biodiversity: living and non-living resources
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
LECTURE ON
BIODIVERSITYDEFINITION!LEVELS!IMPORTANCE!THREATS & !STATUS
www.picswallpaper.com
MODULE 4
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?A B
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?A B
NOW LET’S CHECK OUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD
Which one looks better?
BIODIVERSITY
errolgatumbato.wordpress.comwww.thelandofpromise.com
www.vintagephilippines.com
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
❖ Variety and Diversity of life forms (number of kinds) in an area!
!
❖ Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere
australianmuseum.net.au
BIODIVERSITY on EXTINCTION ISSUES
❖Biodiversity is the FOCUS of conservation!!
❖Extinction !❖a process that happens when an entire species permanently disappears from the biosphere due to the death of the species’ last member
www.phibetaiota.net
HIGH BIODIVERSITY = HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM
❖Measurement of how healthy ecosystems are!!
❖HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM support HIGH biological diversity!!
❖STRESSED ECOSYSTEM may not have the CAPACITY to support high biological diversity
www.motherearthnews.com
BIODIVERSITY LEVELS❖ ECOLOGICAL/ECOSYSTEM!
❖ different habitats, niches, species interactions!
❖ SPECIES!
❖ different kinds of organisms, relationships among species!!
❖ GENETIC!
❖ different genes & combinations of genes within populations
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY❖ collection of all the plants and animals within a
particular area, each differing in species composition, physical structure and function!
!
❖ the variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere!❖ made up of interacting populations and the abiotic
factors that support them!❖ example: BIOMES
www.sciencerecorder.com
SPECIES DIVERSITY❖ measure of the number of species which
occur within a particular taxonomic level in a given geographic area!
!
❖ the number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community
blogs.thehindu.com
SPECIES DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERMS
www.blog.gurukpo.com
GENETIC DIVERSITY❖ The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that
are present in a population comprises its genetic diversity!
❖ Degree of variation in all the genes for all individuals within a species!
❖ As basis for evolution: Genetic diversity within an interbreeding population increases the chances of survival during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease!
❖ Example: BANANAS and RICE varietieswww.ethicurean.com
GENETIC DIVERSITY in BANANAS
errebeekeeper.wordpress.com
GENETIC DIVERSITY in RICE
GENETIC DIVERSITY in CORN
slola.blogspot.com
OTHER DIVERSITY IN GENES
biojoan.comwww.gardenculture.net
www.ecosystemservicesseq.com.au
WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?There are direct and
indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?There are direct and
indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinction
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinctionwww.globalchange.umich.edu
EXTINCTION
Introduced Speciesavrotor.blogspot.com www.petproductnews.com
GOLDEN SNAIL JANITOR FISH
EXTINCTION
Habitat Loss
EXTINCTION
Habitat Fragmentation
EXTINCTION
Over Exploitation
Too much harvest for food, medicine and other human sustenance
science.howstuffworks.com
EXTINCTION
Invasive Species
davesgarden.comwww.davidsanger.com
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Climate Change
www.newsecuritybeat.org
www.mediaglobal.org
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Pollutionclimatechange.thinkaboutit.eu
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Mining and BioaccumulationLARRY PRICE - www.flickr.com
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Overpopulation
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ RAREST WILDLIFE: has more than 52,177 described species, half of which are endemic!
❖ more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded for the Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic); 157 are threatened (128 are threatened endemic)
life-sea.blogspot.com
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ FLORAL DIVERSITY: between 10,000 and 14,000 species of vascular and non-vascular plants, more than half of which are endemic
landofpromise.fairfood.org wildlifeconservation.ph hortlog.blogspot.com
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE DIVERSITY: estimated total of 359 species of amphibians (101 species, 246 are endemic, highest % endemism for all vertebrates) and reptiles (258 species)
gdeichmann.photoshelter.comPhoto by: Arvin Diesmos.
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ BIRD DIVERSITY: 576 species of birds (195 are endemic), 45 species are either extinct in the wild, critical, or endangered
newsinfo.inquirer.net
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: 174 mammalian species (111 are endemic)
www.explorer-philippines.com
animals.pawnation.com
NEW DISCOVERIES
❖ Several new species have been discovered in small islands such as Sibuyan (five new species) and Camiguin (two new species), catapulting these islands to a new status as centers of mammal endemism!
!
❖ Sibuyan Island (463 km2), which hosts four species of endemic non-flying mammals (plus one bat), a total exceeding that of any country in Europe
Activity for THURSDAY
what to do…❖ If you will be an endemic (or endangered) philippine species
who will you be?!
❖ You may want to consult the workbook or other references!
❖ Make a portfolio (letter size) board paper:!
❖ photo!
❖ about you (from where are you)!
❖ shout out (how to save you from extinction)!
