biodiversity - weeblykennedybiology.weebly.com/.../5/7/...biodiversity.pdf · conserving...
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Biodiversity
Section 6-3 pgs 150-156
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Biodiversity● Those of us who love nature find much to
admire in the many forms of life that surround us.
● We marvel at the soaring flight of an eagle, the majestic movements of a whale, and the colors of spring wildflowers.
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Biodiversity● “Variety,” as the saying goes, “is the spice of life.”● But variety in the biosphere gives us more than
just interesting things to look at.● Human society takes part in local and global food
webs and energy cycles and depends on both the physical and biological life-support systems of our planet.
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Biodiversity● For that reason, our well-being is closely tied to
the well-being of a great variety of other organisms--including many that are neither majestic nor beautiful to our eyes.
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The Value of Biodiversity● Another word for variety is diversity.● Therefore, biological diversity, or biodiversity, is
the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere.
● Ecosystem diversity includes the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world.
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The Value of Biodiversity● Species diversity refers to the number of
different species in the biosphere.● So far, biologists have identified and named
about 1.5 million species and estimate that millions more may be discovered in the future.
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The Value of Biodiversity● Genetic diversity refers to the sum total of all
the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today.
● Within each species, genetic diversity refers to the total of all different forms of genes present in that species.
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The Value of Biodiversity● Biodiversity is one of Earth’s greatest natural
resources.● Species of many kinds have provided us with
foods, industrial products, and medicines--including painkillers, antibiotics, heart drugs, antidepressants, and anticancer drugs.
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The Value of Biodiversity● For example, the rosy periwinkle plant is the
source of substances used to treat certain cancers.● The biodiversity represented by wild plants and
animals is a kind of “library” of genetic information upon which humans can draw for future use.
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The Value of Biodiversity● For example, most crop plants have wild
relatives with useful traits such as resistance to disease or pests.
● When biodiversity is lost, potential sources of material with significant value to the biosphere and to humankind may be lost with it.
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Threats to Biodiversity● Human activity can reduce biodiversity by altering
habitats, hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic compounds into food webs, and introducing foreign species to new environments.
● As human activities alter ecosystems, this may lead to the extinction of species.
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Threats to Biodiversity● Extinction occurs when a species disappears
from all or part of its range.● A species whose population size is declining in a
way that places it in danger of extinction is called an endangered species.
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Threats to Biodiversity● As the population of an endangered species
declines, the species loses genetic diversity.● This can make the species even more vulnerable
to extinction.
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Habitat Alteration● When land is developed, natural habitats may
be destroyed.● Habitats supply organisms’ needs, and they are
a limited resource.● As habitats disappear, the species that live in
those habitats vanish.
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Habitat Alteration● In addition, development often splits
ecosystems into pieces, a process called habitat fragmentation.
● As a result, remaining pieces of habitat become biological “islands”.
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Habitat Alteration● We usually think of islands as bits of land
surrounded by water.● A biological island can be any patch of habitat
surrounded by a different habitat.● New York’s Central Park is an island of trees
and grass in a sea of concrete.
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Habitat Alteration● In suburbs, patches of forest can be surrounded by
farms, houses, and shopping malls.● Habitat islands are very different from large,
continuous ecosystems.● The smaller the “island”, the fewer species can
live there, the smaller populations can be, and the more vulnerable they are to further disturbances.
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Demand for Wildlife Products● Throughout history, humans have pushed some
animal species to extinction by hunting them for food or other products.
● In the 1800s, hunting caused the extinction of species such as the Carolina parakeet and the passenger pigeon.
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Demand for Wildlife Products● Today, in the United States, endangered species
are protected from hunting.● Hunting, however, still threatens rare animals in
parts of Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia.
● Some species are hunted for meat, fur, or hides.
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Demand for Wildlife Products● Others are hunted because people think that their
body parts, such as horns, have medicinal properties.
● The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, CITES, bans international trade in products derived from a list of endangered species.
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Demand for Wildlife Products● Unfortunately, it is difficult to enforce laws in
remote wilderness areas.
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Pollution● Many forms of pollution can threaten
biodiversity, but one of the most serious problems occurs when toxic compounds accumulate in the tissues of organisms.
● The history of DDT, one of the first widely used pesticides, explains the situation well.
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Pollution● At first, DDT seemed to be a perfect pesticide.● It is cheap, remains active for a long time, kills
different insects, and can control agricultural pests and disease-carrying mosquitoes.
● When DDT was sprayed, it drained into rivers and streams at low concentrations that seemed harmless.
