b) 50 (fifty) meters in rural areas whose water body is less than 20 (twenty)

hectares of surface;

c) 100 (one hundred) meters in rural areas whose water body greater than 20

(twenty) hectares of surface;

III - the areas surrounding the artificial water reservoirs resulting from damming of

natural watercourses, within protection range defined in the environmental license of

the enterprise;

IV - the areas around the springs and perennial water springs, the minimum radius of

50 (fifty) meters; (...).


In order to direct the permanent preservation areas recovery projects, CONAMA

approved on February 28, 2011, Resolution No. 429, which provides guidance for

recovery methodology of APPs.

In recent years there has been an update in the legislation regarding this issue mainly

with focus on reducing vegetation loss in the states and municipalities and on

performing the recovery of permanent preservation areas, especially riparian forests.

However, the full implementation of these legal provisions often face social issues,

especially when springs and watercourses are located in small properties. In many

cases, the properties are located in areas of poor soils and at high risk of degradation,

and the owners cannot afford to implement a process for recovery of riparian

vegetation (Santos et al., 2008).

Riparian forests are very

important for maintaining the

quality of water bodies.


3. Riparian reforestation in Volta Grande Reservoir

3.1 History - the beginning of everything

The riparian forests of rGrande river have changed long before the implementation of

the reservoir of Volta Grande

Hydroeletric Power Plant (HPP), since

there were no specific laws providing for

the preservation of these ecosystems.

Even before the deployment of the

reservoir, the riparian forests were

already under the impact of agriculture,

leaving few remaining natural areas.

With Law No. 4.771, from 1965, in force at the time of Volta Grande HPP construction ,

the forests around lakes, ponds or natural or artificial reservoirs wererecognized as

permanent preservation areas. Although this law does not specify the extent of stretch

to be preserved, it contemplated the recovery and compensation by the company that

manages the hydroelectric plant. In compliance with legislation, Cemig, which has the

concession for exploitation of Volta Grande HPP since 1967, began to restore this

ecosystem, along the banks of the reservoir.


The Cemig Riparian Reforest Program began in 1990, through an agreement with the

Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, and its main objective the generation of

technology in restoration of riparian forests at the reservoir banks. The Riparian

Reforest Program, also aimed containment of erosive processes at the reservoirs

banks, due to waves crashes.

Recovery projects in Volta Grande Reservoir began in 1991 with the prioritization of

the development of technology for production of native seedlings in the nursery of the

plant. The university contributed a lot in the choice and definition of the species that

would best adapt to the conditions of this

reservoir.

Once stage of mastery seedling production

techniques was over, new difficulties were in

acquirong the seeds, since in the region few

matrices were identified for collection. The

solution found at the time was the supply of seeds of native species by the UFLA seed

laboratory. Subsequently, Cemig

implemented a seed laboratory in Belo

Horizonte, guaranteeing the supply and

increasing the annual goals of seedling

production, even varying the genealogy of

the species, since the collection of seeds

was carried out in several regions of Minas

Gerais. In this way, it was also implanted the seedling nursery of Volta Grande HPP,

with excellent infrastructure and sufficient amount of seeds available to start the

challenge of restoring the APPs, along the reservoir.


From that moment, it was necessary to carry outa work of awareness of the owners of

the lands on the banks of the reservoir,

aiming to involve them in the process and

in the adhesion. For this, several "Field

Days" were held, in which was paramount

the participation of the owners, rural

unions, development and environmental

Agencies and schools in the region.

Two demonstration units of riparian forests (in Água Comprida - MG and Miguelópolis

- SP) were implanted to show the owners the importance and veracity of the project.

In this partnership, Cemig prepared projects, supplied the seedlings and provided

technical assistance, leaving the responsibility for the producers to carry out the

planting and maintenance of the seedlings.

The challenges faced over time

were numerous. Several plantations were impacted by fires and cattle that trampled

and ate the seedlings. However, with great persistence, the obstacles were overcome

and in a few years a green corridor formed along the plant's reservoir in areas where

previously there were agriculture and livestock.

In 25 years of the program, approximately

one million seedlings have been planted,

and today many species already supply

seeds to restore other areas.


3.2 Characterization of planting areas

The work for recovery of riparian forests developed by Cemig was held on the banks of

Volta Grande Reservoir, in the medium region of Grande river, in the states of Minas

Gerais and São Paulo (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Location of the Volta Grande HPP reservoir.

