biodiesel secrets
DESCRIPTION
How to make Bio diesel at homeTRANSCRIPT
1
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Biodiesel
2
Table Of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................ 6
The Cost of Using Biodiesel ......................................................................................... 6
Cost Comparison of Biodiesel vs. Petroleum Diesel ................................................. 6
Commercial Biodiesel ............................................................................................ 6
Making Your Own .................................................................................................. 7
The Cheapest Biodiesel Source Material .................................................................. 7
The Cheapest Way to Make Biodiesel ...................................................................... 8
Production Plant Setup Costs ................................................................................... 9
The Future of Biodiesel ........................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................... 12
Biodiesel Use and You ............................................................................................... 12
Test Your Biodiesel Before Use! ............................................................................. 12
The Wash Test .................................................................................................... 12
Does Your Engine Need Modifications to Run Biodiesel? ...................................... 13
Concerns and Criteria.......................................................................................... 13
A-Blending We Go! ................................................................................................. 14
Side Effects of Biodiesel Use .................................................................................. 15
Engine-Related Questions ...................................................................................... 16
Engine Performance ............................................................................................ 16
Pollution and Environmental Concerns ................................................................... 17
Emissions Pollution ............................................................................................. 17
Long-Term Impact of Biodiesel on the Environment ............................................... 17
A Bright Spot ....................................................................................................... 18
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Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................... 19
Production Methods Defined ...................................................................................... 19
The Simplest Method of Biodiesel Production ........................................................ 19
Safe, Effective and Practical Biodiesel Production ................................................. 20
Step 1 – Choose your Location ........................................................................... 20
Step 2 – Choose Your Safety Equipment ............................................................ 21
Step 3 – Choosing Your Processor ..................................................................... 22
Step 4 – Chemicals Necessary for Production .................................................... 24
Step 5 – Your Heat Source .................................................................................. 24
Step 6 – Making Methoxide ................................................................................. 25
Step 7 – Agitation and Settling ............................................................................ 26
Step 8 – Washing Your Biodiesel ........................................................................ 26
Step 9 – Drying Your Fuel ................................................................................... 27
Step 10 – Storing Your Fuel ................................................................................ 28
Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................... 29
Large Scale and Commercial Production ................................................................... 29
The History of Large Scale Biodiesel Production .................................................... 30
Biodiesel Resources, Equipment Manufacturers and More .................................... 30
US Biodiesel Kits and Supplies ........................................................................... 30
Biodiesel Retailers (and Oil Resellers) ................................................................ 31
Large-Scale Production Equipment ..................................................................... 31
Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................... 33
Usable Plants, Recipes and More .............................................................................. 33
Usable Plants.......................................................................................................... 33
4
A Note on Algae Production ................................................................................ 34
Recipes ................................................................................................................... 35
Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 46
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Introduction As the energy crisis heats up, more and more consumers are seeking viable
alternatives to traditional gasoline and diesel. In addition, the environmental impact of
gasoline and other fossil fuels has made it vital that a viable alternative is found.
Finding an affordable alternative to fossil fuels, as well as one that offers environmental
benefits is incredibly important. However, the impact on the wallet is, perhaps, the most
important consideration when speaking of fuel alternatives.
While ethanol may be loudly proclaimed as the best option for consumers, the
substance has numerous problems, such as increased cost and reduced energy
production. In short, this means that ethanol is more expensive and provides less fuel
mileage than standard gasoline.
Ethanol aside, many consumers have turned their attention to biodiesel. The large body
of myth surrounding biodiesel makes it difficult to understand the benefits and
drawbacks of this fuel. Biodiesel has been proclaimed the best alternative to ordinary
petroleum diesel, as well as an affordable way for consumers to fuel their cars and
trucks for everyday driving.
Is biodiesel the answer? For many consumers, the facts surrounding biodiesel are
more than a little murky. What is the substance, actually? How is it manufactured? Is it
truly the cure-all that many proponents claim? To answer these questions, and many
others, we'll need to delve deep into the topic.
In this eBook, you will learn how biodiesel is produced, what it actually offers, what is
needed to produce it and much more. You'll learn whether biodiesel is an adequate
alternative for your use.
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Chapter 1
The Cost of Using Biodiesel
Biodiesel is often touted as being a more affordable option than petroleum diesel.
However, is this reality? What about other costs involved, such as vehicle modification,
production equipment and duty tax? What will the future hold for the cost involved with
biodiesel production? Below, you'll find out all you need to know about the costs
involved with producing biodiesel, its impact on your wallet and what the future may
hold.
Cost Comparison of Biodiesel vs. Petroleum Diesel The never-ending search for alternative, affordable fuel options for our vehicles has led
to some surprising developments. One of those is biodiesel (which is not actually a new
product). While biodiesel promises fuel from vegetable oils, what are the costs
associated with it?
There are two ways in which you can attain biodiesel to operate your vehicle – purchase
it commercially, or make is yourself. Both methods offer benefits, though they have
dramatically different costs.
Commercial Biodiesel Biodiesel is available commercially in every state in the US but Alaska, through a wide
variety of retailers. Even entertainers like Willie Nelson have gotten behind the product
by supplying their own brands of fuel.
However, for consumers seeking a low-cost alternative to petroleum diesel, this may not
be the best option. In fact, on average, commercial biodiesel is only a few cents
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cheaper than conventional diesel, much of which contains at least 2% biodiesel by
volume anyway.
Biodiesel/petroleum diesel blends cost as much as traditional diesel at the pump, as
well.
Making Your Own Making your own biodiesel is a much better option than paying the high prices at the
pump. Most of the costs associated with biodiesel come in the form of state and federal
taxes, as well as in importation tariffs. By making your own fuel at home, you can
dramatically reduce the cost.
In fact, making your own biodiesel can cost as little as $1.25 per gallon, once you have
all the equipment setup. The savings you realize over the course of a year will more
than pay for the equipment needed, as well as any other supplies that you must
purchase. This is an excellent example of tremendous return on investment potential.
