biochemistry biology chapter 3 garcia. 3-1 objectives describe the structure of a water molecule....
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BiochemistryBiochemistry
BiologyBiology
Chapter 3Chapter 3
GarciaGarcia
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3-1 Objectives3-1 Objectives
• Describe the structure of a water molecule.
• Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances.
• List two of water’s properties that result from hydrogen bonding.
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PolarityPolarity
polar compound- uneven pattern of charge
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Hydrogen BondingHydrogen Bonding
attraction that holds two water molecules together
positive region is attracted to negative region
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Cohesion & AdhesionCohesion & Adhesion
cohesion- attractive force between two particles that are the same
adhesion- attractive force between two unlike substances
capillarity- upward movement of water molecules through narrow tubes
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3-2 Objectives3-2 Objectives
• Define organic compound and name three elements often found in organic compounds.
• Explain why carbon forms so many different compounds.
• Define functional group and explain its significance.
• Compare a condensation reaction with hyrdrolysis.
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Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Substances that contain the element carbon.
May be bonded to other elements such as:
• hydrogen
• oxygen
• nitrogen
• other carbon atoms
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Functional GroupFunctional Group
clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecule the compose.
alcohol- organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH)
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Large Carbon MoleculesLarge Carbon Molecules
monomer- simple carbon molecules
polymer- repeated, linked units of monomers
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ReactionsReactions
condensation rxn- monomers link to form polymers
hydrolysis- breakdown of complex molecules
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ATPATP
adenosine triphosphate- compound that contains a large amount of energy
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3-3 Objectives3-3 Objectives
• Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide, and discuss their significance to organisms.
• Compare the structures of the various types of proteins.
• Relate the structure of lipids to their functions.
• List two essential functions of nucleic acids.
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Classes of Organic CompoundsClasses of Organic Compounds
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
monosaccharide- monomer of a carbohydrate
disaccharide- a double sugar formed from a condensation rxn of two monosaccharides
polysaccharide- molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides
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ProteinsProteins
organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
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Amino AcidsAmino Acids
monomer building blocks of proteins
20 different types
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Dipeptides and PolypeptidesDipeptides and Polypeptides
dipeptide- two amino acids sharing a covalent bond as a result of a condensation rxn
polypeptide- long chain of amino acids
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EnzymesEnzymes
organic molecules that act as catalysts
most are proteins
substrate- reactant being catalyzed
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LipidsLipids
large, nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
store energy efficiently
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Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
unbranched carbon chains that mke up most lipids
contains a long straight carbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached at one end
hydrophilic- water loving
hydrophobic- water fearing
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Classes of LipidsClasses of Lipids
triglyceride- composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerol
phospholipids- have two fatty acids joind by a molecule of glycerol
wax- long fatty-acid chain joind to a long alcohol change
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SteroidSteroid
a lipid composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
many hormones are steroid compounds i.e. cholesterol or testosterone
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
large, complex organic molecules that store information
ribonucleic acid (RNA)- stores and transfers information for making proteins
nucleotides- linked monomers that make up DNA and RNA