bio 9c: monday, 4.25.11 title: connecting genetics and evolution: cystic fibrosis case study

Bio 9C: Monday, 4.25.11Title: Connecting Genetics and Evolution: Cystic Fibrosis Case Study

Homework: Complete up to Analysis Question 1 for CF

Case Study

Do Now: What comes to mind when you hear the word

“EVOLUTION”

Today’s Objectives: Determine an organism’s genotype and phenotype by

analyzing their DNA sequences

INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTIONPHA Biology 9Moretti/ Dickson

EVOLUTION Genetic changes in a

species or population over time

Objectives for Class:• Determine an organism’s genotype and phenotype by analyzing their DNA sequences

Connecting Genetics and Evolution:Cystic Fibrosis Case Study

Purpose: Discuss mutations and their possible effects Learn about the effects of mutations that cause cystic

fibrosis Analyze DNA sequences to determine if and what kind of

mutations exist Whole Class Work:

Read the Background Information and Supporting Information

Paired Work: Complete the Pre-Activity Questions Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of 4 people for

the CFTR protein to identify whether or not they have Cystic Fibrosis

Individual Work: Read the below article, “Cystic Fibrosis protects against

tuberculosis”, from the magazine New Scientist. Then answer the following questions

Figure 1. Chest Radiograph of CF Diffuse Interstitial Disease

Image: http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=327: Reprinted with permission from LearningRadiology.com. Case of the Week Archives—2003. Cystic Fibrosis. Available at: http://www.learningradiology.com/toc/tocsubsection/tocarchives2003.htm. Accessed January 28, 2008.11


http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=327


http://www.learningradiology.com/toc/tocsubsection/tocarchives2003.htm


Purpose: Discuss mutations and their possible effects Learn about the effects of mutations that cause cystic

fibrosis Analyze DNA sequences to determine if and what kind of

mutations exist Whole Class Work:

Read the Background Information and Supporting Information

Paired Work: Complete the Pre-Activity Questions Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of 4 people for

the CFTR protein to identify whether or not they have Cystic Fibrosis

Individual Work: Read the below article, “Cystic Fibrosis protects against

tuberculosis”, from the magazine New Scientist. Then answer the following questions


Lilliana

Brunyr

Marie

Marcus

Carla

Rockens

Amanjot

Julian

Karen

Obayanna

Amando

Garlyn

9C: Room 107 Front of Room

Crystal

Asarel

Jamesly

Meryem

Anthony

Jonathan

Jason Kendra

Sophie

Christine

JhonJoe

Bio 9C: Tuesday, 4.26.11Title: Cystic Fibrosis, Tuberculosis and Evolution

Homework: Complete/ Revise Analysis Question 3 after today’s discussion. In your Notebooks:

Actively Read 16.1 with and put your reading notes in your notebook. THEN, complete questions 1, 2, 4, & 5 at the end of the chapter. Put these questions in your notebooks.

Do Now(s): On next three slides (clicker questions)

Today’s Objectives: Determine an organism’s genotype and phenotype by analyzing their DNA

sequences Explain how mutations can be passed on and why this is important in

evolution Explain why certain allele can become more common in certain

populations

Reviewing Background Info & HW

The CFTR protein is:

1 2 3 4

32%

5%

32%32%1. A gene2. A channel in cell

membranes3. A chloride ion4. An amino acid

Figure 1. Chest Radiograph of CF Diffuse Interstitial Disease

Image: http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=327: Reprinted with permission from LearningRadiology.com. Case of the Week Archives—2003. Cystic Fibrosis. Available at: http://www.learningradiology.com/toc/tocsubsection/tocarchives2003.htm. Accessed January 28, 2008.11






Did you complete the genotype/ phenotype chart by analyzing the DNA sequences for all of 4 people?

1 2

60%

40%

1. Yes2. No

Did you try to finish all of the reading and try to complete up to question 1?

1 2

37%

63%1. Yes2. No

Which of the children in the problem definitely has CF?