The plant area has an average altitude of 510 meters. The predominant soil is of the

eutrophic purple latosol type. This type ofsoil usually has high fertility (Nardy, 1995).

The reforested areas were previously used for planting sugar cane since 1983 and

currently adjacent areas are still used for this purpose (Souza, 2002).


3.3 Origin of seedlings used

The seedling nursery of the Volta Grande Environmental Station of is the main supplier

of native species seedlings for

application in the Riparian Reforest

Program. This nursery also serves the

Cemig Urban Afforestation Program in

partnership with the municipal

governments of the region, in order to

reconcile the maintenance of the

afforestation with the maintenance of the electricity distribution networks, thus

reducing the risk of accidents and interruptions in the power supply. In some cases,

the nursery provides seedlings to partner owners who wish to recover some area,

which is of mutual interest, that is, both

of Cemig and the owner.

The nursery's production capacity is

450,000 seedlings/year, and now 130

thousand are produced to meet the

riparian reforestation, as well as to urban

afforestation. The technologies used are the production in plastic tubes and plastic

bags, according to the species and size of the seedlings to be produced.

Production in tubes provides better root

formation, reduces the cost of seedlings

and facilitates its planting.. On the other

hand, the production in bags is more

suitable for seed of the species used in

urban afforestation, with larger seedlings

which demands larger root system.


In order to meet the specifications of the Riparian Reforest Program, native species

were produced by ecological groups, 50% Pioneer, 40% Secondary and 10% Climax.

The main species produced in the Volta Grande nursery , for implementation of the

Program are:

Tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum), Eritrina (Erythrina falcata), Pitanga (Eugenia

uniflora), Genipapo (Genipa americana), Jacaraná-mimoso (Jacaranda mimosifolia), Aroeira

(Lithraea molleoides), Bico-de-pato (Machaerium nictitans), Moreira (Maclura tinctoria), Ingá

(Inga affinis), Jequitibá (Cariniana strellensis), Óleo-de-bálsamo (Myroxylum balsamum),

Peroba (Aspidosperma polyneuron), Ipê-roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa), Ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia

serratifolia), Óleo-de-copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii), Angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera

peregrina), Cedro (Cedrela fissilis), Jacarandá-da-Bahia (Dalbergia nigra).


4 Implementation of the Riparian Reforestation Program

The spacing used in older plantations were 3.0 x 2.0 m, while the younger plantations

were 3.0 x 3.0 m, mainly in quincunx, based on the principles of secondary succession,

using pioneer and climatic species. For all plantations, the initial fertilization consisted

of application of 150 g of 4-14-8 incorporated into the

planting pit. Stretchs of 13.6 to 98.6 m were

used for planting.

In the period from 1992 to 2005, 705,263 (seven

hundred and five thousand, two hundred and sixty-

three) seedlings were planted, in a total of 480.00 ha,

in partnership with landowners aroundthe reservoir.

Quincunx - planting of

vegetable elements (trees,

bushes, etc.) in groups of five,

so as to occupy four corners

of a square and the other the

center of this square.


5 P&D 484

Current status of the establishment of riparian forests in the Volta 5.1

Grande Reservoir

Between the years 2012 and 2016, a R&D project was developed through a

partnership between the Federal University of Ouro Preto - UFOP and Cemig, with the

objective of evaluating the effectiveness and sustainability of riparian areas of Volta

Grande Reservoir, in the conservation of ecological processes and biodiversity (R&D

484).

In this project, narrow (30 m) and wider (100 m) reforestation stretchs were selected

for this study, and the age effect (time after reforestation - 10 and 20 years) was

evaluated in forest characteristics around Volta Grande Reservoir. As a reference, it

was also inventoried an area called "Native", which has no history of environmental

impacts in the last 60 years. Individual trees with chest circumference greater than or

equal to 10 cm were inventoried.

Figure 2. Areas subject matter of R&D study 484.

Native

Noboro

Santa Bárbara

Figueira Delta


The reforested areas around Volta Grande Reservoir are described at Table 1.

