bio 201 chapter 14, part 2 lecture
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14: Part 2The Brain and Cranial
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The Cerebrum
seat of intelligenceCerebral cortex- gray matter.
Gyri-Sulci-Longitudinal fissure-Cerebral hemispheres-
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The Cerebrum
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The Cerebrum
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
Four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe,temporal lobe and occipital lobe.
Central sulcus- separates the frontaland parietal lobes.Precentral gyrus- primary motor area.Postcentral gyrus- primary
somatosensory area.
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Cerebral white matter
Commissural tracts- Corpus callosum: Association tracts- Projection tracts-
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Basal Ganglia
Three nuclei deep within eachcerebral hemisphere make up basal
ganglia.They are globus pallidus, putamen,and caudate nucleus.
Help initiate and terminate
movements, suppress unwantedmovements and regulate muscletone.
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Basal Ganglia
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The Limbic System
A ring of structures on the innerborder of the cerebrum and floor ofthe diencephalon.
Includes cingulate gyrus,hippocampus, dentate gyrus,amygdala, mammillary bodies,
thalamus, and the olfactory bulb.emotional brain as it governsemotional aspects of behavior.
Also involved in olfaction and
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The Limbic System
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Functional Organization ofthe Cerebral Cortex: Sensory
Primary somatosensory area-postcentral gyrus.
Primary visual area- occipital lobe.Primary auditory area- temporal lobe.Primary gustatory area- base of the
postcentral gyrus.Primary olfactory area- temporal
lobe.
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Functional Organization ofthe Cerebral Cortex:
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Functional Organization ofthe Cerebral Cortex: Motor
Primary motor area- precentral gyrus. Brocas speech area- left cerebral
hemisphere.
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Functional Organization ofthe Cerebral Cortex:
Somatosensory association area-posterior to primary somatosensory
area.Visual association area- occipitallobe.
Auditory association area- temporal
lobe.Wernickes area- left temporal and
parietal lobes.
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Brain Waves
Electroencephalogram: Recording ofthe electrical
activity within thebrain. Alpha waves Beta waves
Theta waves Delta waves
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Cranial Nerves
12 pairs.
Sensory, motor and mixed nerves.
Name as well as roman numericnumbers to identify the nerves.
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Olfactory (I) Nerve
Sensory nerve. Sense of smell. Olfactory cells
converge to
become olfactory
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Optic (II) Nerve
Sensory nerve. Ganglion cells in
the retina of eacheye join to form anoptic nerve.
Nerve of vision.
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Oculomotor (III) Nerve
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Trochlear (IV) Nerve
Motor cranialnerve.
Smallest of the 12
cranial nerves. Origin: midbrain. Controls movement
of the eyeball.
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Trigeminal (V) nerve
Largest cranialnerve.
Mixed nerve.
Three branches:opthalmic,maxillary andmandibular. Dealwith sensation oftouch, pain andtemperature.
Motor axons supplymuscles of
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Abducens (VI) Nerve
Motor cranialnerve.
Originates from the
pons. Cause abduction of
the eyeball (lateralrotation).
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Facial (VII) Nerve
Mixed cranialnerve.
Sensory portion
extends fromthe taste budsof the anteriortwo-thirds of the
tongue. Motor portionarises from thepons and dealwith facial
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Vestibulocochlear (VIII)Nerve
Sensory cranialnerve.
Originates in
the inner ear. Vestibular
branch carriesimpulses for
equilibrium. Cochlear
branch carriesimpulses for
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Glossopharyngeal (IX)Nerve
Mixed cranialnerve.
Sensory axonscarry signals
from the tastebuds of theposterior one-third of thetongue.
Motor neuronsarise from themedulla anddeal with therelease of
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Vagus (X) Nerve
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Vagus (X) Nerve
Mixed cranial nerve.Distributed from the head and neck
into the thorax and abdomen.
Sensory neurons deal with a varietyof sensations such as proprioception,and stretching.
Motor neurons arise from the medulla
and supply muscles of the pharynx,larynx, and soft palate that areinvolved in swallowing andvocalization.
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Accessory (XI) Nerve
Motor cranialnerve.
Divided into
cranialaccessory andspinal accessorynerves.
Supplies
sternocleidomastoid andtrapeziusmuscles tocoordinate head
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End of Chapter 14, Part2