1. Fred2. Wilma3. Barney4. Betty

Reviewing CFTR Genotypes

DNA Analysis for the CFTR Protein Codon

504 Codon

505 Codon

506 Codon

507 Codon

508 Codon

509 Codon

510 Codon

511 Allele

F=Normal f=mutated

Genotype

FRED

Gene on Maternal Chromo

DNA CTT TTA TAG TAA AAG CCA CAA AGG

F FF

mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUU UUC GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

PHENALYNINE

GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE

Gene on Paternal Chromo

DNA CTT TTA TAG TAG AAG CCA CAA AGG

F mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUC UUC GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

PHENALYNINE

GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE

WILMA


DNA CTT TTA TAG TAA AGG CCA CAA AGG

F/f (?) Ff or ff

mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUU UCC GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

SERINE GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE


DNA CTT TTA TAG TAA CCA CAA AGG

f mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUU GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE

BARNEY



f Ff

mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUU GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE


DNA CTT TTA TAG TAA AAG CCA CAA AGG

F mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUU UUC GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

PHENALYNINE

GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE

BETTY



f ff

mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUU GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE


DNA CTT TTA TAG TAA CCA CAA AGA

f mRNA GAA AAU AUC AUU GGU GUU UCC A.A.s GLU

ACID ASPAR-AGINE

ISOLEUCINE

ISOLEUCINE

GLYCINE

VALINE SERINE

Tuberculosis and the Evolution of the CF Gene

CF and Evolution Read the article, “Cystic fibrosis gene

protects against tuberculosis” Respond to question 3

Complete HW In your Notebooks:

Actively Read 16.1 with and put your reading notes in your notebook. THEN, complete questions 1, 2, 4, & 5 at the end of the chapter. Put these questions in your notebooks.

Bio 9C: Wednesday, 4.27.11Title: Introduction to Evolution Notes and Concepts

Homework: Pass Cystic Fibrosis Case Study to the left Write a paragraph in your notebook that explains each of the

following terms and how they relate to each other: population gene pool alleles evolution in populations natural selection

Do Now(s): Next slide- sign in your clicker!

Today’s Objectives: Explain how natural selection can cause an allele to become

more common in a population’s gene pool over time.

Which of the children in the problem definitely has CF?

1 2 3 4

0%

91%

5%5%

1. Fred2. Wilma3. Barney4. Betty

Did you try to finish all of the reading and try to complete all of the 3 questions?

1 2

41%

59%1. Yes2. No

Based on the reading, why may people of European decent have a higher frequency of Cystic Fibrosis

1 2 3 4

36%

0%

64%

0%

1. The CF gene originated in Europe and only Europeans can pass it on to offspring

2. Having 1 copy of the CF gene may provide resistance to sickle cell anemia

3. Having 1 copy of the CF gene may provide resistance to tuberculosis

4. The CF gene does not have a higher frequency in Europeans

Objectives for Class:• Determine an organism’s genotype and phenotype by analyzing their DNA sequences• Explain the evolutionary connection between cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis

Recap and Review: Cystic Fibrosis and Tuberculosis Recessive Genetic Disorder Result of a gene mutation in the CFTR protein

Numerous types of mutations – most common is deletion of 1 amino acid at Codon 508

Evidence suggests people who are homozygous recessive and heterozygous are resistant to tuberculosis TB bacteria need a nutrient that these people do not make

When TB killed 20% of Europeans from 1600-1900, people who are heterozygous for CF gene survived to pass on the gene Allele persists, despite people who are homozygous

recessive not reaching adulthood Objectives for Class:• Determine an organism’s genotype and phenotype by analyzing their DNA sequences• Explain the evolutionary connection between cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis

Intro Evolution Notes

Some New Evolution Terms Population

Group of individuals from the same species that interbreed Gene Pool

All the genes and all of their alleles in population Relative Frequency

The proportion of one allele in the whole gene pool Evolution (on a population scale)

Any change in the relative frequency of alleles over time One allele becomes more common, another becomes less common