❖ BE RESOURCEFUL, BE UNIQUE!
❖ To be PRESENTED NEXT MEETING!
NEXT MEETING:
BIODIVERSITY MEASUREMENTS
ALPHA & BETA DIVERSITY!RICHNESS & EVENNESS
MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY
❖ Ecologists define community diversity on the basis of 2 components:!
❖ SPECIES RICHNESS!
❖ the number of species in the community!
❖ SPECIES EVENNESS!
❖ the relative number of species in the community
SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?
SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?
SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS EVEN?
MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY
❖ Measures of diversity are INDICATORS of the well-being of ecological systems and greatly contribute in environmental monitoring efforts and conservation strategies!
❖ Diversity Index!
❖ reflects the relationship between species richness and evenness in measuring diversity!
❖ e.g. SHANNON-WEINER INDEX
ACTIVITY FOR TODAY❖ FORM 5 GROUPS & CHOOSE A CAR PARK AS YOUR
ECOSYSTEM!❖ OBTAIN THE VARIOUS DIVERSITY DATA USING THE
FOLLOWING!❖ Genus (Car brand)!❖ species (car characteristic)!
❖ CHOOSE A REPRESENTATIVE AND REPORT NEXT MEETING!❖ Follow the data format on page 50-51 and answer the
guide questions (submit one per group of your reported data and answers to Q)
ACTIVITY FOR TODAY
activity for today
LECTURE ON
THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS
Non-Living Resources!Biological Resources!Population and Human Resources!Issues on the PHL Environmental Situation
www.picswallpaper.com
MODULE 3 and 5
BIOMES - Interaction between living & non-living resources
THE NON-LIVING RESOURCES
• AIR!• WATER!• LAND
www.fs.fed.us
AIR• Air is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth's sphere!
• Clean air is composed of: !
• 78 percent nitrogen!
• 21 percent oxygen!
• 0.9 percent argon!
• 0.03 percent carbon dioxide!
• trace greenhouse gasess and tratospheric ozone!
• Air also contains water vapour, droplets, dust and other particles and contaminants
cleantechnica.com
AIR as a Renewable resource• Air is a renewable resource replenished by
natural processes!
• Example: Oxygen = produced by plants!
• Air can also be cleansed by natural processes, such as rain!
• But air quality is changed by human and natural processes (the latter including volcanoes, forest fires)
cleantechnica.com
AIR as a FREE resource• We treat the air as a free resource, as part of
the Global Commons!
• We don’t pay to use it for breathing !
• We don’t pay to use it as a conduit for waste disposal.!
• But there are costs associated with air pollution, in terms of human health, ecosystem health, climate change and the economy
cleantechnica.com
CLIMATE CHANGE
cleantechnica.com
OZONE DEPLETION• TO MAKE OZONE….
cleantechnica.com
OZONE DEPLETION• TO DESTROY OZONE…
cleantechnica.com
AIR POLLUTION
cleantechnica.com
• Air pollutants are any visible or invisible substances in the atmosphere that pose a threat to human health or the environment!
• Most anthropogenic pollutants are associated with combustion of fossil fuels!
• PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulates (TSP), hydrocarbon organic compounds (HCs, VOCs)!
• Anthropogenic pollutants can be widely dispersed by atmospheric motions, depending on their residence time
AIR POLLUTION & WEATHER CONDITIONS
cleantechnica.com
WATER• While 67% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, only
less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater!
• Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice caps and glaciers. Only less than 0.7% is available for human use!
• On a global basis, fresh water is a increasingly scarce resource!
• It is partially caused by increasing population coupled by change of consumption pattern and climate changes
imgur.com
USES OF WATER
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USES OF WATER
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USES OF WATER IN FOOD PRODUCTION
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CLASSIFICATION: FRESHWATER• CLASS AA: PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY; REQUIRES
APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY
• CLASS A: COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED (COAGULATION, SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION, DISINFECTION)
• CLASS B: PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING, SWIMMING)
• CLASS C: PROPAGATION OF FISH; BOATING; MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT
• CLASS D: IRRIGATIONimgur.com
CLASSIFICATION: MARINE WATER
• CLASS SA: PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST OF SHELL FISH (COMMERCIAL PURPOSES)
• CLASS SB: RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING, SWIMMING, SKINDIVING); FISHERIES (BANGUS)
• CLASS SC: RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.); SUSTENANCE FISHING; MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
• CLASS SD: INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING)
imgur.com
THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
• Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods!
• Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth!
• Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff
THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com
LAND RESOURCES• 3 uses that change the land are agriculture,
development, and mining!
• Less than 1/3 of Earth can be farmed!
• New farmland must be created for the growing populations!
• Poor soil management can result in 3 problems: !
