BiodiversityBiodiversity

04

A B

Which do you like better?Which do you like better?

Circa 1910

A B

Which do you like better?Which do you like better?

Sugar cane

What do you think What do you think biodiversity means?biodiversity means?

Bio =

BioBiodiversitydiversity

What does “Bio” mean?

BioBiodiversitydiversity

Diversity = Variety

What does “Diversity” mean?

- ““The variety of life in The variety of life in all its forms, levels and all its forms, levels and

combinations” combinations”

- Includes:Includes:ecosystem diversity, species ecosystem diversity, species

diversity, and genetic diversitydiversity, and genetic diversity

• Scientists have identified more than 2 million species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown

•The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by complex interactions among all living things.

There are 3 components of There are 3 components of biodiversity biodiversity

1.1. Diversity of genesDiversity of genesChihuahuas, Greyhound and Newfies are all dogs—Chihuahuas, Greyhound and Newfies are all dogs—but they're not the same because their genes are but they're not the same because their genes are

different.different.

ChihuahuaChihuahua NewfoundlandNewfoundlandGreyhoundGreyhound

Diversity of speciesDiversity of species. .

Hoary Bat

There are 3 components of There are 3 components of biodiversity biodiversity

Iwi Kahuli

Variety of ecosystemsVariety of ecosystemsEach one is different, with its own set of Each one is different, with its own set of species living in it.species living in it.

Desert Tropical Rain Forest tiaga

There are 3 components of There are 3 components of biodiversity biodiversity

Biodiversity has Intrinsic Value

Intrinsic Value = Something that has value in and of itself

Source: Burmbaugh © AMNH-CBC

Biodiversity also has Utilitarian Biodiversity also has Utilitarian ValueValue

Utilitarian Value = the value something has as a means to another’s end.

Utilitarian values include:• Goods• Services• Information

What do we get from What do we get from biodiversity?biodiversity?

OxygenOxygen FoodFood Clean WaterClean Water MedicineMedicine AestheticsAesthetics IdeasIdeas

Should we be concerned about Should we be concerned about biodiversity?biodiversity?

What we know:What we know: The Earth is losing species at an alarming The Earth is losing species at an alarming raterate

Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and species per hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year.20,000 extinctions occur each year.

when species of plants and animals go when species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affectedextinct, many other species are affected . .

Threats to biodiversityThreats to biodiversity

HHabitatabitat LossLoss

IIntroducedntroduced SpeciesSpecies

PPollutionollution

PPopulationopulation GrowthGrowth

OOver-consumptionver-consumption

HIPPO Dilemma

Biodiversity HotspotsBiodiversity Hotspots

• Biodiversity Biodiversity

• Collections on O’ahuCollections on O’ahu

• Accreditation criteriaAccreditation criteria

• Apply to campus tree Apply to campus tree collectionscollections

• Homework: go to a Homework: go to a ‘Collection’‘Collection’

Quiz: Quiz: - MammalsMammals- BirdsBirds- FishFish- InsectsInsects- Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants- Total # of Total # of

species species recordedrecorded

- EstimatedEstimated Total Total # of species in # of species in the Worldthe World

4,675

9,702

23,250

751,000

421,968

1,413,000

~10 - 100 million species

Provide formal documentation of the world’s known biodiversity (living or dead)

Museums, Zoos, Arboreta, Botanical Gardens, Public and Private Research Collections

KaenaPoint

Waikiki

Diamond Head Koko Head

Kailua

WahiawaSea Life Park

Honolulu ZooWaikiki Aquarium

Lyon Arboretum

Foster Botanical Gardens

Honolulu

Kaneohe

Hawaii Kai

http://www.co.honolulu.hi.us/parks/hbg/http://www.co.honolulu.hi.us/parks/hbg/

EducationEducation ResearchResearch Species Species

distributionsdistributions Species Species

classificationclassification Conservation and recovery programsConservation and recovery programs

BiodiversityCollection

AccreditationOrganization

State Agency orPrivate Organization

Community Visitor Industry

CommunityVolunteers

HistoricalAgreements

B.P. Bishop Museum

Outdoor CircleExceptional Trees Program

Preserved Specimens

Hanauma Bay

City of Honolulu

How are these How are these collections evaluated?collections evaluated?

American Zoo andAquarium Association

- Honolulu Zoo- Waikiki Aquarium- Sea Life Park

Hawai`i AZA Accredited Institutions

Aesthetics

Quality living environmentsHigh level of enrichment and care

Involvement in conservation

Active education programs

Appropriate size Cages?

Good signage?

Structures & walkways are in good repair?

Energy & Resource Conservation?

Under Construction —New elephant enclosure: $6.8 millionNew elephant enclosure: $6.8 million

An effort to improve living conditions:

Behavioral enrichment?

Social Interactions?

Exhibits for the physical, social, and psychological well-being?

Encourage foraging by Encourage foraging by hiding food itemshiding food items

Man-made termite Man-made termite mound encourages use mound encourages use of tools to gather foodof tools to gather food

Frozen fruit treats Frozen fruit treats provide entertainmentprovide entertainment

Interpretive programs: Info on species conservation.

Breeding programs: (ie. rare species)

Participation in field conservation programs

Research examining stress Research examining stress factors in Hawaiian factors in Hawaiian honeycreepershoneycreepers

Captive breeding of Captive breeding of

African HornbillsAfrican Hornbills

Good environmental education?

Info on … ? - conservation issues - role of the institution - contributions to local conservation - promotion of individual stewardship

Cooperative programs with institutions of higher learning?

Part of UH since Part of UH since 19191919

School support School support programprogram

Adult classesAdult classes

Attractive? Well Maintained?

Does Design = Functionality?

The funding for the biodiversity collection has been cut so severely that it may no longer possible to maintain all of the individuals. As curator of the collection how do manage the situation?

You are the facilities manager.The director has some extra funds and wants to expand the collection instead of adding the backup water system that was identified in the master plan. You think the water system is needed to deal with a recent increase in attendance.

The new public relations firm has produced some advertisements that describe the facility as “Wonderful entertainment for the whole family”. Is this the way you would want to advertise the facility? Why or why not?

Your responsibility as a new intern is to take care of the 10 individuals of one species in the collection. When you arrive one morning, one of them is dead. You are relatively certain the death is the direct result of you not following procedures very carefully.

• Write a 1-2 page typed Critique of the Medicinal Garden near Imiloa using AZA criteria.

• Provide background information• Make 5 positive observations on

this biodiversity collection • Make 5 “critical” observations on

this biodiversity collection and suggest specific remediation

Go to one of the major biodiversity collections and study it using the AZA criteria

Report 5 positive observations on this biodiversity collection

Report the 5 most important “critical” observations on this biodiversity collection and suggest specific remediation