The Cheapest Biodiesel Source Material Now that you know biodiesel is a more affordable solution to your energy needs, you
must find a cheap source of oil. Oil is, of course, at the heart of the equation. Biodiesel
is produced from vegetable oil, animal fat and several other sources.
In fact, soybean oil, palm oil and even waste vegetable oil can be used to produce
biodiesel. The most affordable option, in terms of dollars spent, is waste vegetable oil.
In many cases, you can actually get this free of charge, if you take it off the hands of
restaurants in your local area. However, this will require "harvesting" time, as well as
effort. This increases your expenditure and investment.
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Pure vegetable oil or (SVO) can also be used. However, this means that you will have
to purchase the oil in the first place. Soybeans are the source of the majority of the
biodiesel sold in the US and are relatively affordable, as well.
The question of "affordability" is simply a matter of how one looks at the equation. If
you count time and effort as "cost," then many sources are quite similarly priced.
However if you do not count the time and effort required to get waste vegetable oil, then
this is the best option for your needs.
As a note, algae holds the promise of being the most affordable source of biodiesel,
though the technology is not necessarily advanced enough for home-produced algae to
be a reality. However, in coming years algae may well hold the future for almost all
energy needs.
It is also important to understand what biodiesel is not. Here are a few of the things that
many consumers mistakenly believe that biodiesel is:
• Pure vegetable oil
• Waste vegetable oil
• Palm oil
• Vegetable oil with special additives
The Cheapest Way to Make Biodiesel If you are interested only in bottom-dollar costs and finding the cheapest way to make
biodiesel, a homebrew setup is the best option for you. Of course, the actual price of
the rig will vary depending on the quantity that you want to make, as well as the cost of
lye and methanol in your area. The costs of production ingredients vary wildly between
different geographic areas.
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You will need to purchase quite a few things to produce biodiesel at home. Here is a
rough price guide to help you understand the conundrum.
• Lye – roughly $3 per lb
• Methanol – roughly $3-4 per gallon
• Processor – You can make your own processor from plastic jugs and steel drums
(make sure you have the correct size for the batch of biodiesel you wish to
make), but you can also purchase stainless steel varieties. The prices for
commercial options can be exorbitant, but they are safer than plastic. Prices
average $3,000 to more than $15,000 for home kits.
o Other options for homemade kits involve using water heaters with
attached pumps and plumbing.
• You will also need a settling/holding tank of at least the same size as the
processing unit.
• Oil – Of course, you'll need oil for use as a production source. The cost of your
source material will obviously play a role in how much it costs you to produce
your own biodiesel.
Production Plant Setup Costs Of course, determining a final cost for your setup is vital. However, that cost cannot be
determined until you have answered the following questions:
• How much biodiesel do I want to produce?
• How much biodiesel do I want to keep on hand at all times?
• What source materials will I use?
o Waste vegetable oil
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o Pure vegetable oil
o Palm oil (currently one of the cheapest)
o Soybean oil (currently one of the cheapest)
o Other sources (animal fats, such as lard or tallow)
• What production materials do I have available?
• Do I want to purchase commercially produced production materials or use "do-it-
yourself" options?
• Do I have a safe place to produce biodiesel?
o As a note, while making it in your kitchen is possible, it is strongly advised
against.
The Future of Biodiesel Wouldn’t it be nice if you could predict the future and hop aboard the biodiesel express
today? While that may not be possible, it is possible to take a look at worldwide trends
and get an idea of what the future of biodiesel may be. Here are a few of the current
trends.
• Will biodiesel continue to be cheap to produce at home?
While it is likely to remain affordable, the costs associated with home-production
are already beginning to mount. Many retailers now charge for waste vegetable
oil (a growing trend), while the materials to make biodiesel (processors, etc)
continue to become more expensive, as well.
• Will biodiesel replace regular diesel in the world market?
While that is wonderful thought, it is not likely. The sheer amount of arable land
conversion necessary to grow and harvest oil-producing plants is staggering.
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For instance, for the US to produce enough biodiesel to sustain our energy
needs, every square inch of arable land would need to be dedicated to biodiesel
production. This cuts out food products and everything else for which that land
would be used.
However, new research into algae oil production may hold the key. As that
research is still in its infancy, the results remain to be seen.
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Chapter 2
Biodiesel Use and You
Of course, consumers have numerous questions about the use of biodiesel. Will it harm
your engine? Does your vehicle need to be converted to run biodiesel? How much
does biodiesel pollute the environment? These and many other questions can rear their
heads, causing confusion over the topic. It's time to shed some light on the subject.
Test Your Biodiesel Before Use! Of course, you don't want to pour untested biodiesel into your car. That road leads to
headaches and very expensive repairs. However, there are a few simple steps that you
can follow to ensure you put quality fuel in your vehicle.
The Wash Test Washing is, of course, part of the production process. However, you can perform a
wash test on your biodiesel during production to ensure that you have the correct
formulation. To perform the test, simply follow these steps:
• Get a ½ liter bottle
• Add 150 ml of water
• Add 150 ml biodiesel
• Screw the cap on tightly
• Shake vigorously for 30 seconds
• Wait for the water and fuel to separate
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o If separation takes less than 30 minutes, your fuel is viable and you can
continue production
o If separation takes more than 30 minutes or does not complete, your batch
is unusable (you have an emulsion, not fuel)
Does Your Engine Need Modifications to Run Biodiesel? Ensuring the safety of your vehicle is vital. All the biodiesel production is for naught if
your car simply dies while running the fuel. However, unlike using straight waste
vegetable oil or even straight virgin vegetable oil, your engine needs no modifications to
run biodiesel. On the other hand, there may be other concerns and modifications
required. Here's a list of what you'll need to know.
Concerns and Criteria Of course, you're worried that biodiesel will kill your car or truck. However, the following
list of criteria will help you ensure that your vehicle runs better than ever and for less
money!
Engine Modifications – As long as you have a diesel engine, you will not need to
modify any parts on the engine.