Table 1 - Afforested areas surrounding the reservoir of HPP Volta Grande

Area 1 - Noboro Project Municipality: Água Comprida Stretch Width: 30 m Planting 1993/1994 Replanting in 1994 Number of species 35 to 40 Soil preparation: Plowing, Harrowing and Rutting Spacing: 3.0 x 2.0 m Fertilization: 150 grams of 04-14-08

Area 2 - Raizen-Figueira Project Municipality: Igarapava Stretch Width: 100 m Planting 1995 - 1996 Replanting: There was no need Number of species 35 to 40 Soil preparation: Harrowing, rutting Spacing: 3.0 x 2.0 m Fertilization: 150 grams of 04-14-08

Area 3 - Santa Bárbara Project Municipality: Miguelópolis Stretch Width: 30 m Plantation: 1999 - 2000 Replanting: 2001 Number of species 30 to 35 Soil preparation: Plowing, Harrowing and Rutting Spacing: 3.0 x 3.0 m Fertilization: 150 grams of 04-14-08

Area 4 - Ponte de Delta Project Municipality: Igarapava Stretch Width: 100 m Plantation: 2000/2001 Replanting: There was no need Number of species: 30 to 35 Soil preparation: Harrowing and rutting Fertilization: 150 grams of 04-14-08

Area 5 - Native Project: Reference area

The composition of the areas was compared to that previously used in the

implementation of reforestation. Inventoried species were also classified according to

i) their successional category

(pioneer/ non-pioneer) as

suggested by Gandolfi (1991)

and Leitão Filho and

collaborators (1993); ii) the

dispersion syndrome, i.e., the

way in which disperse their

fruits or seeds (autochoric,

zoochorous, anemocoric) and

III) as its origin (native or exotic). These studies were based on data available in the

literature and on observations made during field work.


They identified 136 species grouped into 31 families (Table 2). The family with the

greatest number of species was Leguminosae, with 31, followed by Anacardiaceae (8),

Malvaceae and Sapindaceae (6) and Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae

and Myrtaceae with 5 species each. The diversity found is greater than the average

typically found for Cerrado, which is indicative of the benefits of the establishment of

riparian forests in these areas.

Table 2. Tree species identified in reforestation around Volta Grande reservoir, in Minas Gerais and São Paulo

states.

Family Species Succession Stage

Dispersion Syndrome

Origin Plantation

Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae 1 Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae 2 Anacardiaceae Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Pioneer Anemocoric Native Yes Anacardiaceae Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Exotic Zoochorous Exotic Yes Anacardiaceae Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão Late

secondary or Climax

Zoochorous Native Yes

Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes Anacardiaceae Tapirira guianensis Aubl. Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes

Annonaceae Annonaceae 1 Annonaceae Annonaceae 2 Annonaceae Annonaceae 3 Annonaceae Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes Apocynaceae Apocynaceae 1 Apocynaceae Apocynaceae 2 Apocynaceae Aspidosperma parvifolium A.DC. Late

secondary or Climax

Anemocoric Native Yes

Apocynaceae Aspidosperma sp. 1 Apocynaceae Aspidosperma sp. 2 Aquifoliaceae Ilex cerasifolia Reissek Secondary Zoochorous Native No

Araliaceae Didymopanax sp. Pioneer Zoochorous Native No Arecaceae Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.

ex Mart. Pioneer Zoochorous Native No

Arecaceae Bactris gasipaes Kunth Pioneer Zoochorous Native No Arecaceae Euterpe edulis Mart. Secondary Zoochorous Native No

Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae 2 Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae 3 Bignoniaceae Handroanthus cf. chrysotrichus

(Mart. ex DC.) Mattos Late

secondary Anemocoric Native Yes

Bignoniaceae Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos

Secondary Anemocoric Native Yes

Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Secondary Anemocoric Native Yes Boraginaceae Boraginaceae 1 Cannabaceae Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes

Ebenaceae Diospyros brasiliensis Mart. ex Miq. Secondary Zoochorous Native No Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum daphnites Mart. Pioneer Zoochorous Native No Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum sp.1 No Euphorbiaceae Mabea sp.1 No


Euphorbiaceae Mabea sp.2 No Euphorbiaceae Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes

Lauraceae Lauraceae 1 No Lauraceae Lauraceae 2 No Lauraceae Lauraceae 3 No Lauraceae Lauraceae 4 No Lauraceae Lauraceae 5 No

Leguminosae Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Exotic Autochoric Exotic Yes

Leguminosae Acacia mangium Willd. Exotic Autochoric Exotic Yes Leguminosae Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.)

