bio diesel details

8/12/2019 Bio Diesel Details

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Biodiesel: or Your fries

give me gas


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Who are we? Jill Parlee

Handel Callender


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Objectives of this

workshop

What is biodiesel

The components of biodiesel productionWhat equipment is required

Fitting it all togetherOperating the business

How it is done in Barbados

Discover the feasibility of a business in Dominica

Some of the social, economic and environmental benefits


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What is Biodiesel?

Biodiesel is fuel fromvegetable oil

The diesel engine wasinvented in 1895, and ranon peanut oil for 10 years

Biodiesel can be made

from either new oil orused (waste cooking oil)


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Sources of feedstockRestaurants

Hotels

SnackettesSchool cafeterias

Cruiseships


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You can also grow your

own fuel.Dominica has a range ofoil crops, coconut beingthe most popular

Coconut yields 2,260 kgoil/hectare

Jatropha yields 1,590 kgoil/hectare

Castor bean yields 1188kg oil/hectare


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Raw materials needed Vegetable oil (feedstock)

Methanol

Potassium Hydroxide or Sodium Hydroxide

Safety precautions:

Methanol is a highly toxic and flammable alcohol. Gloves,masks, long sleeved work clothes and a well ventilatedarea should be all accessible when working with it

Sodium Hydroxide is highly alkaline and will produce

severe burns when in contact with skin


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The chemistry of biodiesel Vegetable oil + Methanol + Potassium Hydroxide =

Methylester (biodiesel)

TRIGLYCERIDE MOLECULE (VEGE OIL)


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Whats the equipment you need?

(piecing it together)Requirement Description

Feedstock storage To hold all vegetable oil collected or produced

Biodiesel reactor For mixing oil and chemicals

Byproduct storage To hold glycerin byproduct

Water storage Rain or river water

Biodiesel wash system Cleaning the crude biodiesel before placing in

vehicles

Waste water treatment and storage Cleaning up the water used to wash biodiesel

Biodiesel storage

Distribution Pumps or fuel containers to deliver fuel to

vehicle tank

A small room for a lab Fuel quality testing and chemical prep


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Stage 1: Feedstock storage and pretreatment

You may need:55 gallon metal drums

1000 litre containers

Water tanks

Large metal storage tanks

Some basic requirements for feedstock

storage:Ideally it should have a cone shaped

bottom

It should be able to take some heat

(up to70 Celsius)

It should have fittings to easily connect

plumbing

It should be easily and safely filled

Additional components for feedstock storage:

A pump and plumbing fittings are needed to

transfer prepared oil to reactor


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Stage 2: The Reactor

You may need:

55 gallon metal drum

HDPE prefabricated plastic container

Stainless steel vessel

Some basic requirements for biodieselreactor

It should be sealed or have a cover toprevent fume leaks

Ideally it should have a cone shapedbottom

It must have a pump or a high tomedium speed mixer of some kind


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The Reactor cont.

It should be able to take heat.The reaction temp is optimal ataround 55 Celsius

It should have fittings to easilyconnect plumbing

It should be easily and safelyfilled

Some welding may be required

Plumbing will be needed to

transfer crude biodiesel to thewash stage


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The biodiesel reactionOil and methanol aremixed in the presence ofa catalyst NaOH or KOH.

100 Gallons of oil

produces 80 gallons ofbiodiesel and 25 gallonsof glycerin.

Glycerin can be disposedof as biodegradable

waste, used as soap, orrefined into pureglycerin.


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The biodiesel reaction


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Stage 3: Washing and drying the Biodiesel

Washing biodiesel involves the

removal of chemical impurities and

soaps created in the production

process, that would cause harm to a

vehicle engine. Washing involves

mixing water with the crudebiodiesel

Drying biodiesel requires the

removal of water, via heat or

settling, from the biodiesel after ithas been washed.

There is new technology now, that

does allow for cleaning biodiesel

without the use of water.


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Stage 3: Washing and drying the biodiesel cont.


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Stage 3: Washing and drying the biodiesel cont.

You will need:

Thorough mixing ofbiodiesel and water viapumps or mixers

Application of heat fordrying, to remove moisturefrom biodiesel afterwashing

Good drainage

Plumbing to transfer fromwashing to storage


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Treating the wash

waterThe water after washing, may contain traces ofmethanol, NaOH or KOH and some soaps.

Solar distillation seems to be an effective way toclean up water before disposal

Alternatively, investing in zero water technology maybe possible with funding.


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Stage 4: Biodiesel storage and distributionYou will need:

Tanks

Pump fed or gravity fednozzles

Metering devices


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Economics of biodieselInputs

Supply

Demand

Niche MarketExpenses

Revenues

Pricing structure

Business structure

Funding


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Raw material inputsSecuring raw materials

Vege oil collectionFree?