Fuel Filters – Fuel filters can and will wreak havoc on your driving. Biodiesel is a
powerful solvent, as well as a fuel. It will begin to dissolve the wax and dirt deposits left
behind by conventional diesel fuel. These deposits will clog your fuel filter and reduce
power, even starving the engine of fuel completely.
Do not change your fuel filter before running biodiesel! This is a quick way to waste
time and money. Let the biodiesel do its job and dissolve those deposits. Replace the
filter when the engine begins making sputtering sounds. Make sure that you know
where the filter is located, and what tools you need for replacement.
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Additionally, keep a few spare filters on hand. The dissolving process can take several
weeks. During this time, it is important that you change the filter any time you find your
engine starving for fuel. Finally, change the filter once more when the dissolving
process is done to ensure proper operation.
In-Tank Filters – Quite a few vehicles have an in-line fuel filter and an in-tank filter.
The filter in your fuel tank can become clogged, as well. If you feel comfortable
removing this filter, you can change it yourself. In many vehicles, you will have to
remove the rear seat to get at the filter (and pump).
Hoses, Seals and Gaskets – As mentioned, biodiesel is a powerful solvent. It also has
a destructive effect on rubber hoses, gaskets and seals. However, don't panic just yet.
If your vehicle is newer than model year 1993-94, you have resistant hoses and seals.
If your vehicle is older than this, you will need to begin replacing those hoses, seals and
gaskets.
Once again, do not panic. If you keep an eye on your components, you'll be able to
replace them as needed. When replacing these items, use replacement parts made
with Viton.
A-Blending We Go! Of course, blended diesel and biodiesel is available at the pump. Can you blend your
own mixture from your home production with petroleum diesel to make fuel stretch a
little further? What additives do you need to put into the mix when blending fuel types?
Here are the answers to your blending-related questions.
• Can I mix my biodiesel with regular diesel?
Of course, you can. Diesel blends are widely available and are a viable
alternative to using straight petroleum diesel.
• Do I need any additives to blend my fuel?
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No, you do not need to put any additives into the mixture.
• What is the best blend ratio for mixing petroleum diesel and biodiesel?
Any blend of the two fuels is possible. However, mixing a text batch is advisable.
Often, differing components in the two fuels, especially with inferior biodiesel,
results in stratification in the end product, reducing its effectiveness when placed
in your tank. If you mix diesel and biodiesel and end up with a stratified mixture,
reformulate your biodiesel mix.
• Is it better to blend your diesel with biodiesel?
Blending can help you stretch your dollar a little further. However, to avoid the
stratification problem mentioned above, use straight biodiesel without the mix.
Side Effects of Biodiesel Use Many consumers wonder if there are any side effects from using biodiesel in the long-
term. What can they expect from the use of this fuel? Does it damage the vehicle's
engine or fuel system over time?
Simply put, there are almost no side effects of biodiesel use for your vehicle. Once you
have replaced the fuel filter and any hoses or gaskets made of nonresistant rubber, you
should have no further issues.
One pleasant side effect of using this fuel is the change to your vehicle's exhaust.
Diesel exhaust is notoriously noxious-smelling. Using biodiesel to fuel your vehicle
changes that smell completely, transforming it into something much more pleasant.
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Engine-Related Questions One of the most common questions about biodiesel is "Will it run in my engine?" While
it has been mentioned in previous sections, this subject deserves a bit more detail. Will
biodiesel run in your engine? The short answer is, "Yes."
What engines will biodiesel run in without problems? Here's the list:
• Higher performance engines (TDI, etc.)
• Common rail engines
• New model diesel engines
• Old model diesel engines
• Direct injection diesel engines
Yes, in short, biodiesel can be run successfully in any diesel engine, provided that the
fuel is of top quality.
Engine Performance Will the use of biodiesel affect how your engine performs? Will it degrade power and
performance, either immediately or through long-term use?
Happily, biodiesel may actually increase the performance of your engine. Because it is
oil-based, biodiesel acts as a lubricant, as well as a solvent. Thus, it can clean harmful
deposits from your engine, as well as lubricating the moving parts.
Long-term use does not appear to affect engine performance either. Engines run on
correctly formulated biodiesel show substantial improvements in engine smoothness,
and other areas, as well. This means that you can use biodiesel for as long as you like,
without the worry of harmful effects.
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Pollution and Environmental Concerns While the benefits to your wallet should now be apparent, what benefits does biodiesel
offer the environment? Does it cause pollution? How do the emissions of biodiesel
measure up against those of petroleum diesel?
Emissions Pollution First, biodiesel is the first and only alternative fuel to be certified through the Clean Air
Act. The emissions reduction is considerable. Here's the rundown (all comparisons are
against standard petroleum diesel fuel):
• Sulfur emissions – Almost 100% eliminated
• Carbon monoxide – 48% reduction
• Unburned hydrocarbons – 67% reduction
• Cancer causing compounds – 70-80% reduction
• Benzene - 90% reduction
• Smog forming particulates (Nox) – Increase of 10%
As you can see, biodiesel offers a dramatic benefit to the environment over the use of
traditional petroleum diesel.
Long-Term Impact of Biodiesel on the Environment Unfortunately, the rosy glow of the immediate environmental benefits is offset by the
effects of long-term use and mass-production of biodiesel on the environment. While
biodiesel production and use does not adversely affect the environment, human avarice
and greed does.
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What could humanity possibly do to ruin the benefits of biodiesel? Unfortunately, it is a
question of supply and demand. Because biodiesel relies on plant and animal oils,
large tracts of oil-bearing plants are being cultivated. The most common sources of oil,
today, are soybeans (in the US) and oil palms (much of the rest of the world).
Neither of these species is the perfect choice for biodiesel production, but they are
cheap, easily cultivated and already in use. In fact, enormous sections of old-growth
forests have been felled in countries like Malaysia in order to plant more oil palms.