Burkart Pioneerto Secondary

Autochoric Native Yes

Leguminosae Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Pioneer Autochoric Native Yes Leguminosae Bauhinia sp.1 Autochoric Yes Leguminosae Bauhinia sp.2 Autochoric No Leguminosae Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard Secondary Autochoric Native Yes Leguminosae Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Secondary Zoochorous Native Yes Leguminosae Dipteryx alata Vogel Secondary Zoochorous Native Yes Leguminosae Erythrina falcata Benth Autochoric Native Yes Leguminosae Hymenaea courbaril L. Secondary Zoochorous Native Yes Leguminosae Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex

Hayne Secondary Zoochorous Native Yes

Leguminosae Inga sp. Zoochorous Native Leguminosae Inga uruguensis Hook. & Arn. Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes Leguminosae Leguminosae 1 Leguminosae Leguminosae 2 Leguminosae Leguminosae 3 Leguminosae Machaerium opacum Vogel Pioneer Anemocoric Native Yes Leguminosae Machaerium sp.1 Anemocoric Native Leguminosae Machaerium sp.2 Anemocoric Native Leguminosae Machaerium sp.3 Anemocoric Native Leguminosae Machaerium sp.4 Anemocoric Native Leguminosae Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. Pioneerto

Secondary Autochoric Native Yes

Leguminosae Mimosa sp. Native Yes Leguminosae Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão Pioneerto


Leguminosae Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan

Secondary Autochoric Native Yes

Leguminosae Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F.Macbr.

Pioneer Autochoric Native Yes

Leguminosae Plathymenia reticulata Benth. Pioneer Autochoric Native Yes Leguminosae Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake Pioneerto


Leguminosae Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose

Pioneerto Secondary

Autochoric Native Yes

Leguminosae Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

Pioneering Autochoric Native Yes

Malvaceae Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Pioneer Autochoric Native Yes Malvaceae Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes Malvaceae Luehea paniculata Mart. & Zucc. Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes Malvaceae Malvaceae 1 Malvaceae Malvaceae 2 Malvaceae Pachira aquatica Aubl. Early

secondary Zoochorous Native Yes

Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Vell. Secondary Anemocoric Native Yes


Moraceae Ficus christianii Carauta Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes Moraceae Ficus sp. Moraceae Maclura tinctoria (L.) D.Don ex

Steud. Pioneerto Secondary

Zoochorous Native Yes

Moraceae Moraceae 1 Moraceae Morus nigra L. Exotic Zoochorous Exotic Yes Myrtaceae Myrtaceae 1 Myrtaceae Myrtaceae 2 Myrtaceae Myrtaceae 3 Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Exotic Zoochorous Exotic Yes Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Exotic Zoochorous Exotic Yes Piperaceae Piper sp.1 Piperaceae Piper sp.2

Polygonaceae Triplaris americana L. Pioneer Anemocoric Native Yes Primulaceae Myrsine umbellata Mart. Secondary Zoochorous Native Yes Primulaceae Primulaceae 1 Rhamnaceae Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes

Rubiaceae Alibertia sp.1 Rubiaceae Genipa americana L. Secondary Zoochorous Native Yes Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 2 No Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 3 No Rutaceae Rutaceae 1 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum rigidum Humb. &

Bonpl. ex Willd. Secondary Zoocoric Native Yes

Salicaceae Casearia sp.1 Native No Salicaceae Casearia sp.2 Native No Salicaceae Casearia sp.3 Native No Salicaceae Salicaceae 1 No

Sapindaceae Cupania sp.1 Native No Sapindaceae Sapindaceae 1 Native No Sapindaceae Sapindaceae 2 Native No Sapindaceae Sapindaceae 3 Native No Sapindaceae Sapindaceae 4 Native No Sapindaceae Sapindus saponaria L. Late

Secondary Zoochorous Native Yes

Siparunaceae Siparuna brasiliensis (Spreng.) A.DC.

Early Secondary

Zoochorous Native No

Solanaceae Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. Pioneer Zoochorous Native No Urticaceae Cecropia hololeuca Miq. Pioneer Zoochorous Native No Urticaceae Cecropia pachystachya Trécul Pioneer Zoochorous Native Yes

Vochysiaceae Qualea grandiflora Mart. Pioneer Anemocoric Native No Undetermined Undetermined 1 Undetermined Undetermined 2 Undetermined Undetermined 3 Undetermined Undetermined 4 Undetermined Undetermined 5 Undetermined Undetermined 6 Undetermined Undetermined 7 Undetermined Undetermined 8 Undetermined Undetermined 9 Undetermined Undetermined 10

Only six exotic species were identified: Psidium guajava L. (goiabeira), Mangifera

indica L. (mangueira), Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (jambolão), Morus nigra L.