Change in a population NOT change in an individual Fitness

The ability of a particular genotype to reproduce and pass on its genes to the next generation

Objectives for Class:• Use actual evidence to explain how the four principles of natural selection shape the evolution of

organisms

Evolution Notes: Micro-Evolution

Small-scale Changes in a population’s gene pool over

time Caused by natural selection and/or

genetic drift

Example: CF allele becomes more common in European populations because it protects against tuberculosisObjectives for Class:

• Use actual evidence to explain how the four principles of natural selection shape the evolution of organisms

Large-scale, often over a very long time Branching of one species into two species Leads to the idea that all species share a

common ancestor

Example: Evolution of whales from four-legged land mammals

Micro-evolution leads to Macro-evolution

Evolution Notes: Macro-Evolution


organisms

How Do Populations Evolve?Natural Selection: Certain genotypes/phenotypes are more

“fit” than others, and pass on more of their genes to the next generation

Over time, those “fit” genes become more common in the whole population because they are more helpful for survival and reproduction

Revisit Sickle Cell – Micro Evolution A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder…

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

How is this an example of micro-evolution?


Synthesizing Concepts Write a paragraph in your notebook

that explains each of the following terms and how they relate to each other:

populationgene poolallelesevolution in populationsnatural selection

When done, swap with a neighbor to get feedback on your paragraph

Bio 9C: Thursday, 4.28.11Title: Evidence for Natural Selection: Finches on Galapagos

Homework: Pass the CF Investigation to the left if late Complete the Galapagos Finches Analysis

Questions

Do Now(s): Next slide – log in with your clicker

Today’s Objectives: Use actual evidence to explain how the four principles

of natural selection shape the evolution of organisms

Starting in 1954 commercial fishers were paid by weight, rather than by the individual fish for pink salmon. The fishers used the type of net that selectively catches larger fish. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this technique on salmon populations over the next 20 years?

1 2 3 4

14%

0%

9%

77%1. The average body size of the salmon population increased significantly.

2. The average body size of the salmon population decreased significantly.

3. The average body size of the males increased and the females stayed the same.

4. The average body size of the males stayed the same and the females increased.

Agenda • Galapagos Finch Investigation• (enrichment extra credit if completed early and all other assignments are complete)

• Principles of Natural Selection review and second case study

Galapagos Finch Investigation

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Ecuador-Pos.png

Evidence for Natural Selection: Finches on the Galapagos Islands


organisms

Recap and Review: Evidence for Natural Selection in Galapagos Finches

Drought causes declines in the food supply between 1976-1978


organisms

Variety of seeds declines and only tough seeds with thick shells are left.

Only those finches with thicker beaks can eat. Finches with narrower beaks can’t eat and die.

Result: Relative frequency larger beak sizes increase, because birds with bigger beaks survive and reproduce. The alleles for larger beak size have greater fitness!

Agenda • Principles of Natural Selection review and second case study

More Evidence for Natural Selection: Hummingbird Populations Scientists studying natural selection in

Hummingbird Populations in Ecuador: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/e_s_4.html


organisms

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/e_s_4.html

Principles of Natural Selection “Selection” is

different survival and reproduction of individuals with different genotypes

Natural selection involves… Genetic variation between individuals in the species

and/or population More offspring are born than can survive Competition/struggle for survival for limited resources Variation between individuals that makes some better

able to survive and reproduce than others This variation is heritable/genetic (can be passed on)

Result: Over many generations, the genotypes that are better able to survive and reproduce become more common in the population.

Two Sources of Genetic Variation Mutations

Any change to a DNA sequence Rare Sometimes harmful, sometimes helpful

Mutations to egg or sperm = passed on to offspring Mutations to body cells = not passed on (but can

cause CANCER)

Gene Shuffling Meiosis divides the genetic info and fertilization

recombines it 23 pairs of chromosomes = 8.4 million different

combinations of genes!

