biochemistry
DESCRIPTION
BIOCHEMISTRY. 42. carbohydrate protein lipid energy activation energy enzymes substrate active site. polarity cohesion 52. adhesion Not in 2011 hydrolysis 54. condensation reaction. vocabulary. Read 27-33. I ATOMIC STRUCTURE. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BIOCHEMISTRY
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vocabulary• 42. carbohydrate • protein • lipid • energy • activation energy • enzymes • substrate• active site
• polarity • cohesion• 52. adhesion
Not in 2011• hydrolysis • 54. condensation
reactionRead 27-33
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I ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• Properties of elements are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus.
• The number of protons in a nucleus is called the atomic number
• What is the name of this element?
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Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen atomic numbers 8 and 1
1 P
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Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen atomic numbers 8 and 1
8P 8N 1 P
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Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen atomic numbers 8 and 1
8P 8N
1 P
1 P Don’t draw this b/c it reappears 2 slides later
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Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to N would like toO would like to
Gain 4 electronsGain 3 electronsGain 2 electrons
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Diagram the Polarity of the Water molecule
Oxygen
hydrogen
hydrogen
Electrons tend to spend more time near the oxygen because the large positive nucleus attracts the negative electrons
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II PROPERTIES OF WATER
• 1. polarity• results in :
–temperature stabilizing effect (high heat capacity)
–surface tension–cohesive properties
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Properties of water cont’
• 2. excellent solvent• Solute- material
dissolved in a solvent
• Adhesion- sticks to other materials
• Cohesion- sticks to materials like itself
• 3. Expands when frozen
• opposite of all other known materials
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III FERMENTATION AND DISTILLATION
• Diagram a still w/ corn, yeast, and water– hydrogen bonds in
water raises the boiling point
• Emphasis on boiling points
• yeast is a fungus• drinking addiction
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Diagram this process
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Draw results of fermentation demo(in your notes)
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IV IMPORTANCE OF WATER
• 1. Source of H and O for chemical reactions
• 2. a medium for transporting foods, minerals and other substances in a living system
• 3. medium in which soluble materials are absorbed from the environment
• (“medium” means: method, material or way)
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• 4. support (by water pressure) in plant cells and invertebrates (worms)
• 5. high percentage of the body weight• *blood composition is almost identical to sea
water* • EVIDENCE OF LIFE
ORIGINATING IN THE SEA
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V ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS • O 100.1• C 27.72• H 15.4 • Ca 2.31 • P 1.54• N 1.48• K .54• S .35
• Na .23• Cl .23 • Mg .077• Fe .006• I .006 • Mn .0045• Trace
–Si, F, Cu, Zn
composition of the human body
Pounds of each element in a 150 pound person
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Where do these elements come from?
atmospheresoil,
water
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VI CARBON COMPOUNDS IN CELLS
• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- the study of carbon compounds and their reactions. Carbon is unique because it can form long chains and rings
• Diagram carbon atomic structure and write short hand for chemical bonds
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Carbon Atom A.N. 6
6 P 6 N
Four outer level or “valence electrons”
C
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Carbon Atom A.N. 6
6 P 6 N
Four outer level or “valence electrons”
C
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Carbon Atom A.N. 6
6 P 6 N
Short hand version
Bar = one shared pair of electrons
C C
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Cells need fuel to function: especially CHO and fats
CARBOHYDRATES
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I. FUNCTION (in order of importance to humans)
• ENERGY• STORED ENERGY (more so in plants)• IMMUNITY • MEMBRANE FUNCTION • STRUCTURE (common in plants and
fungi)
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V. FOODS
• ALL PLANTS -sugars are in fruits, vegetables, lactose in milk
• starch in potatoes
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Food categories that provide CHO:
Fruits Vegetables Grains Milk Meat alternates NOT meat or oil
Plants create CHO via photosynthesis
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LIPIDS (categories) notes in binder
• Triglycerides• Phospholipids• Sterols • More commonly to
you– Oils, fats,
waxes, steroids
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I FUNCTION (in order of importance to humans)
• STORED ENERGY • STRUCTURAL MATERIAL 1. Protection of vital organs2. Insulation
3. Membranes
• CARRIES ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
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Examples of triglyceridesFats Oils
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IV. EXAMPLES
• NEUTRAL FATS (triglycerides) - butter, lard, oil
• WAXES - cutin on leaf surfaces, ears, honey comb
• STEROLS- cholesterol, hormones, steroids, vitamin D precursor– LDL low density bad– HDL high density good
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V. FOODS
• meats • seeds • nuts • milk
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Protein
• Watch video on the next slide
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I. FUNCTIONS
• ENZYMES "speeds up reactions“ (more later)
• STRUCTURE (muscle) • TRANSPORT• HORMONES • IMMUNITY• ENERGY (last energy source used by
humans)
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II COMPOSITION
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
• Monomer amino acid BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS• 20 amino acids in the world of life
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III STRUCTURE• amino group + acid group
Draw this in your notes
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• amino group + acid group• a peptide bond links amino acids• dipeptide- two amino acids bonded • polypeptide- 3 or more amino acids
• Remember how the simple sugars “monosaccharides” were joined to form a “polysaccharide”
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H and OH are removed to form
water
Draw this in your notes
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IV EXAMPLES
• amino acids alanine tyrosine arginine (notice the endings)
• fibrous proteins- single chains keratin collagen
• globular proteins- several chains linked together enzymes, hemoglobin,
antibodies, insulin• lipoprotein lipid and protein bonded• glycoprotein sugar and protein bonded
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V FOOD
• milk, eggs, seeds, legumes, fish, meat
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enzymes
• - ALL REACTIONS REQUIRE AN ADDITION OF ENERGY TO GET STARTED, "ACTIVATION ENERGY"
• -BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS THAT "SPEED UP" THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION BY LOWERING THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED
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1. Enzymes as biological catalyst
• Major properties– All are globular proteins– They increase the rate of a reaction
without themselves being used up– Their presence does not alter the
nature or properties of the end product(s) of the reaction
– A very small amount of catalyst can work on a large amount of substrate
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Lactose =
• Principle CHO found in milk» carbohydrate
• Lactose intolerance = insufficient production of enzyme lactase
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ENZYME ACTIVITYTHE LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS
OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
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Kiwi fruit and gelatin demo (draw in your notes)
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• ‘Lock and key’ hypothesis – Enzyme has a particular shape into which the
substrate(s) fit exactly – Key = substrate– Lock = enzyme
Link to comp lab pages
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Enzymes are…
• SPECIFIC FOR A SUBSTRATE• UNCHANGED DURING THE REACTION• PROTEINS• REUSEABLE
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ENZYME ACTIVITY
• TEMPERATURE• pH• AMOUNT OF PRODUCT OR
SUBSTRATE PRESENT• PRESENCE OF OTHER ENZYMES
Link to BEANO lab pages
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COMMERCIAL USES OF ENZYMES
• DETERGENTS• LACTASE• DRAIN CLEANERS• SEPTIC TANK CLEANERS• CONTACT LENS CLEANERS
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Biochemistry TEST THURSDAYTHURSDAY• Topics (especially notes)
– properties and importance of water, elements– Organic chemistry, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates– Enzymes
• Vocabulary 42-54, text 27-42• Biochem Crossword, Chemistry of Life, enzyme
activity worksheets• DEMONSTRATIONS
– fermentation, salivary enzyme– Kiwi and gelatin
• Beano Lab (background and activity)
Lucy