(amoreira), Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. (both

known as acacia). All of them were planted during the implementation of the

reforestation project. Although so far there is no evidence of disorderly invasion, it is

important to maintain monitoring of the areas in order to investigate any

inappropriate increase of exotic species. These can be extremely harmful to compete

with native species, altering succession processes or even competition for resources. .

Although this survey included only tree species, it was observed that the invasion by

grasses limited the species recruitment in some areas, or even the success of planting,

requiring its control in order to

guarantee the success of

reforestation. Much of the

species has zoochorous

dispersion syndrome (56%),

providing resources for the

regional fauna, which is quite

diverse. In other species,

autochoric and anemocoric syndromes occur (22% each).

Of the 136 species identified, only 52 were planted in reforestation. It was observed

the recruitment of several species, originating from the surrounding forest matrix and,

in particular, Cerrado species.

Currently, the idea of copying a mature forest model in reforestation was abandoned

(Rodrigues et al. 2009). Instead, the goal is to restorate the ecological processes

responsible for the reconstruction of the forest. From the species whose succession

category was identified, more than half (55%) are pioneers, 38% are early secondary

and 7% are late secondary or climax. The presence of species of the later successional

categories demonstrates the effectiveness of reforestation even though it is still

considered quite young.


It is expected in long-term, if the succession conditions are maintained, the riparian

ecosystems around Volta Grande

Reservoir will evolve towards the

development of more complex and

biodiverse ecosystems. To this end, it

is necessary to maintain the

monitoring, reassessments and

possible interventions to ensure

success predicted in restoration

actions.

According to Antonini (2016), the reforested areas around Volta Grande Reservoir,

despite having not been restored with the specific purpose of recovering biodiversity,

ecological processes and ecosystem services, today have this set of important

elements to its " survival". These areas harbor a relatively high biodiversity, compared

to other fragments in the same region, although the similarity of composition,

structure and dynamics are below what would be considered ideal. Antonini (2016)

also concluded that the results of the studies indicate that the process of restoration of

riparian forests has achieved several benefits. Among them, it may be mentioned the

improvement of the physical environment, erosion control, soil fertility maintenance

and hydrological cycles. Moreover, it is remarkable the increase in plant and fauna

biodiversity, productivity of vegetation and carbon sequestration, bringing direct

benefits to human life.

6 Ecosystem services provided by riparian forests of Volta

Grande Reservoir


The survival of mankind on the planet depends on his access to renewable and

sufficient sources of water and food and materials that can be processed into fabrics,

medicines, shelter and other buildings and products that provide protection and some

control over the production and exploitation of goods mentioned above. Thinking

about human survival in terms of quality of life, we can say the demand for goods and

services that are offered by natural ecosystems, among which we mention the

pleasant environments for recreation, outdoor sports, meditation and those that

provide interaction between mankind and other organisms, such as birds, flowers,

trees, lichens, etc., whose diversity and beauty fascinates us.

Referring specifically to the riparian forests of Volta Grande Reservoir, we clearly come

across the ecosystem services provided by this environment. There is an intimate

relationship between the quality of human life, the preservation of natural

ecosystems, the supply of

goods and services such as

water and food, and the

need to expand the extent

of forest areas through the

recovery of degraded areas.

In addition to the wood

provided by the forest, it

still provides seeds, fruits,

medicinal plants and ornamentals, fibers and dyes. Moreover, they harbor organisms

that play important roles in maintaining the environment itself. They also perform

other immense influence on climate services, hydrological cycles, biodiversity, water

and air quality and soil fertilization. We call "ecosystem services" this set of benefits

directly or indirectly offered by the functioning of the ecosystems to human

populations (Daily 1997; Costanza et al., 1997; MEA, 2005; Figure 2).

The ecosystem services are organized, in general, into categories of provision of

consumer goods, place for recreational activities, culture and spiritual activities,


climate control and water, soil and air quality, and consequently, human health and

support, that is functions that maintain the operation of the forest itself, and thus the

basis of all other ecosystem services (MEA, 2005). However, it should be noted that,

the ecosystem services are responsible for maintaining and sustaining life on Earth as a

whole, not just human populations. Good examples of this are the air we breathe and

the water we drink. Seventy percent of the oxygen we breathe comes from oceans

through the photosynthetic process of small algae floating on sea surface.

