Biochemistry

What are the main parts of an atom?

Essential Question

Matter:

All living things are made of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

• Properties– physical property

• description of shape, mass, volume• melting point, boiling point

– chemical property• structure of molecules which make up

substance• how substance reacts with another

Matter

• Elements

– element

• a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance

– 25/90 elements are essential to life

• CHNOPS – 6 greatest

• You must know the symbols

Matter

• atom

– smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

Biochemistry

Atoms

• atom structure

– nucleus

• center, contains neutrons & protons

– neutrons

– carries no charge,

neutral = n0

– protons

• carries a positive charge

= p+

Atoms

• atom structure

– electron

• electrons carry

a negative

charge = e-

Atoms

• atom structure

– electron

• electrons orbit nucleus in separate energy levels or clouds– 1st shell= 2 electrons– 2nd shell= 8 electrons– 3rd shell= 18 electrons– 4th shell= 32

• Keep in mind that not each shell must be full before moving to the next level

Biochemistry

AtomsBiochemistry

Atoms• periodic table

2

He

Helium

4.002602

The atomic number tells us the # of protons. It is unique to each atom. How do we determine the number of electrons?

The mass number tells us the # of protons + neutrons.

How do we determine the number of neutrons?

Isotopes• Isotopes are atoms of the same element

that have different numbers of neutrons.

Compounds

• Compounds are substances composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined

• Uses molecular formula to designate– NaCl

– H2O

(the properties of a compound are different from those of its individual elements)

How are

covalent and ionic bonds

different?

Essential Question

• covalent bond

– atoms share electrons

ex: water, sugars, proteins

• ionic bond

– Electrons are transferred between atoms » An atom that has gained or lost an electron

(therefore, has a charge)

is known as an ion.

chemical bonds

covalent bond

ionic bond

Biochemistry

Chemical Reactions• Chemical Reactions occur when bonds

between atoms are formed or broken, causing substances to combine and recombine as different molecules.

• All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as that organism’s metabolism.

» H20 means 2 Hydrogen atoms for every 1 Oxygen atom. 5H20 means 5 molecules of water. How many atoms are in 5H20?

What ions are released by

an acid and a base in water?

Essential Question

Mixtures and solutions

• mixture

– combination of substances in which individuals retain individual propertiesex: mixed sugar and sand,

oil and water

• solution– mixture of one or more solutes are evenly

distributed in a solvent

ex: salt in water

Mixtures and solutions

• solution

– solute

• substance which dissolves ex: sugar

– solvent

• holds dissolved substance ex: water

– the greater the solute = greater the concentration

Acids and bases• pH

– measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

• acid– forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water– pH below 7

• base– forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water– pH above 7

pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with acids below 7 and bases above 7.

–

Acids and bases

How to Test for pH• 1. Litmus Paper: only if an acid or base

– Red and Blue paper– Red changes to Blue = Basic– Blue changes to Red = Acid

• 2. pH paper– Gives you an exact pH # by color change

• 3. Digital pH Meter– Gives a digital readout

Essential Question

• What are the properties of Water?

Water

• polar molecule

– molecule with uneven distribution of charge

– water is polar, O atom pulls e-’s from H atoms

Water

• hydrogen bond

– weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in different molecules

Water

• properties of water

– water resists temperature change

– water expands when it freezes

– cohesion

• water molecules attracted to each other

– adhesion

• water molecules attracted to sides of container

Biochemistry

Water

• properties of water

– water resists temperature change

Biochemistry

Water

• properties of water

– water expands when it freezes

Biochemistry

Water

– cohesion

• Water molecules attracted to each other

Biochemistry

Water

– adhesion

• Water molecules attracted to sides of container

Biochemistry

Water & Diffusion

Diffusion » Brownian motion is the random,

erratic movement of particles.» Diffusion is the net movement of

particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower.

» What is the result of diffusion?

Essential Question

• What are the major life substances (compounds) and what purpose do they

serve?

– isomer

• compounds with same number elements but different structure

– monomer

• Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers

– polymer

• larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

• Condensation forms polymers

• Hydrolysis breaks down polymers

Life Substances

• Substances that make up living things are known as organic compounds.

• Organic compounds always contain C and H, but often contain other elements such as O, N, P, S.

• Macromolecules

Enzymes

• How does an enzyme work?

Enzymes

• Key terms & concepts– Enzyme– Biological catalyst– Substrate– Active Site– -ase– Proteins– Inhibitors– Denature– Activation energy– Enzyme/ substrate complex– Induced fit model/ lock and key

• enzyme

– increase rate of metabolic reactions

– induced fit (lock and key) mechanism

– They are proteins!

• enzyme

– induced fit (lock and key)

– Proteins

Biochemistry

Enzymes

Reactions

– chemical equations

• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Reactions

– chemical equations

• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

products

reactantants

Reactions

– chemical equations

• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

• # of atoms on each side of reaction must be balanced

• coefficients must be balanced

__ C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O

Reactions

– chemical equations

• dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)

– two subunits make polymer

– water is released

2C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O

Reactions

– chemical equations

• dehydration synthesis

Reactions

– chemical equations

• hydrolysis

– H2O splits bond

– two subunits created

– C12H22O11 + H2O → 2C6H12O6

Reactions

– chemical equations

• hydrolysis

Reactions

– enzymes

• lowers activation energy

• acts as catalysts, speeds up rate of reaction

• induced fit model (lock and key)

Reactions

– enzymes

• substrate

– changed after released by enzyme

• enzyme

– active site

» where substrate binds to enzyme

» can be used over and over

Reactions

– enzymes

Reactions

– enzymes