In addition, the UK has already taken steps to limit the importation of oil from countries
that do not cultivate and harvest using a sustainable method. This is only a single
example of the potential effects of long-term biodiesel use.
A Bright Spot Not all is bleak in the development of biodiesel. New research and tests on algae show
incredible promise. While oil harvesting from algae is not quite ready for home use, it
does have potential to change the landscape dramatically. Why is this? Algae can be
farmed in areas where other species will not grow, including deserts and even in the
ocean. This means that less arable land will have to be converted from food production
to oil production and reduces the impact of long-term biodiesel use.
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Chapter 3
Production Methods Defined
Now that your questions about the benefits and uses of biodiesel have been answered,
it's time to move on to the next subject.
How do you make biodiesel? How do you make it safely? What are the differences
between home production and commercial production? How much can you produce for
home use before you must become a commercial producer? These and many other
questions will be answered in the following sections.
The Simplest Method of Biodiesel Production Can biodiesel be produced simply? What are the drawbacks to simple, easy
production? Are there safety concerns? Here's a bit of information for those seeking
the quickest, easiest solution to producing biodiesel.
The fastest method of production is to simply dump your source material directly into a
processor, heat the mixture and siphon off the top layer. This is then allowed to settle in
a third container, siphoned off and then placed directly into a fuel receptacle (gas can).
Sounds simple, doesn't it? It certainly is. It is also dangerous, creates poor quality
biodiesel that does not meet federal requirements and can fill your home with harmful
vapors. This is a poor choice for anyone seeking a viable alternative fuel source.
Unfortunately, when dealing with biodiesel, simple is not always the best answer.
However, doing it correctly can be relatively simple, once you have mastered a few
steps. Below, you will find the required steps to produce biodiesel safely and
effectively. This process will give you the highest quality product, with minimum hassle
and trouble.
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Safe, Effective and Practical Biodiesel Production Ensuring that your biodiesel production is safe is vital to your health, your family's safety
and even the finished product of your efforts. Below, you'll find several sections
outlining the production process, the items you need to purchase and more.
By producing your biodiesel in a safe, effective manner, you will not only lower the risks
associated with fuel production, but also be able to enjoy the benefits of your own fuel,
lowered costs and independence.
Step 1 – Choose your Location The location that you choose for production is vital. Numerous videos on YouTube and
around the Internet show people making biodiesel right in their kitchen. While this is
certainly possible, it is not advisable.
The location should be:
• Out of the way
• In a low-traffic area
• In a well-ventilated area
• Out of the reach of children
• Out of the reach of pets
• In a location that maintains a constant temperature
In most cases, a garage is the best place for production. Keep the door locked at all
times to ensure that children cannot gain inadvertent access to your biodiesel.
Remember, you are producing fuel; it is toxic if consumed by pets or children and can
be lethal.
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If a garage is not available, or yours is currently filled with the accumulated debris of
passing years, a storage building is a good option. These can be found quite affordably
and offer plenty of space. Some come prewired for electricity, and have windows for
ventilation, though these can also be added to other models.
Regardless of where you decide to put your production equipment, ensure that there is
plenty of room for the processor and other assorted necessities. Because processor
footprints vary drastically with type, manufacturer and materials used, have an idea in
mind of how much space you will need.
Step 2 – Choose Your Safety Equipment While the processor and other included equipment (hoses, pumps, heaters, etc) are
also part of your safety equipment, you will need some specific items on hand to help
protect yourself from the corrosive, dangerous agents used to produce biodiesel. You
should have:
Safety Goggles – These handy little devices will keep biodiesel, lye and methanol out
of your eyes during production. Lye is especially caustic and can cause blindness if
care is not exercised during use.
Chemical Resistant Apron – Yes, you'll need to wear an apron while concocting your
fuel. By eliminating contact between skin/clothing and your chemicals, you can help
ensure your safety. The apron chosen should be of vinyl (rubber can work, but expect
to replace it) and long enough to come just above your knees.
Protective Gloves – Never, never handle biodiesel or additives without the aid of
heavy-duty protective gloves. In addition, rubber gloves are not a viable choice due to
the corrosive effects of biodiesel on rubber. Nitrile PVC gloves are a good choice.
These are disposable and should not degrade due to contact with biodiesel.
Heavy Clothing – Finally, make sure you are wearing heavy clothing during production.
This does not mean bundling up in a parka. Wear jeans, a long-sleeved shirt and
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appropriate footwear (work boots are a good choice). Heavier clothing helps eliminate
inadvertent contact with biodiesel and associated chemicals.
Face Mask – Wearing a facemask can help reduce the amount of vapors you inhale. In
addition, never work with biodiesel without proper ventilation. Ensure that there are
several open windows in your work area to allow vapors to be dissipated. A SCUBA
apparatus is the best choice, as organic canisters do not filter out methanol fumes.
Pumps – Using pumps and hoses is more than a handy tool to increase the ease of
production. The use of pumps for creating the methoxide mixture, transferring that
mixture to the processing tank and other needs is a vital part of safety. By ensuring that
methanol and methoxide are not exposed to the air, you can immediately reduce the
amount of harmful vapors to which you are exposed.
Fire Extinguishers - While it is hoped that you will never need one, biodiesel and
methanol are flammable. Keeping at least one fire extinguisher handy at all times is
vital to your safety and wellbeing, as well as that of your family. Choose a fire
extinguisher rated for fuel and oil fires.
Step 3 – Choosing Your Processor The processor that you choose is vital to your production. As mentioned previously in
this book, you have the choice of purchasing a premade processor, or building your
own. If you choose to build your own, you will need plans to help with the process.
Thankfully, the Internet is full of plans, most of which are reliable.
If you choose to purchase a premade system, opt for steel, rather than plastic. Plastic
processors can catch fire, often seal poorly, and can even affect the quality of your
biodiesel.
What should a good processor include? What shape, size, construction and materials
should be used? Unfortunately, these criteria are difficult to answer. Size and shape
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are largely personal preference, based on your needs and usage. However, there are
some vital elements that you must ensure are present (or absent).