Figure 2 - Ecosystem functions organized in the categories of support, provision, regulation and cultural. Source: Restauração e Conservação de Matas Ciliares em Reservatórios Hidroelétricos (2016).

PROVISION Food

Water Fibers and wood

Fuel

REGULATION Climate Flood

Diseases Purification of water, air and soil

CULTURAL Recreation Aesthetics Education Spiritual

SUPPORT Nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary productivity.


Among the numerous ecological services provided by the organisms that inhabit the

forests, we highlight the following:

pollination

dispersion of fruits and seeds

and biological control of species considered pests.

The pollination carried out mainly by bees is extremely important, as well as

guaranteeing the reproduction of plants, also ensures food production, since several

species of native and cultivated plants depend on pollination for fruit production.

Riparian forests of the reservoir of Volta Grande are contributing to the maintenance

of this important environmental service, since they found several species of bees that

pollinate native plants.

Dispersal of fruits and seeds occurs through wind, water and animals called frugivores.

The dispersion is the process of transportation of the seeds away from the mother

plant, reaching places where the possibility of germination and survival are higher, due

to the lower predation and competition pressure. By consuming the fruit, the process

of seeds transportingby animals occurs, once many seeds fall or are defecated or,

regurgitated, and then spread throughout the area used by the animals that consumed

them. This interaction between flora and fauna is the basis for maintenance and

restoration of riparian forests. Although many animals are considered frugivorous,

notably birds and mammals are the most efficient.

A good example of frugivory study and

seed dispersal in reforested riparian

forests developed in Volta Grande

Reservoir demonstrated the importance

of Cecropia (embaúba) as a key species

for maintenance of large numbers of

frugivorous birds in the region (Faria, 2015). The Cecropia is a pioneer species, with

large numbers of individuals in the riparian forests sampled and that produce fruits


throughout the year. In this study, 34 species of birds were identified consuming the

fruits of Cecropia, being 14 species considered good dispersers of seeds, based on their

behavior of collection and mandibulatation of the infructescences, as well as the high

number of visits with fruit consumption. The sabiá-do-campo (Mimus saturninus), bem-

te-vi (Pitangus sulphuratus) and sanhaço-cinzento (Tangara sayaca) are among the

species with good dispersal capacity.

Riparian forests that were reforested around Volta Grande reservoir also play

important role in ecosystem services related to water quality in the reservoir. The

vegetation coverage of the forest fragments protects the soil against the erosive action

of wind and rain, reducing the transport of soil particles into the reservoir. Meanwhile,

portions with no vegetation theerosion process removed about 1 kg/month of soil in

the wet season. Within the forest fragments, erosion was reduced up to three times

this amount.

The importance of these reforested areas is so great to the reservoir that in areas

where there is no forest, it was possible to identifying a smaller number of planktonic

invertebrates. Zooplankton - animal part of plankton, is a crucial link in the aquatic

food chain. Species forming zooplankton are responsible for microalgae "control" ,

since they feed on them, but are consumed by fish larvae and other invertebrates. In

reforested areas where the riparian forest was present, the number of zooplankton

species was at least 2 times higher than in areas where there was no riparian forest -

pasture, sugarcane and soybeans areas around the reservoir.

According to the results of R&D 484, the riparian forest fragments ofVolta Grande

reservoir now harbor a varied diversity of species, and some fragments high diversity

is observed like in Native area, close to natural areas. On the other hand, other

fragments have very low diversity, like Delta and Figueira. This indicates the need for

studies and monitoring of these areas, to follow the succession process and

performing interferences such as enrichment of some functional group or suppression

of exotic species when needed.

Regarding terrestrial fauna, the R&D classified the species into eighteen functional

groups (Table 3). The species richness in each functional group can be considered high


for recent reforestation. It is important to note that the categories include vertebrates

and invertebrate species, which may be playing the same role in ecosystems, but with

different strategies. In the "carnivore" category, it was included large mammals, such

as jaguar, but also spiders. Both groups are predators, regulating the population of

their prey. Also in this category are the wasps that are predators of insects considered

agricultural pests. In “frugivorous” category, the richness was also high. In this

category, there are many species of birds that feed on the fruits, and contributes to

seed dispersion.

Table 3 - Richness in species of the main functional groups of terrestrial fauna found in reforestation aroundVolta Grande Reservoir.

