bio 109 chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
1/67
Biology 109
lab handouts ($15) available in Biology Office KC 231
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
2/67
Biological Hierarchy
atom molecules organelles cells tissues
organs
organ systems
organismpopulation
community
ecosystem
biosphere
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
3/67
Emergent Properties
- With each step upward in biological
hierarchy, novel properties emerge thatwere not present at the simpler levels oforganization
- Result from interactions between thecomponents
- Structural arrangement of parts important
- organism is a living whole greater than thesum of its parts
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
4/67
Fundamental Properties of Life
1. Growth and development
2. Reproduction (life comes from life)
3. Response to environment
4. Evolutionary Adaptation
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
5/67
Fundamental Properties of Life
4. Metabolism - the sum total of all chemical
reactions that occur in living organisms(energy transfer)
5. Homeostasis regulatory mechanisms
that maintain the organisms internalenvironment within tolerable limits
6. Organized structure the cell is the basicunit of life (unicellular or multicellular)
7. Organic composition
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
6/67
Element
-the smallest unit of matter that cannot be brokendown into a simpler substance by chemical
reactions (composed of atoms)
- 92 naturally occurring elements (25 essential forlife)
Periodic Table ofElements
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
7/67
Macronutrients- required for life
- nine elements make up 99.5% of plant living matter
Naturally Occurring
Elements in the Human
Body
0.1
1.5
0.4
3.3
9.5
65.0
18.5
1.0
0.3
Percent Dry Weight
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
8/67
Micronutrients
- required for life
- trace elements
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
9/67
molecule two or more atoms held together by
chemical bonds
O2 N2 NaCl CO2 CH4
compound any substance formed by two or moreelements in a fixed ratio
NaCl CO2 CH4
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
10/67
The Atom
- the smallest part of an element that retains the
physical and chemical properties of that element
proton positive charge
atomic nucleus
electron negative charge
8n
8p
neutron no charge
shell
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
11/67
Atom
atomic number the number of protons in the atomic
nucleus
Hydrogen = 1
Carbon = 6
Oxygen = 8
Uranium = 92
8n
8p
Section of Periodic Table
Atomic number
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
12/67
Atom
atomic mass (mass number) the number of protons
and neutrons in the atomic nucleus
Hydrogen = 2
Carbon = 12
Oxygen = 16
8n
8p
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
13/67
Isotope
Atoms of an element with a different mass number
- different number of neutrons in the atomicnucleus
12C 13C 14C
8n
6p
6n
6p
radioactive isotope
nucleus decays
spontaneously (releases
particles of energy)
7n
6p
stable isotopes
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
14/67
Chemical Bonds
Valence
- the bonding capacity of an atom
- number of unpaired electrons in the outer orbital(shell)
Na
C
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
15/67
Atoms
Cl
HO
He
N
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
16/67
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
17/67
Ionic Bond
- Chemical bond formed when ions of opposite
charges attract
- one atom donates an electron to another to forma positive and negative ion (charged particle)
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
18/67
Covalent Bond
H H
H H
-chemical bondformed whenatoms share apair (at least onepair) of electrons
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
19/67
Campbell & Reece 2005
Covalent Bond
Single
DoubleTriple
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
20/67
nonpolar covalent bond when electron pairs areshared equally
H H
Covalent Bond
H H
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
21/67
polar covalent bond when electron pairs are
shared unequally between two atoms due todifferences in their ability to attract electrons
O
HH
Covalent Bond
H H
O
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
22/67
Hydrogen Bond
- weak chemical bond formed when molecules of
opposite charges attract (polar molecules)
Campbell & Reece 2005
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
23/67
Water
- Hydrogen bonds between molecules
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
24/67
Water
- ionic molecules tend
to dissolve in water
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
25/67
Molecules of Life OrganicMolecules
Carbon-based covalent bonds
(C, H, O, N, P, S)
Macromolecule (polymers) complexorganic molecule formed by joiningsimilar or identical subunits
(monomers)
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
26/67
Major Classes of Moleculesof Life
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
27/67
Carbohydrates
- Includes sugars, starches, cellulose
- Composed of C, H, O
Functions: sources of energy
structural materialsMonosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
28/67
Monosaccharides
Simple Sugars, smallest carbohydrate
molecules
General Formula = CnH2nOn (n=3-7)
Examples:Ribose C5H10O5
Glucose, Fructose C6H12O6
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
29/67
Campbell & Reece 2005
Monosaccharides
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
30/67
Glucose
Fructose
Monosaccharides
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
31/67
Disaccharides
sugar consisting of two monosaccharides
(simple sugar molecules)Sucrose (table sugar) Maltose (malt sugar)
= glucose + fructose = glucose + glucose
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
32/67
Dehydration Synthesis / Hydrolysis
Dehydrationsynthesis
-the synthesis of acompound ormoleculeinvolving theremoval of water
- require energyinput
Hydrolysis
-the splitting ofone moleculeinto two by theaddition of the H+and OH- ions ofwater
-yield energy
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