• Copper – Never use copper processors or processors with copper elements.
Copper can ruin your oil by catalyzing it.
• Plastic – Try to avoid plastic. While some plastic models are effective, most are
a waste of time.
• Steel – Steel is the best option for your processor. It need not be stainless steel,
though stainless options exist and can provide exterior corrosion resistance (the
interior will not corrode).
• Size and Shape – The size and shape of your processor will be determined by
the type of stirring/agitation system that you use. For instance, squat processors
require much more forceful agitation to be effective, while tall, thin ones require
less effort.
• Insulation – Insulated tanks offer some benefits. However, they will not have
heaters, forcing you to use an alternative means of heating your mixture.
• Thermostat – A thermostat is not required, though it can be a darn handy tool. If
your processor is equipped with a thermostat, you can leave the machine
operating until the process has finished. Without the thermostat, you will have to
manually check the temperature to ensure that overheating does not occur.
• Footprint – The footprint taken up by your processor and equipment must easily
fit within your workspace, with room to spare. Measure your workspace and
choose an option compatible. A processor that is too large will have obvious
drawbacks.
• Agitation Method – You must choose an agitation method that fits your processor
tank. The two popular methods of agitation are stirring using blades and
agitation using a pump.
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Step 4 – Chemicals Necessary for Production You cannot make biodiesel without heat and without chemicals. Thankfully, the
chemicals needed are few and easily obtained. However, they do pose risks and must
be handled carefully. Ensure that you have the safety equipment listed previously in
this book.
• Lye – Lye is used during the creation of methoxide. Ensure that you use KOH
(potassium hydroxide). While this is more expensive than sodium hydroxide, it
dissolves much more easily in the methanol. Lye of 85% purity and above can
be used, though the higher the purity level, the better your process will work.
NaOH can be used with waste vegetable oil.
• Methanol – Methanol is readily available in many different forms. It often
masquerades as fondue fuel and even gas line antifreeze. Make sure that you
get methanol and not ethanol; ethanol will not work for this process. In addition,
check the manufacturer's label to ensure that it is methanol and not "white gas."
You should be able to find both chemicals through local stores. However, if you cannot
locate them in your local area, the Internet is a handy source. Just ensure that you
know the purity and contents of what you are purchasing. A reputable source is vital for
your production.
Step 5 – Your Heat Source Your fuel source must be heated while being stirred or agitated. Ensuring that you have
the correct type of heat source is vital. Never, never use direct heating, such as an
open flame. Use only indirect heat or a heat exchange system.
These can be found online or through specialty stores in the physical world. In addition,
as mentioned previously, you should have a thermostat with your heat source to ensure
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that you are able to maintain proper temperature at all times. Overheating produces
excess fumes, as well as other problems.
Step 6 – Making Methoxide You will use the lye and methanol to create methoxide, which is added to your oil during
the production process. However, making methoxide requires certain steps and safety
precautions. Below, you'll find a guide to making it the safest way possible, as well as
other information required for success. These measurements are for a 10-liter batch of
biodiesel. For information about running test batches, see later sections.
• Step 1- Pour 2 liters of methanol into a strong glass container with a sealable lid
• Step 2 – Measure 35 grams of lye (be quick; lye absorbs moisture very quickly
from the surrounding air)
• Step 3 – Pour lye into the glass container with the methanol
• Step 4 – Seal the container!
• Step 6 – Swirl the mixture inside the container several times to facilitate the
dissolving process
• Step 7 – Be careful; methoxide gets quite warm during the mixing process
• Step 8 – When fully dissolved, add the mixture, while stirring, into pre-warmed oil
in your processor
Safety Notes –
Methoxide is a corrosive substance; you must handle this with great care. In addition,
ensure that you do not allow either your lye container or your methanol container to
remain open during the process. Both absorb moisture from the surrounding
atmosphere, which can prove problematic during the production of biodiesel.
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Make sure that all equipment is clean and free of moisture for this process. You will
also need two funnels; one for the methanol and one for the lye.
Finally, ensure that your measurements are extremely accurate. Inaccurate
measurements will result in an unusable product.
Step 7 – Agitation and Settling Make sure that your oil is heated to 131-140 degrees Fahrenheit prior to adding your
methoxide. You will notice an immediate reaction, as the oil turns from a dark color to a
light golden color. However, the reaction is not finished. Agitation must be maintained
for some time.
For a 10-liter batch, stirring should be done for 1 – 2 hours. After stirring, you should
allow the mixture to settle overnight. The next day, you will be able to siphon biodiesel
out of the processor and leave the glycerin byproduct in the bottom of the processor.
However, you cannot use your biodiesel, just yet. There are a few more steps
necessary for completion.
Step 8 – Washing Your Biodiesel You'll remember the washing test from a previous chapter. Washing your biodiesel is
not only important, it's vital to ensuring that you have the correct product for use in your
engine. Washing is not only an important way to test for purity, it also leads to greater
purity by removing even more contaminants.
What contaminants does washing remove? You'll find that by washing your biodiesel,
you are able to remove excess methanol, lye, soaps and other harmful byproducts that
can wreak havoc on your vehicle.
To wash your biodiesel, you must:
• Add roughly half as much water as biodiesel to the container
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• Add an aerator with a ceramic air-stone
• Drop the air-stone to the bottom of the container (where the water is now located)
• Turn on the aerator and leave the mixture alone
However, the process is not finished with this. You must wash the biodiesel at least
three or four times with this method, with each wash taking approximately seven hours
to complete. Between each wash cycle, you should allow the mixture to settle for at
least 1 – 2 hours. Yes, that's a lot of time. The final product is of a higher quality than
what was previously in your tank, though.