Crossing Over during meiosis increases the number of different combinations of alleles

Objectives for Class:• Explain the process of natural selection• Apply the principles of natural selection in order to analyze a variety of examples

Summarizing Natural Selection in the Hummingbird Case Study In your notebooks:

Take five minutes to summarize how the 4 principles of Natural Selection are demonstrated in the hummingbird case study you just watched.

Use specific examples from the film to describe each principle

Four Principles: Genetic Variation Over-production of Offspring Struggle for Existence Differentiated Survival

Bio 9C: Monday, 5.2.11Title: No Class

Homework:

Do Now:

Today’s Objectives:

Bio 9C: Tuesday, 5.3.11Title: Review of Natural Selection

Homework: Complete Natural Selection Review Assignment Reading from Section 16-3:

Read pages 404-405 and take notes on: What is speciation? What is reproductive isolation? What are some different ways

that populations can be reproductively isolated? Read pages 408-409 and take notes on:

What are the steps of speciation?

Do Now: Next Slide – Log in with clicker

Today’s Objectives: Explain the process of natural selection Apply the principles of natural selection in order to analyze a variety of examples

1. Which statement is the BEST description of the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A. B. C. D.

0% 0%0%0%

A. When environmental conditions are challenging for a population, some individual organisms mutate in order to get the traits that will help them survive the best.

B. The organisms that are the strongest and fastest always survive the longest.

C. In populations, some individuals have combinations of genes that allow them to survive and reproduce better, which causes these gene combinations to spread through the whole population over many generations.

D. Humans evolved from a species of apes because humans have longer life spans than apes.

0

5

Review Principles of Natural Selection

“Selection” is different survival and reproduction of individuals with

different genotypes Natural selection involves…

Genetic variation between individuals in the species and/or population

More offspring are born than can survive Competition/struggle for survival for limited resources Variation between individuals that makes some better

able to survive and reproduce than others This variation is heritable/genetic (can be passed on)

Result: Over many generations, the genotypes that are better able to survive and reproduce become more common in the population.

Two Sources of Genetic Variation Mutations

Any change to a DNA sequence Rare Sometimes harmful, sometimes helpful

Mutations to egg or sperm = passed on to offspring Mutations to body cells = not passed on (but can

cause CANCER)

Gene Shuffling Meiosis divides the genetic info and fertilization

recombines it 23 pairs of chromosomes = 8.4 million different

combinations of genes!

Crossing Over during meiosis increases the number of different combinations of alleles


More Evidence for Natural Selection: Antibiotic Resistance in TB Bacteria

Bacteria populations can evolve too! Let’s watch and see how people influence

evolution in bacteria… http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_09.html

In your Notebook: How does the TB bacteria experience natural

selection. How did population of bacteria change over

time, and why? How is this similar to the Hummingbird and

Finch case studies?



Which of the following best explains the increase in drug-resistant TB bacteria?

A. B. C. D.

0% 0%0%0%

0

5

A. The bacteria that are resistant to the drugs mate with each other to produce super-resistant bacteria that have twice as many copies of the resistance genes.

B. TB bacteria only infects people who are already malnourished and sickly, and the bacteria draws strength from the infected people in order to become resistant to their medicines.

C. When anti-TB drugs are taken in low doses, the drugs kill the most susceptible bacteria but don’t kill the more resistant bacteria. The more resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on their resistance genes so that the whole population becomes resistant to the drugs.

D. When a patient begins taking anti-TB drugs, the bacteria mutate in order to become resistant and fight off the drugs.

2. Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on whether the new coat color will become more common in the mouse population?