Functional group

Abundance

Richness

Carnivore invertebrate 3,251 35

Nectarivore invertebrate 1,859 40

Seed predators invertebrate 254 3

Detritivore invertebrate 30,177 12

Hematophagus invertebrate 169 2

Herbivore invertebrate 20,650 10

Myficus invertebrate 1,658 8

Carnivore vertebrate 118 11

Frugivore vertebrate 190 16

Frugivore vertebrate / Seed predator 9 4 Granivorous vertebrate 19 4 Insectivorous vertebrate 857 74 Molluscivore vertebrate 4 1 Scavenger vertebrate 1 1 Omnivorous vertebrate 353 38 Piscivorous vertebrate 11 4 Frugivore / granivorous vertebrate 267 3 Nectarivore vertebrate 40 6

Source: Restauração e Conservação de Matas Ciliares em Reservatórios Hidroelétricos (2016).

With respect to the aquatic ecosystem, it was observed during the studies that, only in

areas where there was the presence of riparian forests in Volta Grande, that all

functional characteristics were in “equilibrium”,. Species such as the rotifers

Brachionus angular, Brachionus calyciflorus, and microcrustaceans Alonna affinis,

Chydorus specious, among others, representing microphages and scrapers, were

abundant in areas where riparian vegetation was present. In contrast, in areas of the

reservoir where there was suppression of riparian vegetation, the functional diversity


of zooplankton was low, only small microphages were found, those capable of filtering

small amounts of water. The study of functional diversity, whether in the terrestrial

environment or in the aquatic environment, is a powerful tool for evaluating the

effectiveness of recovery of degraded areas.


7 Conclusion

Considering the primary objective of the R&D 484, which was to evaluate the

effectiveness and sustainability of riparian areas of Volta Grande Reservoir in the

conservation of ecological processes and biodiversity, we can say that:

the reforested areas around the reservoir, although they were not reforested

for the specific purpose of recovering biodiversity, today, ecological processes

and ecosystem services present today a set of important elements for their

"survival" and longevity;

these areas harbor a relatively high biodiversity, compared to other fragments

in the same region, although the similarity of composition, structure and

dynamics are below what would be considered ideal;

the process of recovery of riparian forests has achieved several benefits, among

them we include: erosion control, maintenance of soil fertility and hydrological

cycles;

it is remarkable the increase in plant and fauna biodiversity, vegetation

productivity and carbon sequestration, which brings direct benefits to human

life;

some areas need some intervention, as they are following exactly the opposite

way to what was intended, not being self-sustainability;

for flora and fauna, in general, two fields - Delta and Figueira, specifically, have

very poor community and some dominant species, which means that the

number of individuals of one or two species is much higher than others. This

shows a tendency for homogenization and biotic impoverishment. In this case,

dominance of one species may occur in short term, causing others not to

remain in the area;

the presence of a greater number of fauna species can be considered an

important tool for conservation and restoration of riparian forest fragments

due to ecosystem services provided by these animals,


studies showed that several species of birds, mammals and invertebrates such

as ants and beetles act as dispersers of fruits and seeds and as decomposers,

contributing to the enrichment of flora.

Moreover, the studies also recommend for future riparian reforestation:

continuous reforestation of the surroundings of water body, thereby increasing

the efficiency of this fragment as an ecological corridor;

planting stretchs greater than 30 meters width, to reduce edge effect, which

creates differentiated areas in the edge and interior, contributing to a greater

diversity of environments

keep the connectivity with native forest and remaining riparian forests, to allow

the connection of the reforested areas with environments that can act as a

source of typical species of riparian forest.

Studies carried out in the R&D 484 showed that the "Cemig Riparian Reforest

Program" was very successful. However, in order to become self-sustaining in the long

term, it is necessary constant monitoring and partnership with the community

surrounding the reservoir, thus facilitating the implementation of the

recommendations listed above.

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9 Authors

Andréa Cássia Pinto Pires de Almeida

Specialist in Environmental Management

Specialist in Integrated Territory Management

Biologist

Management of Studies and Fish Populations and Special Programs

Luciana Aparecida Magalhães

Environmental Sciences Ph.D.

Specialist in Environment and Water Resource Management

Biologist


Rafael Augusto Fiorine

Master's degree earned in Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture

Specialist in Environmental Analysis

Agronomist Engineer


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