1. Arun K. Joshi, Ravi P. Singh & Govindan Velu CIMMYT Zn and Fe rich wheat in developing countries of Asia; where we are!

2. Micronutrients are important (many; Zn, Fe) But only few can afford healthy diet in many countries south Asia! Around 1 billion suffer from Zn and Fe deficiency (globally); a vast number is in south Asia Photo: Livestrong.com 3. Metal-containing & metal-binding proteins in 2 species identified by proteomic techniques. Gladyshev et al., 2004 Central Role of Zinc in Life on Earth Source: Hans J. Braun, 2010 4. Source: Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio Wheat means - a 5th of humanitys food, and is first as a source of protein. It is an especially critical staff of life for the approximately 1.2 billion wheat dependent to 2.5 billion wheat consuming poormen, women and children who live on less than USD 2 per dayand approximately 30 million poor wheat producers and their families. Demand for wheat in the developing world is projected to increase 60% by 2050. Source: WHEAT, CIMMYT, 2011 Wheat is important 5. Source: Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio In south Asia, wheat is 2nd most consumed crop 6. Target Areas for Zn/Fe dense Wheat Baseline Micronutrient Level in Commercial Crop 25 gg-1 Target Increment to be added 8 gg-1 Wolfgang H PFEIFFER ME1: Temperate Irrigated High Production NWPZ ME5: Irrigated High Temperature Stress EGPZ Expected release - 2013 7. South Asia continue to be plow to plate Nutrient rich, agronomically superior mega wheat varieties may ensure reaching the masses 8. 2004-2009 Discover genes and sources of variation 2009-13 Develop varieties 2014+ Deliver to clients Frequently asked questions Will it be possible to breed nutrient rich varieties? Will these be bioavailable? Will such varieties will meet farmers expectations? HarvestPlus initiative of IFPRI 9. Zn and Fe grain concentrations are internal traits; agronomic or external advantages are most appealing to farmers 10. The progress.... 11. Wild relative species are best Zn sources; T. spelta appears the best 12. Wheat 30 gg-1 best Zn sources crossed to elite wheat adapted to target areas X baseline 25 gg-1 Cd. Obregon, March 2009 Zn Content Zn Concentration Best deployed to India & Pakistan for GxE Performance Testing on-station & on-farm 13. N = >1200 N = >800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 55 Grain Zn concentration (mg/kg) %entries Zn conc in 2009-10 Zn conc in 2008-09 Progress in Zn and Fe concentration 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1200 N = >800 CIMMYT trials; more lines with more nutrition 14. R2 = 0.069 10 20 30 40 50 60 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 Maturity (days) Znconc.(ppm) No trade-off of yield and yield traits R2 = 0.0004 10 20 30 40 50 60 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Yield (t/ha) Znconc(ppm) R 2 = 0.0043 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 TKW Znconc.(ppm) R 2 = 0.0019 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 Plant height (cm) Znconc(ppm) 15. Zn and Yield Performance in 2nd HPYT entries for 2011-12 planting 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 95 100 105 110 115 ZincConcetrationas%ofTarget(8ppm) Grain Yield as % of Check Average (Checks = 100%) Higher chances candidate varieties 16. Harvest Plus trials and nurseries 1. HPWYT (trial) 2. HPAN (nursery) 3. Ludhiana 4. Karnal 5. Delhi 6. Varanasi 7. Islamabad 8. Faisalabad 17. Nitrogen and grain Zn relate well Cakmak et al., 2009. Cereal Chem. 18. Zinc deficiency in Wheat Example from Turkey Chakmak et al., 2009 Minor things can give major impact 19. Drought Stress Zn Foliar Spray Source: Hans J. Braun, 2009 Zn spray may give more yield as well as more Zn in the grain 20. Breeding for Bioavailability InulinPhytic acid ++ O OO P O H O OO P O O OO P O O O OP O O OHO P O O OO P O H H H H H 1 2 34 5 6 ++ ++ Mg ++ Fe Ca Ca Zn ++ O OO P O H O OO P O O OO P O O O OPP O O OHO PP O O OOO P O H H H H H 1 2 34 5 6 ++ ++ Mg ++ Fe Ca Ca Zn ++ Bioavailability amount of a nutrient in a food that is absorbable from a typical diet and utilizable whithin body to perform metabolic functions Anti-nutrients Promoters Wolfgang H PFEIFFER Dissect Bioavailability into Components which can be translated into breeding targets Direct Micronutrient Enhancement 21. Delivery Two channels Normal (public sector) Fast track (private sector) speed, twice of public sector Farmers participatory selection to speed up dissemination 22. Conclusion There is significant progress More progress required 23. The way forward Continue research in strong linkage mode with NARS colleagues Combine with core traits to make it sustainable New issues; new science Bring more budget for major breeding programs in each country Encourage private sector Think of premium price for nutrient rich varieties 24. Thanks to all..