• erosion, nutrient depletion, and desertification
www.wallpaper2020.com
EROSION• Process by which water, wind, or ice moves particles
of rocks or soil
www.wallpaper2020.comgsoil.wordpress.com
EROSION
www.wallpaper2020.com
NUTRIENT DEPLETION• When farmers plant the same crops in a field year after
year!
• As a result, the plants use more nutrients than the decomposers can replace!
• The soil becomes less fertile
www.wallpaper2020.comthinktrees.co.uk
DESERTIFICATION• Desertlike conditions: farm lands or areas that are into
previously were fertile advanced into becoming deserts
www.wallpaper2020.comearthhabitat.wordpress.com
LAND CONVERSION
www.wallpaper2020.com
www.maharashtragk.com
LAND CONVERSION
www.wallpaper2020.comwww.fao.org
ENDEMISM: THE LIVING RESOURCES
• Native/Indigenous species: species are those established in a given region, having originated there, or been long settled without human intervention!
• Endemic organisms are found nowhere else!
• Introduced/exotic/alien: is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental
Paphiopedilum fowliei
LIVING RESOURCES: PLANTS• Megadiverse!
• High species richness!
• High endemicity!
• The Philippines is the 23rd most plant species rich country in the world and the 7th in the Asian Region!
• 12, 000 species of plants in the Philippines, 8, 000 of which are seed plants (Madulid 1985)!
• Other estimates : about 9000 species (Ashton 1997)
Paphiopedilum fowliei
WHY SO MANY PLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES?
• Geological history!
• Archipelagic nature!
• Climatic conditions!
• Topographic features
Paphiopedilum fowliei
1,246 SPECIES OF ENDEMIC MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND HORNWORTS !
(6.1% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Dicranum sp Marchantia sp!Sphagnum sp Bazzania sp
1,031 SPECIES OF FERNS & FERN ALLIES !(28% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Cyathea philippinensis Hymenophillum reinwardtii Dipteris lobbiana!Chingia ferox Dicksonia mollis Dryopteris purpurascens
8,000 SPECIES OF SEED PLANTS !(40% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Hoya melliflua Rhododendron javanicum var schadenbergi!Drosera spathulata Monophyllaea longipes!
1,068 SPECIES OF NATIVE ORCHIDS !(75% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Spathoglottis palawanensis Dendrobium sp.!Mycaranthes leonardoi Renanthera philippinensis
PHILIPPINE RAFFLESIAS
From LL Co
• There seem to be a trend where the diameter seemed to decrease with increasing latitude!
LIVING RESOURCES: ANIMALS
• ENDANGERED versus ENDEMIC!
• Endemic!
• An organism exclusively native to a place or biota!
!
• Endangered!
• A species present in such small numbers that it is at risk of extinction
PHILIPPINE TARSIER
ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE BIRDS!(116/185 species)
Philippine Eagle Red-vented Cockatoo Palawan Peacock Pheasant !Sulu Hornbill Mindoro Imperial Pigeon Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon
ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS
takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com
Red-spotted deer Calamian Deer Philippine Tamaraw!Philippine Tarsier Palawan Bear Cat Philippine Mouse Deer (Pilandok)
ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS
takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com
Philippine Dugong Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat!Philippine Flyring Lemur (Kagwang) Visayan Warty Pig
THE WORLD’S SMALLEST AND BIGGEST BATS
www.pcsd.ph
Philippine Bamboo Bat!!
Golden-capped Fruit Bat
www.trulscronberg.com
www.pcsd.ph
Mindoro Freshwater Crocodile!Philippine Flat-headed Frog!Gray Monitor Lizard (Bayawak)
LARGE CROCODILES, LIZARDS AND SMALL FROGS
PHILIPPINE TURTLES
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.comAmphibians and Reptiles
Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)
Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Hawksbill sea turtle Philippine pond turtle Heosemys leytensis Philippine Green turtle
Leatherback sea turtle
LARGEST AND SMALLEST FISH IN THE HOUSE…
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com
Whale Shark (Butanding)!Dwarf Goby!
FAB-LOOKING CREATURES OF THE SEA
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com
Philippine Seahorse!Tridacna gigas (Giant clam)!Pisidum!Connus gloriamaris
CONSERVATION PROGRAMS• Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities (DENR-
PAWB and Conservation International!
• www.chm.ph!
• For some reference:!
• http://www.conservation.org/global/philippines/Pages/default.aspx!
• http://www.philippinecockatoo.org/programs%20and%20strategies.htm!
• http://fpe.ph/biodiversity-conservation-strategies.html/view/2002-the-philippine-biodiversity-conservation-priorities
PHILIPPINE TARSIER
LIVING RESOURCES: HUMANS
Parungao lectures
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ACTIVITY: MODULE ON PAGE 41-45
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END OF EXAM COVERAGE
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