Shared?

Strategicpartnerships with

suppliers? Friends?Communities?

Chemical importationcosts

Shared?

Bulk?

Alternatives?

Concessions andincentives from Gov.


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Your marketRegular users

Power Generation

Public transport

Fishing industry

Private houses

High end users (yachts, etc.)

Supply to state controlled distributor


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Your expenses Electricity

Used mainly to heat oil and biodiesel, and power pumps

Conventional? Alternatives?

Water

Mainly for cleaning up biodiesel

Cleaning your water is a huge plus, even if it was originally free. Human labour

Collecting oil

Processing biodiesel

Sales and marketing

Admin.

Fuel

Energy is also used in the vehicle to collect oil and drop off biodiesel

Where can you save?


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Your revenues

Developing the byproduct, glycerin

Unique opportunities exist in Dominica todevelop assisting technologies

Coconut drying technology

Water harvesters

Coconut oil businesses specifically for biodiesel

How you generate income can influence yourpricing structure, how you promote the fuel andyour business philosophy.

B i t t


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Business structureCentralised

Decentralised

Pros Cons Pros Cons

Relatively easily

managed

High capital investment

Significant job creation

More training

Rapid accountability Expensive training Community cohesiveness Red tape due to

regulatory bodies

A consolidated

operation

Expensive overheads

Low capital investment

costs

Lack of control over

production supplies

(strike potential)

A singular vision and

goal

High maintenance costs

Better funding potential

from non traditional,

community supportive

entities (undp)

Potential conflict in goal

and visions

Quality control

More efficient access toused cooking oil

Challenges in monitoring

High fire, natural disaster

risk due to consolidated

nature

Increased likelihood of

Dominican users

receiving required

volumes

High risk due to storage of

chemicals

A central controlling

interest in lessened

Inflexibility when faced

with upheavals

Broad education

potential

Higher marketing / public

education costs

Less likelihood of

complete shutdown of

supply if one plant is

down

Significantly reduced

overheads

Significantly lower

maintenance costs

Greater business-to-

business support


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Why support biodiesel?Biodiesel is produced primarily with local materials, significantlyreducing foreign exchange expenditure

Reduced vulnerability to external fluctuations in fuel prices.

Improves Barbados image as an eco destination.

Provides a solution to current waste disposal problems and reducescosts incurred through disposal.

Health/environmental benefits due to use of the fuel.

Significant savings in health care costs

Job creation.

Establishes linkages to agriculture that might help solidify newavenues for the sector

Can take Barbados steps ahead to true sustainable development


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Benefits of biodieselHealth/Environment

Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) by 100%

Reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 100%

Reduction of soot emissions by 40-60%

Reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 10-50%

Reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 10-50%

Reduction of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and specificallythe reduction of the following carcinogenic PAHs:Reduction of phenanthren by 97%Reduction of benzofloroanthen by 56%Reduction of benzapyren by 71%Reduction of aldehydes and aromatic compounds by 13%

Reduction or increase in nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions by 5-10%depending on the age and type of engine.


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Benefits of biodiesel.

Biodiesel runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. In otherwords, you just pour it into the fuel tank.

Biodiesel can be stored anywhere that petroleum diesel fuel isstored.

Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any amount with petroleumdiesel fuel.

Biodiesel is more lubricating than diesel fuel. Its higher lubricityenhances the lifetime of the engine.


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Benefits of biodiesel

Biodiesel is safe to handle because it is biodegradable andnon-toxic. According to the National Biodiesel Board,neat biodiesel is as biodegradable as sugar and less toxicthan salt.

Biodiesel is safe to transport. Biodiesel has a high flashpoint, or ignition temperature, of about 300 deg. Fcompared to petroleum diesel fuel, which has a flash pointof 125 deg. F.

Engines running on biodiesel run normally and havesimilar fuel mileage to engines running on diesel fuel.Auto ignition, fuel consumption, power output, and

engine torque are relatively unaffected by biodiesel.When burned in an engine, the exhaust fumes have thepleasant aroma of popcorn or French fries.


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Starting up in DominicaConsider starting as agroup. Discuss fundingoptions, businessstructure etc.

Seek affordable group

training

Consider collecting rawmaterial. It might be wiserto begin collecting early.

Get the materials youhave to purchase, in bulk

Discuss how much youwant to produce and startfor yourselves first.


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Obstacles

Efficient collection

Finding a source of methanol

Finding the right people to work with


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References

http://www.journeytoforever.org

http://www.biofuels.coop/

h k f
http://www.journeytoforever.org/http://www.journeytoforever.org/


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Thank you for your time

and attention!

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