33/67
Polysaccharides
a polymer composed of hundreds to
thousands of monosaccharides
examples: repeating glucose molecules
starch - energy storage (plants)glycogen energy storage (fungi,
bacteria, and animals)
cellulose structural molecule (plants)
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
34/67
Campbell & Reece 2005
Polysaccharides
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
35/67
Campbell & Reece 2005
Cellulose
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
36/67
Lipids
composed of C and H, some O
insoluble in water
includes triglycerides (fats, oils), waxes,
steroids, and phospholipids
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
37/67
Lipids
energy storage (trigylcerides)
structural (phospholipids, cholesterol,waxes)
hormones (steroids)
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
38/67
Trigylcerides
a fat or an oil
source of energy
three fatty acids bonded to a molecule ofglycerol
Trigylceride
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
39/67
Campbell & Reece 2005
Trigylceride
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
40/67
Saturated Fats
fatty acids contain all single bonds
between the carbon atoms and have themaximum number of hydrogen atoms(saturated with hydrogen)
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
41/67
Unsaturated Fats
one or more double bonds between the
carbon atoms and consequently fewerhydrogen atoms
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
42/67
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
43/67
Waxes
long chain lipids
combine with cutin and/or suberin tohelp prevent water loss
From the leaves of the
carnauba wax palm from
Brazil
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
44/67
Phospholipid
two fatty acids and a phosphate group
attached to a glycerol
occurs in a bilayer in biological membranes
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
45/67
Steroids
four fused rings of carbon (steroid
backbone) with various side chains
Structural molecule (Cholesterol)
Hormones (Testosterone)
testosterone
S
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
46/67
Steroids
sterol OH group attached to C-3
important components of membranes,stabilize phospholipid tails
Proteins
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
47/67
Proteins
large complex macromolecules
composed of amino acids contain C, H, O, N, and S
function:
structural materials
enzymes (biological catalysts)
regulatory molecules
transport molecules
A i A id
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
48/67
Amino Acids
20 different amino acids
backbone with 1 N and 2 C atoms, differonly in the side group (called an R-group)
Amino group Carboxyl groupIonized form found in cells
(pH = 7)
A i A id
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
49/67
Amino Acids
R
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
50/67
R-groups
nonpolar hydrophobic (aggregate on inside
of protein)
R
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
51/67
R-groups
polar, uncharged hydrophilic (surface of
proteins)
R
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
52/67
R-groups
polar, negatively charged - hydrophilic
polar, positively charged - hydrophilic
- both are usually found on the surface ofproteins
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
53/67
Protein Primary Structure
amino acids joined together by peptide
bonds to form a long chain (polypeptide)
Campbell & Reece 2005
P t i St t
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
54/67
Protein Structure
Protein Str ct re
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
55/67
Protein Structure
Primary amino acid chain, covalent bonds
(peptide)Secondary alpha helix, beta pleated sheet,hydrogen bonds
Protein Structure
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
56/67
Protein Structure
Tertiary R-group interactions, attraction,
repulsion, disulfide bonds (Cys-Cys)Quaternary two or more amino acid chainslinked together (various types of interactions)
Protein Structure
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
57/67
Protein Structure
Protein Structure
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
58/67
Protein Structure
Denaturation disruption of the tertiary
structure of proteins (unfolds)- Caused by physical (heat) or chemical (pH)changes in the environment
- causes a loss of the biological activity of theprotein
Nucleic Acids
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
59/67
Nucleic Acids
contain C, H, O, N and P
composed of nucleotides
Two types:
1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleotide
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
60/67
Nucleotide
single unit of nucleic
acid composed of
- a phosphategroup
- a five-carbonsugar ribose ordeoxyribose
- a nitrogenousbase (purine or apyrimidine)
Nucleotide
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
61/67
Nucleotide
Campbell & Reece 2005
U
Nit b
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
62/67
Nitrogenous bases
Uracil (inRNA)
Campbell & Reece 2005
DNA
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
63/67
- hereditary material of life
- double helix
ATP
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
64/67
ATP
energy carrier in the cell (nucleotide)
ATP = Adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates
Secondary Metabolites (Compounds)
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
65/67
- Produced along secondary metabolicpathways
- Many are derived from lipids, amino acids,carbohydrates
- Diverse functions- chemical signals
- attract pollinators
- inhibit bacterial and fungal pathogens
- deter grazing by animals and insects
- inhibit growth of competing plants
Secondary Metabolites (Compounds)
Secondary Compounds
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
66/67
Used by human society
medicine, flavoring, toxins, perfumes
Four Main Classes Of Secondary Compounds:
1.Terpenes (essential oils, latex, taxol,carotenoids)
2.Glycosides (digitoxin, cyanogenic glyc.)
3. Phenolics (flavonoids, tannins, lignin)
4.Alkaloids (caffeine, nicotine, morphine)
Secondary Compounds
Secondary Compounds
-
7/30/2019 Bio 109 Chapter 2
67/67
Secondary Compounds