biocoal in decentrale toepassingen - biobased economy · boiler internals (“a1” type -...

BIOCOAL IN DECENTRALE TOEPASSINGENTKI-BBE-1710 | Groot TKI-overleg, Wageningen 11 september

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Technical point of viewUpgrade locally available woody/herbaceous biomass into commodity fuels (BIOCOAL pellets)

Use BIOCOAL for the production of heat in different small-scale boilers

Research the combustion behavior, maximizing the efficiency and minimizing the pollutants

formation; Ash characterization

Society point of viewIncrease the sustainability of the management of biomass “waste” materials

Close the minerals cycle of the ashes by valorizing them either as fertilizers or, raw materials

2 | BIOCOAL presentation

From “wastes” to

FUELS

BIOCOAL

- Higher energy density

- Higher hydrophobicity

- Higher homogeneity

- Lower biological degradation

PARTNERS IN THE CONSORTIUM


Futerra

Meerlanden

Sortiva ECN > TNO

Combustion,

analyses,

reporting

Groene

Waarden

DPSCombustion

Biomass

suppliers

YilkinsBIOCOAL

PELLET BOILER – 32 KW

Pellet source: Futerra

EN 14961-2 (Dry basis) A1 I2 (BIOCOAL)

Raw/Torrefied Raw Raw Torrefied

Ash (550) (% ) 0.46 0.57 0.85 ≤ 0.7

Volatiles (%) 82.9 82.4 73.0 -

HHV (MJ/kg) 19.99 20.02 21.88 -

LHV (MJ/kg) 18.70 18.73 20.69 ≥ 16.5

C (%) 48.54 48.87 54.76 -

H (%) 6.09 6.13 5.62 -

N (%) 0.09 0.11 0.12 ≤ 0.3

S (%) 0.01 0.03 0.02 ≤ 0.03

O (%) 41.34 43.06 36.17 -

Br (mg/kg) <10 <10 <10 -

Cl (mg/kg) 31.5 115.0 83.8 ≤ 200

F (mg/kg) <10 <10 <10 -

CURRENT TESTS RESULTS

Pellets (EN Plus A1) chemical analysis:


BIOCOAL

12 GJ/m3

13 GJ/m3

CURRENT TESTS RESULTS

Pellets (EN plus B – used wood) chemical

analysis:


BIOCOAL

10 GJ/m3 11 GJ/m3

Pellet source: Meerlanden EN 14961-2

B (used wood) (Dry basis) D E (BIOCOAL)

Raw/Torrefied Raw Torrefied

Ash (550) (% ) 2.2 2.8 ≤ 3.5

Volatiles (%) 78.7 71.5 -

HHV (MJ/kg) 19.34 20.56 -

LHV (MJ/kg) 18.04 19.39 ≥ 16.0

C (%) 47.83 52.99 -

H (%) 6.09 5.53 -

N (%) 0.37 0.31 ≤ 1.0

S (%) 0.06 0.04 ≤ 0.04

O (%) 44.64 39.21 -

Br (mg/kg) <10 <10 -

Cl (mg/kg) 469.0 100.9 ≤ 300

F (mg/kg) <10 <10 -

CURRENT TESTS RESULTSAsh forming elements:


Low Si

“wood type”

ash

High Si

“straw type”

ash

Ash fusion

problems

Ash: 0.5-0.8 %wt

Ash: 2.2-2.8 %wt

Ash: 4.4 %wt

CURRENT COMBUSTION RESULTS

White wood pellets (EN Plus A1) :


Start period < 30 min, with low levels of smoke (Max_CO ≈1000 ppmv)

During combustion some peaks of CO reaching 1000 ppmv (intermittent bed feed), low NOX and virtually no CxHy and

SO2

CURRENT COMBUSTION RESULTSBoiler internals (“A1” type - Futerra):


Boiler internals (“I2” type - Futerra):

Bottom ash (“A1” type - Futerra): Bottom ash (“I2” type - Futerra):

2 mm sieve 2 mm sieve

WP (EN Plus A1) produces low levels of fouling and slagging and no bottom ash sintering. However, significant

unburned material was found in the bottom ash => negative impact on efficiency


BIOCOAL pellets (Futerra):


Boiler internals (BIOCOAL - Futerra):

Bottom ash (BIOCOAL - Futerra):

2 mm sieve

BIOCOAL (EN Plus A1) start period (≈30 min) with low

levels of smoke (Max_CO ≈1000 ppmv)

During combustion no peaks of CO, low NOX and virtually

no CxHy and SO2

BIOCOAL (EN Plus A1) produces low levels of fouling,

slagging and low bottom ash sintering

No significant unburned material was found in the bottom ash

CURRENT COMBUSTION RESULTSWhite wood pellets (EN Plus B):


BIOCOAL pellets (EN Plus B):

Installation

switch-off

WP (EN Plus B) start period (< 30 min) with low levels

of smoke (Max_CO ≈1000 ppmv)

During combustion no peaks of CO, higher NOX and

SO2, virtually no CxHy

BIOCOAL (EN Plus B) start period (≈ 30 min) with low

levels of smoke (Max_CO ≈1500 ppmv)

During combustion no peaks of CO (higher), lower

NOX and SO2, low CxHy

CURRENT COMBUSTION RESULTSBoiler internals (“D” type - Meerlander):


Boiler internals (“E” type - Meerlander):

Bottom ash (“D” type - Meerlander): Bottom ash (“E” type - Meerlander):

2 mm sieve 2 mm sieve

BIOCOAL (EN Plus B) produces low levels of fouling/slagging

and low bottom ash sintering

No significant unburned material was found in the bottom ash

WP (EN Plus B) produces low levels of fouling/slagging and

no ash sintering. Still, unburned material in the bottom ash



Bottom ash characteristics:

Bottom ash (without unburned pellets)Sintering

Mass < 2 mm Mass < 2 mm Mass > 2 mm Mass > 2 mm

Pellet type (g) (%) (g) (%)

A1 Futerra – WP Pine (EN Plus A1) 205.78 52.9 183.45 47.1 0% None

I2 Futerra – WP Pine (EN Plus A1) 227.48 67.8 108.20 32.2 0% None

Futerra – BIOCOAL (EN Plus A1) 126.09 71.4 50.62 28.6 24% Low

D Meerlander – WP (EN Plus B) 501.33 91.6 46.22 8.4 0% None

E Meerlander – BIOCOAL (EN Plus B) 173.40 93.7 11.58 6.3 2.6% Low

Sortiva – BIOCOAL 161.81 41.8 225.35 58.2 58% High

0% None

0-25% low

25-50% Medium

50-75% High

75-100% Extreme

The tested wood pellets (even the EN Plus B) produced no sintered bottom ash

The EN Plus A1 BIOCOAL produced relatively more sintered bottom ash, compared to EN Plus

B BIOCOAL. Probably due to the lower ash content and to the higher LHV (higher ashing

temperatures)



Average emissions:

% (v/v) mg/m3@13%O2(%)

Pellet type O2 CO CXHY NOX SO2 HCl PMEfficiency

(Futerra) WP - A1 (EN Plus A1) 8.5 56 <1 93 2 0.5 6 90.4

(Futerra) WP - I2 (EN Plus A1) 9.3 53 <1 120 4 1.8 9 90.0

(Futerra) BIOCOAL (EN Plus A1) 11.6 72 2 113 2 0.6 5 90.2

(Meerlander) WP – D (EN Plus B) 11.7 51 <1 274 33 7.8 32 88.8

(Meerlander) BIOCOAL – E (EN Plus B) 11.6 117 5 170 12 2.7 15 89.6

(Sortiva) BIOCOAL 9,1 2214/381 46/6 139 40 7.1 14 91.3

EN Plus A1 materials: compared to WP, BIOCOAL produces slightly lower emissions of NOX, SO2, HCl and PM

EN Plus B materials: compared to WP, BIOCOAL produces significantly lower emissions of NOX, SO2, HCl and PM.

Moreover higher boiller efficiencies were measured


CURRENT COMBUSTION RESULTSParticulate matter emissions:

3,7 g/GJ 5,4 g/GJ 2,9 g/GJ 20,9 g/GJ 10,0 g/GJ

Futerra (EN Plus A1) Meerlanden (EN Plus B)

EN Plus A1 materials: compared to WP, BIOCOAL produces lower emissions of PM with dp > 1 μm and slightly lower

submicron particles (dp < 1 μm)

EN Plus B materials: compared to WP, BIOCOAL produces significantly lower emissions of submicron particles



Heavy metals emissions:

[mg/m3(n)@11%O2]

Futerra I2 BIOCOAL

As 0.002 < DL

Cd 0.001 < DL

Co < DL < DL

Cr 0.002 < DL

Cu 0.046 0.043

Hg < DL < DL

Mn 0.008 < DL

Ni < DL 0.005

Pb 0.176 0.210

Sb < DL < DL

V < DL < DL

Total* 0.23 0.26* The sum of: As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V

DL – Detection limit

Meerlanden Sortiva

D BIOCOAL BIOCOAL

As 0.002 0.004 0.006

Cd 0.019 0.014 0.020

Co < DL < DL < DL

Cr 0.002 0.003 < DL

Cu 0.118 0.164 0.031

Hg < DL < DL < DL

Mn < DL 0.004 < DL

Ni < DL < DL < DL

Pb 1.920 1.736 0.395

Sb < DL < DL < DL

V < DL < DL < DL

Total* 2.06 1.91 0.43* The sum of: As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V

DL – Detection limit

Dust TOC HCl HF SO2 NOX CO Cd+Tl Hg HM*

10 10 10 1 50 200 50 0.05 0.05 0.5

* The sum of: As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V

Incineration emission limits (mg/m3(n)@11%O2)

EN Plus A1 materials: No

problems expected for HM

emissions

EN Plus B materials: Some

problems expected for HM

emissions => better

separation of raw material

streams

EN 14961-6 (herbaceous)

materials: No problems

expected for HM emissions



SORTIVA BIOCOAL bottom ash characteristics:

K water washing/leaching

can mitigate this issue

Si, K

rich ash

Ash melting

problems

Low melting

temperature

K-Ca-Silicates

MAJOR REMARKS

Biocoal can be produced successfully from woody and herbaceous biomasses, with

increased quality (lower S and Cl contents)

Biocoal produced from woody streams can be efficiently burned in small scale boilers

(also household with minor changes in the boiler)

Biocoal seems to produce lower pollutant emissions (NOX, SO2, HCl and PM), compared

to equivalent WP material

Some raw biomass streams (Cu, Pb rich fractions) have to be better separated

Washing/leaching can improve ash behavior in the combustion system


FUTURE WORK

Future work

Test BIOCOAL (containing Si rich ash fraction) in other boiler systems

GroeneWaarden materials (herbaceous) still to be tested

Ash application studies (close the mineral cycle locally)


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Research funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (Tender TKI.BBE – Topsector

Tuinbouw & Uitgangsmaterialen project BBE-1710)


THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION

TNO.NL/ECN part of TNO

biocoal in decentrale toepassingen - biobased economy · boiler internals (“a1” type -...

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