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Pollution● However, DDT has two properties that make it
hazardous.● First, DDT is nonbiodegradable, which means
that it is not broken down by metabolic processes in bacteria, plants, or animals.
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Pollution● Second, when DDT is picked up by organisms,
they do not eliminate it from their bodies.● When aquatic plants pick up DDT from water,
the pesticide is stored in their tissues.● When herbivores eat those plants, they too
store DDT.
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Pollution● Because an herbivore eats many plants during
its life, the DDT can become concentrated to levels ten times higher than levels found in the plants.
● When carnivores eat herbivores, the toxic substance is concentrated further.
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Pollution● In this process, called biological magnification,
concentrations of a harmful substance increase in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web.
● Biological magnification affects the entire food web, although top-level carnivores are at highest risk.
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Pollution● In 1962, biologist Rachel Carson wrote a book
called Silent Spring that alerted people to the dangers of biological magnification.
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Pollution● The widespread spraying of DDT over many
years had threatened populations of many animals--especially fish-eating birds like the osprey, brown pelican, and bald eagle--with extinction.
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Pollution● One effect of DDT was to make eggs of these
birds so fragile that the eggs would not survive intact.
● By the early 1970s, DDT was banned in the United States and in most other industrialized countries.
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Pollution● In the years since, scientists have noted a
marked recovery in the populations of birds that had been affected.
● Bald eagles, for example, can once again be seen around rivers, lakes, and estuaries in the lower 48 states.
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Introduced Species● One of the most important threats to
biodiversity today comes from an unexpected source: apparently harmless plants and animals that humans transport around the world either accidentally or intentionally.
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Introduced Species● Introduced into new habitats, these organisms
often become invasive species that reproduce rapidly.
● Invasive species increase their populations because their new habitat lacks the parasites and predators that control their population “back home.”
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Introduced Species● Hundreds of invasive species are already
causing ecological problems in the United States.
● Zebra mussels, an aquatic pest, came on ships from Europe during the 1980s.
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Introduced Species● They spread through the Great Lakes and
several major rivers.● These mussels reproduce and grow so quickly
that they cause major ecological changes and are driving several native species close to extinction.
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Introduced Species● There are also many examples on land.● One European weed, the leafy spurge, now
infests millions of hectares of grasslands across the Northern Great Plains, where it displaces native plants.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Most people would like to preserve Earth’s
biodiversity for future generations.● In ecology, the term conservation is used to
describe the wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife.
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Conserving Biodiversity● The modern science of conservation biology
seeks to protect biodiversity.
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Conserving Biodiversity● To do so requires detailed information about
ecological relationships--such as the way natural populations use their habitats--and integrates information from other scientific disciplines, such as genetics, geography, and natural resource management.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Many conservation efforts are aimed at
managing individual species to keep them from becoming extinct.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Some zoos, for example, have established
captive breeding programs, in which young animals are raised in protected surroundings until the population is stable, then are later returned to the wild.
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Conserving Biodiversity● This strategy has succeeded with a few species,
including the black-footed ferret.● Today, conservation efforts focus on protecting
entire ecosystems as well as single species.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Protecting an ecosystem will ensure that the
natural habitats and the interactions of many different species are preserved at the same time.
● This effort is a much bigger challenge.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Governments and conservation groups
worldwide are working to set aside land, or expand existing areas, as parks and reserves.
● The United States has an extensive system of national parks, forests, and other protected areas.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Marine sanctuaries are being designated to
protect resources such as coral reefs and marine mammals.
● However, these areas may not be large enough, or contain the right resources, to protect biodiversity.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Protecting species and ecosystem diversity in
many places around the world is an enormous challenge.
● As part of the effort to locate problem areas and set up a list of priorities, conservation biologists often identify biodiversity “hot spots.”
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Conserving Biodiversity● Each hot spot is a place where significant
numbers of habitats and species are in immediate danger of extinction as a result of human activity.
● The hot spot strategy may help scientists and governments to focus their efforts where they are most needed.
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Conserving Biodiversity● Protecting resources for the future can require
people to change the way they earn their living today.
● Regulations that restrict fishing, for example, can impose severe financial hardships on fishers for several years.
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Conserving Biodiversity● That’s why conservation regulations must be
informed by solid research, and must try to maximize benefits while minimizing economic costs.
● But an ecological perspective tells us that if we do not take some difficult steps today, some resources may disappear.
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Conserving Biodiversity● If that happens, many jobs that depend on
ecosystem goods and services, such as fishing, will be lost permanently.