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Site Remediation

with Iron NanoParticles

Interagency Workshop: Nanotechnology andthe Environment: Applications and Implications

September 15, 2003

Wei-xian Zhang

Associate Professor

Civil & Environmental Eng.Lehigh University


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Improve environmentaltechnologies (treatment,remediation, sensing, etc.)

Improve manufacturing

processes (efficiency, wastereduction, etc.)

Dematerialization

Sensors

Treatment/

Remediation

Pollution Prevention

Nanotechnology holds great promise formeeting environmental challenges


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Site Remediation

Industrial Waste Treatment


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Environmental Remediationwith

Nanoscale Iron ParticlesLab and Field Experience


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Why Nanoparticles?

Small size for easy subsurface injection

Large surface area

Extremely high reaction rates

Low temperature reaction

Added Catalytical functions


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QuickTime and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture.


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+

PrecursorsFe2+, Fe3+ Fe0

ReductionCluster

FormationStabilization

CMCD

(Sugar)

Methods of Synthesis


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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 300 More

Diameter (nm)

Frequency

Size (50-100 nm)


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QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

50 nm nanoparticle


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QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed t o see this picture.

Iron particles (100-200 nm)


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Iron particles (3-5 nm)


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QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Nano Iron Wire

(dia 50-75 nm,10-20 m long )


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Iron Rod (dia ~50 nm)


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Iron Tube (~ 50 nm)


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Nano Iron Antenna (~50 nm)


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Contaminant Transformation

With Reactive Iron Nanoparticles

Organic solvents (TCE, PCE)

Pesticides (DDT, lindane)

Fertilizers (nitrate)

Heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cr, As)

Explosives (TNT, RDX)

Radioactive materials (U)Perchlorate (ClO4-)


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Perchlorate Level vs. Time @ T = 25 C

Initial perchlorate concentration 200 mg/L

Perchlorate Reduction


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Solution Eh

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Time (seconds)

0.0013 g/L

0.0016

0.00375

0.031 g/L

0.16 g/L

Most effective Eh regulator


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Field Test -1

(1.7 kg nanoFe applied, 2000)

A 27-acre NJ manufacturing site

Continuous production since 1930s

C2HCl3 (TCE), CCl4 (CT), etc.

>$1.0 million has been spent on the site

Active remedy is needed


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Test Area Schematic

1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

4.8 6.0 m

2.4 3.6 mGroundwater

DGC-15PZ-1 PZ-2 PZ-3

Flowmeter

NanoparticleSuspension(400 L)

3.0

4.5 m


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Setting Up!

2-165 gal tanks

Recirculation from PZ-3S,

3D to DGC-15 or

storage tank

Dedicated low-flow pumps

in each well

Goal = Gravity Feed!


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The Nano Fe Slurry


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TCE Reduction %

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

DGC-15 1S 1D 2S 2D 3S 3D

Day 1 Day 9 Day 17 Day 22


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Field Test - 2

(Nano Fe 10 kg, 2002))

Total volume injected = 1,600 gallons (6,056 L)Nano Fe concentration = 1.9 g/l

Average injection rate = 0.6 gpm

Injection Well B-4Monitoring Wells

B-3: 20 feet north of B-4B-2: 40 feet northeast of B-4GW-4: 63 feet north-northeast of B-4


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Conceptual Geologic/Hydrogeologic Model


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Conceptual Model - Injection Area


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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time Elapsed (days)

T CE (g/L) Injec tion Well T CE (g/L) 7. 5 m downgradient

Field Test - 2 (10 kg Nano Fe))


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Acknowledgments

U.S. EPA

NSF PITA

Dr. C.B. Wang

Dr. H.L. Lien

Dr. J. Cao

D. Daniel Elliott

Xiao-qin Li

Y.P. Sun

Steve Spear

Yu Xue

Steph Kravitz

Patrick Clasen

Tim Marks


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Research Group

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