An alternative method is called "stir washing" and offers a much faster process. This
involves the following:
• Add the same quantity of water as used in the previous method to the mixture
• Use a blade stir to agitate the mixture for approximately five minutes
• Allow the mixture to settle for at least 1 full hour
• Siphon off the top "clear" section of biodiesel
• Repeat the stirring, settling and siphoning process until all of the fuel has been
washed
Step 9 – Drying Your Fuel Now that your biodiesel is nice and clean, it's time to dry it. There are two ways in
which you can do this. The first, simpler method, is to simply allow the fuel to air dry for
24 hours after washing. Use a vented container and leave the fuel in the sunlight for a
day or so.
The second method involves heating the biodiesel to 120 degrees Fahrenheit and
allowing it to cool with a vented cap for a full 24-hours. The result should be a clear
28
liquid. However, if it is cloudy, you many need to wash it again and repeat the drying
process.
Step 10 – Storing Your Fuel Now that the fuel has been washed and dried, it's time to decant it into storage
containers. Use only approved gas containers, such as a plastic gas can with an HDPE
rating.
Biodiesel can be stored for several months, much like diesel and regular gasoline.
However, it cannot be stored indefinitely. If you choose to store your biodiesel longer
than six months, you will need to use additives to extend its lifespan and usefulness.
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Chapter 4
Large Scale and Commercial Production
Biodiesel has proven not only a reliable homebrewed fuel, but has entered the market
through large-scale production facilities. You'll find biodiesel in almost every state in the
US, most of it made from soybeans. It is also widely available throughout Europe (more
so than in the States). European biodiesel is often made with palm oil or other sources,
though rarely with soybean oil.
Large scale and commercial production of biodiesel requires strict adherents to federal
mandates for quality and purity. In addition, many commercially available biodiesel
brands are of lower quality than many homebrewed options. This is due to the relative
cost involved with creating the fuel, as well as the difference in feedstock used for
biodiesel.
As mentioned, most biodiesels in the US rely on soybean oil for production. However,
soybeans are not the preferred source of oil. Many homebrew enthusiasts are willing to
use higher-quality oils, such as canola. In addition, the homebrew process is often
capable of creating a higher-quality product simply because of attention to detail, no
production deadlines and other factors.
However, with a higher-quality oil, commercial manufacturing of biodiesel can create the
same quality fuel as home-brewed options. In addition to the right feedstock, a
commercial producer will require optimal equipment. This means locating
manufacturing equipment suppliers.
30
The History of Large Scale Biodiesel Production Biodiesel has been around for a very long time. In fact, it was used in the 1900 World's
Fair to power a tractor at the behest of the French government. However, it has not
been widely used or widely manufactured until recent years.
The reason that biodiesel has not enjoyed a longer production run is simple. Petroleum
has been cheaper and more widely available than biodiesel for decades. However, that
is changing as the world nears the end of viable fossil fuel deposits.
To find a viable alternative fuel, many manufacturers have turned to biodiesel as an
option. Many governments around the globe have mandated that commercial
petroleum diesel contain a percentage of biodiesel, as well (2% in many cases).
However, other blends have become available, as well. Blends such as B20 and B80
are available in most areas. B100 is the rating for pure biodiesel, which is available in
some areas, though by no means in all.
Biodiesel Resources, Equipment Manufacturers and More Whether your interest in biodiesel is from a homebrew or a commercial standpoint, you'll
need to be able to find the equipment, chemicals and tools required to create the fuel.
Here is a list of valuable resources for your use.
US Biodiesel Kits and Supplies B100 Supply.com – Offers home brewers the equipment, books and other supplies
required to successfully brew biodiesel at home
Home Biodiesel Kits.com – Provides filtering systems, biodiesel kits and
preassembled options for the serious home brewer
Biodiesel Solutions.com – Provides support to home-based biodiesel brewers, as well
as equipment, supplies and information
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Olympia Green Fuels.com – Provides processors capable of small or large-scale
batches for home use, as well as light commercial use, farm use and more
Doctor Diesel.com – Supplies biodiesel equipment for small-scale operations
Utah Biodiesel Supply.com – Supplies biodiesel equipment, books, information,
promotional materials and chemicals for production at home
Biodiesel-Technologies.com – Provides commercial and homebrew setups with
viable equipment to increase production speed and production quality
Biodiesel Retailers (and Oil Resellers) Biodiesel.org – Provides a map of all biodiesel retailers in the US
Oliomap.com – Helps locate retailers of vegetable oils, biodiesel, equipment and other
necessities
FuelWerks.com – Sells biodiesel for use in commercial and personal vehicles, as well
as blends, and storage containers for any capacity required
SQBiofuels.com – Markets and distributes biodiesel regionally (Oregon), as well as
having national connections. Supplies B100 and blends for automotive use, as well as
home heating and more
BiofuelOasis.com – Provides commercial biodiesel for a variety of uses and needs in
any size batch required
BuyBiodiesel.com – Supplies biodiesel to commercial interests and other needs.
Does not specialize in homebrew or consumer-end production
Large-Scale Production Equipment Biodiesel-Technologies.com – Lease and sale of important biodiesel production
equipment for commercial production
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JatroDiesel.com – Offers refining services, production, research and development, as
well as commercial equipment for large-scale production of biodiesel
NovaBioSource.com – Provides biodiesel produced from multiple feedstock types, as
well as equipment rental, leasing and sales
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Chapter 5
Usable Plants, Recipes and More
To make biodiesel successfully, you'll need to have the right recipe. Just like baking a
cake or preparing a complicated dish, a recipe is vital to your success. By following the
guidelines of other, more experienced makers, you can attain the best results almost
immediately. In addition, knowing the plants that can be used to produce oil is also
important for your needs.
Usable Plants Quite a few plants can provide you with the oil vital to making biodiesel. However, not
all plants produce the correct oil for your use.
In addition to the types of seeds and plants relevant, you'll need to know which ones
offer the most benefit. Below, you'll find seeds listed with their per acre oil production
rates.