A. B. C. D.

0% 0%0%0%

A. Whether abundant food is available in the grassland

B. Whether the new coat color allele is dominant or recessive

C. Whether the rate of reproduction in the mouse population is stable

D. Whether the new coat color allele increases the survival and reproduction of mice in their environment

0

5

3. The long tail feather trait is maintained in the barn swallow population because, compared to males with a shorter tail feather, males with a longer tail feather are more likely to:

A. B. C. D.

0% 0%0%0%

A. Build a large nestB. Produce offspringC. Migrate each winterD. Escape from predators.

0

5

Natural Selection Review Complete Natural Selection Review

Assignment

Bio 9C: Wednesday, 5.4.11Title: No Class

Homework:

Do Now:

Today’s Objectives:

Bio 9C: Thursday, 5.5.11 Title: Block 1 - Speciation

Homework: Complete Part A of the Evolution Investigation:

All in the Family

Do Now(s): Reviewing Natural Selection Review packet

(click in your answer on following slides)

Today’s Objectives: Explain the defining characteristics of a species Describe the 2 steps of speciation

Review HW and Natural Selection

HW Review: Which biological concept is being illustrated in the diagrams of the lizard population?

A. B. C. D.

0% 0%0%0%

0

5

A. Polygenic traitsB. Natural selectionC. Sex-linked inheritanceD. Silent mutations

Which of the following best explains why, in environments with long flowers, hummingbirds tend to have long beaks?

A. B. C. D.

0% 0%0%0%

0

5

A. Hummingbirds with long beaks can reach their food better, and therefore they have more energy to survive and pass on their genes for long beaks.

B. Hummingbirds with long beaks are better at attracting mates than hummingbirds with short beaks.

C. Hummingbirds stretch their beaks in order to reach the food at the bottom of the long flowers, so after lots of stretching, all the birds have long beaks.

D. Hummingbirds with long beaks are better able to fight off predators than hummingbirds with short beaks.

Which of the following is a result of the limited genetic variation in the current cheetah populations compared to earlier cheetah populations with more variation?

A. B. C. D.

0% 0%0%0%

0

5

A. Cheetahs in current populations are more resistant to new diseases.

B. The survival rate of young cheetahs is increased in current populations.

C. Cheetahs in current populations are less able to interbreed with other species.

D. The current cheetah populations are less likely to be able to adapt to environmental changes.

Speciation

SPECIES A group of similar organisms

Breed with each other Produce Viable Offspring

Objectives for Class:• Explain the defining characteristics of a species• Describe the 2 steps of speciation

Speciation The formation of new

species The gene pools of two

populations must become separated

Ex: The Galapogos Finches


Steps of Speciation

1. Reproductive Isolation

2. Changes in the Gene Pool Gene Pools Diverge Genetic Barriers to

ReproductionObjectives for Class:• Explain the defining characteristics of a species• Describe the 2 steps of speciation

Reproductive IsolationOne population becomes isolated from the rest

of the species1. Behavior:

Changes in courtship or other reproductive strategies

2. Geographic Geographic barrier splits population (i.e.: river,

mountain, body of water, etc.) Populations are separated and cannot

interbreed Conditions of their local environment select

certain traits3. Temporal

Species reproduce at different times or have other behavior that becomes time sensitive (i.e.: feeding)


Speciation in Hummingbirdshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/05/2/quicktime/l_052_04_56.html


http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/05/2/quicktime/l_052_04_56.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/05/2/quicktime/l_052_04_56.html

Changes in the Gene Pool1. Gene Pools Diverge:

The isolated populations become genetically different. Due to selection and/or genetic drift Two separate gene pools emerge

2. Genetic Barriers to Reproduction The two populations are no longer able to interbreed Due to genetic differences in habitat preference,

mating behavior, or physical compatibility Competition may arise between these two new species

They are now two separate species!Objectives for Class:• Explain the defining characteristics of a species• Describe the 2 steps of speciation

Famous Hybrids (what happens when two species come together)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Juancito.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Ligertrainer.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Jaglion.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Zeedonk_800.jpg

Reproductive Barriers That Maintain Separate Species

Before mating occurs Geographic barriers Ecological/habitat differences Temporal differences Behavioral/courtship differences Mechanical differences Chemical differences

After mating occurs Hybrid inviability Hybrid breakdown Hybrid sterility


Move to “Evidence for Evolution Presentation” for Block 2

bio 9c: monday, 4.25.11 title: connecting genetics and evolution: cystic fibrosis case study

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