• corn – 18 gallons per acre
• cashew nut - 19 gallons per acre
• oats - 23 gallons per acre
• lupine - 25 gallons per acre
• kenaf - 29 gallons per acre
• calendula - 33 gallons per acre
• coffee - 49 gallons per acre
• linseed - 51 gallons per acre
• hazelnuts - 51 gallons per acre
• euphorbia - 56 gallons per acre
• pumpkin seed - 57 gallons per acre
• coriander - 57 gallons per acre
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• cotton - 35 gallons per acre
• hemp - 39 gallons per acre
• soybean - 48 gallons per acre
• tung oil tree - 100 gallons per acre
• sunflowers - 102 gallons per acre
• cacao - 110 gallons per acre
• peanuts - 113 gallons per acre
• opium poppy - 124 gallons per acre
• rapeseed - 127 gallons per acre
• olives - 129 gallons per acre
• castor beans - 151 gallons per acre
• pecan nuts - 191 gallons per acre
• mustard seed - 61 gallons per acre
• camelina - 62 gallons per acre
• sesame - 74 gallons per acre
• safflower - 83 gallons per acre
• rice - 88 gallons per acre
• jojoba - 194 gallons per acre
• jatropha - 202 gallons per acre
• macadamia nuts - 240 gallons per
acre
• brazil nuts - 255 gallons per acre
• avocado - 282 gallons per acre
• coconut - 287 gallons per acre
• oil palm - 635 gallons per acre
A Note on Algae Production Algae is perhaps the most-hyped option for oil production for biodiesel creation.
However, while the potential yields are great, the technology is not in place for
commercial production, much less home production.
Algae holds the most potential for a renewable resource, which takes up less space
than any other crop. As mentioned earlier in the book, algae can be grown in deserts,
in the ocean, almost anywhere that other oil-bearing crops cannot be grown. In
addition, some estimates put the oil production from a garage-size batch of algae as the
equivalent of a full football field of soybeans.
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Thus, while algae may be the future of biodiesel production, it is certainly not the
present. Both homebrew enthusiasts and commercial producers must rely on
conventional crops for the present.
Recipes Finally, for your information, here are some of the best recipes for creating biodiesel
from a variety of different feedstock choices.
This recipe produces approximately 40 gallons of biodiesel:
Start With
40 gallons of used vegetable oil
Filter the oil by pouring it through a strainer
Pour 40 gallons of oil into the processor
Heat the oil to 120 degrees Fahrenheit
Check the temperature with a thermometer (if you have a thermostat, set it for the
correct temperature)
(Do not use an open flame to heat the processor)
Titration
You will need: distilled water, isopropyl alcohol, lye (NaOH) not KOH, graduated
eyedropper, pH meter, 2 small dishes, 1-liter container
Creating your lye/water solution:
Dissolve 50 ml of lye in 500 ml distilled water within the provided container
Save the excess solution for use with later batches.
Prepare the First Dish
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5 ml of the lye/water mixture added to dish 1
45 ml of distilled water added to dish 1
Prepare the Second Dish
40 ml of isopropyl alcohol added to dish 2
4 ml used vegetable oil added to dish 2
Mix the contents of dish 2 together until dissolved, ensuring that the mixture remains
warm
Use the pH meter to check the level of pH within dish 2
Titration of the oil
1 ml of solution in dish 1 should be placed into dish 2
Check the pH level of the result
Continue adding solution from dish 1 to dish 2 until the pH climbs several levels
Calculate Titration
L = ((D / 4) + 3.5) * O
D = Number of 1 ml drops placed in dish 2 during titration
O = Milliliters of oil to be reacted L = Number of grams of lye needed for reaction to
occur
Record L for use in next step
Creating Methoxide
Items Needed: methanol, lye, and (2) 5-gallon buckets with lids
Prepare Buckets
Clean both buckets
Drill 1/4" hole in the center of each bucket lid
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Prepare Methanol
Pour 4 gallons of methanol into each bucket
Place lids on lightly
Prepare Lye
Locate the L value from the Titration step
Divide L by 2 to make GL
GL = Grams of lye to use in each bucket
Measure two sets of GL grams of lye
Set lye aside for use when mixing with the methanol
Mix the Buckets
Remove the lid from the first bucket
Stir the methanol in the first bucket
While stirring, add the premeasured lye to the first bucket
Mix until the lye is dissolved, which takes approximately 10 minutes
Repeat the process with the second bucket
Adding Methoxide to the Processor
Ensure Oil in Processor is at 120 degrees Fahrenheit
Remove the lid from each bucket
Carefully pour the contents into the processor
Mixing the Oil
Mix 5 Minutes, Wait 10 Minutes
Repeat 4 times
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Allow Oil to Separate
Let the mixture sit for at least 12 hours (24 is preferable)
This allows the biodiesel and glycerin to separate, with the biodiesel rising to the top
and the glycerin condensing on the bottom of the processor
Soap may also form between the biodiesel and glycerin
Remove the Biodiesel
Remove the biodiesel from the processor by siphoning or pumping
All that should be left in the processor is byproduct layer
Dispose of the glycerin remaining in the processor
Washing the Biodiesel
Add half as much water to the container as biodiesel
Add an aerator and air-stone (use ceramic stones)
Turn on the aerator and leave running for approximately 24 hours
Watch for emulsification during this time
Turn off aerator when time is up
Allow Water & Oil to Separate
Allow mixture to settle for at least 12 hours; this allows the mixture to separate
Remove Biodiesel with Siphon
Drain biodiesel layer into a clean container
Allow biodiesel to dry until clear (cover container with vented lid)
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If product is cloudy after 24 hours, heat mixture to 120 degrees Fahrenheit and allow to
dry another 24 hours
Transfer to Storage Container
The containers must be rated for holding fuel
Drain the remaining biodiesel layer into an open container
Store until ready to use
Fill Fuel Tank
Fill the fuel tank of any vehicle with a diesel engine
Biodiesel can be mixed with regular diesel fuel in any ratio
A further recipe for your convenience uses only new oil, thus requiring KOH rather than
NaOH (lye), as well as the use of something other than isopropyl alcohol. In addition,
this recipe is for creating a small, "test" batch of biodiesel. However, with a few minor
calculations, you can convert it to any batch size necessary.
Ingredients
1 liter of new unused vegetable oil
4 grams or more of lye
250 ml methanol
Equipment Needed
Two clean, dry 2-liter plastic bottles
A funnel
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A dry, 600 ml (1 pint) glass jar, with a lid that gives a tight seal
A 500 ml metric measuring cup
Metric scales
Cooking thermometer
Plastic safety gloves
Plastic lab apron
Face shield or safety glasses
Procedure
Put on your safety gear
Measure 250 ml of room temperature methanol into the one-pint jar.
Measure 4g of lye and add to the methanol. Secure the lid tightly.
Agitate the jar until the lye is completely dissolved. It will heat up as the reaction takes
place. Leave for at least 10 minutes.
Heat the 1-liter of new vegetable oil to 140°F only.
Use the funnel to pour the warmed oil into the dry 2-liter plastic bottle.
Use the funnel to pour the methanol/lye mixture on top of the oil.
Seal the lid tightly on the 2-liter bottle and shake vigorously for 20 seconds
Allow an hour for the contents to separate. The biodiesel will rise to the top, while
glycerin sinks to the bottom.
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The biodiesel will be cloudy at first. Let it rest and it should clarify.
Take off the lid and gently drain the biodiesel into the other dry, clean 2-liter plastic
bottle using a funnel. The glycerin should remain in the original container.
Wash 1
Gently pour 500 ml of room temperature water into the biodiesel and cap tightly.
Rotate the bottle very gently end to end a few times for 30 seconds and then stand it
upright.
Once the water and biodiesel have separated, uncap and drain the water off.
Wash 2
Repeat all the process in the step above but this time gently rotate the bottle for 1
minute.
Wash 3
Repeat the step above.
Wash 4
Repeat the previous step but shake bottle briskly.
Wash 5
Repeat washing but shake vigorously.
Allow your biodiesel to clarify for a day or so in warm sunlight.
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The final recipe is simply steps that can be followed with any amount of oil necessary
and can be modified to fit your needs.
What You Need:
Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)
Graduated eyedropper
Petri dish
20 ml beaker
1500 ml beaker
Blender with a glass bowl
Used cooking oil
500 ml beaker
Isopropyl alcohol
Litmus paper
Methanol
Titration Process
Measure 1 gram of sodium hydroxide onto a Petri dish
Measure 1 liter of distilled water into a 1500 ml beaker.
Measure 10 ml of isopropyl alcohol into a 20ml beaker
Dissolve 1ml of used vegetable oil into the isopropyl alcohol.
Label oil/alcohol
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Use the graduated eyedropper to drop 1 milliliter of the sodium hydroxide mixture into
the oil/alcohol solution
After 1 milliliter of the sodium hydroxide mixture is added, check the pH of the resulting
solution
Repeat these steps until the oil/alcohol reaches a pH of between eight & nine. The pH
increase often occurs very suddenly, after a slow start. Usually no more than 3
milliliters of sodium hydroxide mixture will need to be added.
Use the following equation:
The number of milliliters of the sodium hydroxide mixture dropped into the oil/alcohol
mixture = x
(x+3.5)=N
N= the number of grams of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize and react 1 liter of
used vegetable oil
N will be between 4.5-6.5, but it can have a higher rating if the oil has been used
previously
Step 2 Measuring the Ingredients (Reactants)
Measure the reactants in separate containers
Pour the liter of filtered, used oil into a 1500ml beaker
200 ml of methanol into a 500 ml beaker
N grams of sodium hydroxide onto a Petri dish
Step 3 Dissolving the Sodium Hydroxide (Lye) with Methanol
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The third step combines the methanol with the sodium hydroxide, creating sodium
methoxide. Once the lye has been dissolved in the methanol, the resulting mixture
must be dissolved into the oil as soon as possible.
Pour the methanol into a blender, cleaning up any spills immediately, using water and
vinegar.
Pour the lye into the blender.
Replace the lid on the blender and use the lowest setting on the machine for 30
seconds. The lye should have dissolved into the methanol at this point; the blender
may be quite warm to the touch.
Step 4 Mixing them Up
Keep your face away from the blender as you remove the lid.
Pour the vegetable oil into the blender (very carefully). In a larger scale production, the
methoxide would be added directly to the processor, where the oil is being warmed.
Place the lid back on the blender and switch to medium-high for 15 minutes. If
overheating occurs during this time, simply switch off the blender and wait until it has
cooled sufficiently for use.
Step 5 Settling of the Glycerin
Allow the glycerin to settle for at least 8 hours (longer is better). The biodiesel collects
at the top of the blender and the glycerin will collect at the bottom.
Step 6 Separation
After blending, the contents can either be transferred into a 1500ml container with a
stopper or left in the blender for at least 8 hours.
45
Step 7 Cleaning Up
Store the leftover used vegetable oil in a safe, cool place.
Clean all the equipment so it is ready to use.
Allow the glycerin to dry in air and sunlight for 1 week and then use as soap or discard.
46
Conclusion In conclusion, biodiesel offers numerous benefits for a wide variety of needs.
Consumer, commercial interests and many others can make excellent use of the
product. However, until viable alternative sources of oil are located, the widespread use
of biodiesel in a commercial setting seems unviable.
While the commercial sector may see limited benefits, the private sector (homebrew
methods) stands to gain enormously. Biodiesel is a potential investment option for
interested commercial entrepreneurs, but the private maker stands to gain much more
from the production and use of the fuel.
Biodiesel is a fantastic way to reduce dependence on oil, help the environment, ensure
that your vehicle operates smoothly and more. In addition, manufacturing the fuel can
be an interesting exercise in science.
That said, the future of biodiesel is bright with potential, if algae can be harnessed for
actual use and production. These tiny creatures are capable of alleviating much of the
world's hunger for energy, by supplying cheap, renewable energy through the
conversion of oils into biodiesel.