bio 105 chapter 16
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TRANSCRIPT
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17THMILLER/SPOOLMAN
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 16Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (1)• Energy efficiency
• Advantages of reducing energy waste:• Quick and clean• Usually the cheapest to provide more energy• Reduce pollution and degradation• Slow global warming• Increase economic and national security
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We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (2)• Four widely used devices that waste energy
1. Incandescent light bulb2. Motor vehicle with internal combustion engine3. Nuclear power plant4. Coal-fired power plant
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Flow of Commercial Energy through the U.S. Economy
Fig. 16-2, p. 399
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We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (1)
• Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP)• Two forms of energy from same fuel source
• Replace energy-wasting electric motors
• Recycling materials
• Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting
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LEDs
Fig. 16-4, p. 401
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We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (2)
• Electrical grid system: outdated and wasteful
• Utility companies switching from promote use of energy to promoting energy efficiency• Spurred by state utility commissions
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We Can Save Energy and Money in Transportation
• Corporate average fuel standards (CAFE) standards• Fuel economy standards lower in the U.S. countries• Fuel-efficient cars are on the market• 2016 - 39 miles per gallon for cars and 30 mpg for
trucks
• Hidden prices in gasoline: $12/gallon• Car manufacturers and oil companies lobby to
prevent laws to raise fuel taxes
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Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold in the U.S. and Other Countries
Fig. 16-5, p. 402
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More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way
• Superefficient and ultralight cars
• Gasoline-electric hybrid car
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
• Energy-efficient diesel car
• Electric vehicle with a fuel cell
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Solutions: A Hybrid-Gasoline-Electric Engine Car and a Plug-in Hybrid Car
Fig. 16-6, p. 403
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Light-Weight Carbon Composite Concept Car
Fig. 16-7, p. 405
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We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money
• Green architecture
• Living or green roofs
• Superinsulation
• U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
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A Green Roof in Chicago-City Hall
Fig. 16-8, p. 405
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We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (1)
• Conduct an energy survey
• Insulate and plug leaks
• Use energy-efficient windows
• Stop other heating and cooling losses
• Heat houses more efficiently
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We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (2)
• Heat water more efficiently
• Use energy-efficient appliances
• Use energy-efficient lighting
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A Thermogram Shows Heat Loss
Fig. 16-9, p. 406
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Individuals Matter: Ways in Which You Can Save Money Where You Live
Fig. 16-10, p. 407
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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much Energy?
• Energy remains artificially cheap• Government subsidies• Tax breaks• Prices don’t include true cost
• Few large and long-lasting incentives• Tax breaks• Rebates• Low-interest loans
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We Can Use Renewable Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity
• Renewable energy• Solar energy: direct or indirect• Geothermal energy
• Benefits of shifting toward renewable energy
• Renewable energy cheaper if we eliminate• Inequitable subsidies• Inaccurate prices• Artificially low pricing of nonrenewable energy
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We Can Heat Buildings and Water with Solar Energy
• Passive solar heating system• Active solar heating system
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Passive Solar Home in Colorado
Fig. 16-12, p. 410
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Rooftop Solar Hot Water on Apartment Buildings in Kunming, China
Fig. 16-13, p. 410
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World Availability of Direct Solar Energy
Figure 22, Supplement 8
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U.S. Availability of Direct Solar Energy
Figure 23, Supplement 8
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We Can Cool Buildings Naturally
• Technologies available• Open windows when cooler outside• Use fans• Superinsulation and high-efficiency windows• Overhangs or awnings on windows• Light-colored roof• Geothermal pumps
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We Can Use Sunlight to Produce High-Temperature Heat and Electricity
• Solar thermal systems• Central receiver system• Collect sunlight to boil water, generate electricity• 1% of world deserts could supply all the world’s electricity• Require large amounts of water – could limit
• Wet cooling• Dry cooling
• Low net energy yields
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Solar Thermal Power in California Desert
Fig. 16-15, p. 411
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Solutions: Solar Cooker in India
Fig. 16-17, p. 412
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Solar Cell Array in Niger, West Africa
Fig. 16-19, p. 413
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Solar-Cell Power Plant in Arizona
Fig. 16-20, p. 414
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We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (2)
• Key problems• High cost of producing electricity• Need to be located in sunny desert areas• Fossil fuels used in production• Solar cells contain toxic materials
• Will the cost drop with• Mass production • New designs• Government subsidies and tax breaks
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Global Production of Solar Electricity
Figure 11, Supplement 9
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We Can Produce Electricity from Falling and Flowing Water
• Hydropower• Uses kinetic energy of moving water• Indirect form of solar energy• World’s leading renewable energy source used to
produce electricity
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Micro-hydropower generators
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Tradeoffs: Dams and Reservoirs
Fig. 13-13, p. 328
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Tides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce Electricity
• Produce electricity from flowing water• Ocean tides and waves
• So far, power systems are limited
• Disadvantages• Few suitable sites• High costs• Equipment damaged by storms and corrosion
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Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (1)
• Wind: indirect form of solar energy• Captured by turbines• Converted into electrical energy
• Second fastest-growing source of energy
• What is the global potential for wind energy?
• Wind farms: on land and offshore
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World Electricity from Wind Energy
Figure 12, Supplement 9
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Solutions: Wind Turbine and Wind Farms on Land and Offshore
Fig. 16-23, p. 417
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Wind Turbine
Fig. 16-24, p. 417
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Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (2)
• Countries with the highest total installed wind power capacity• Germany• United States• Spain• India• Denmark
• Installation is increasing in several other countries
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Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (3)
• Advantages of wind energy
• Drawbacks• Windy areas may be sparsely populated – need to
develop grid system to transfer electricity• Winds die down; need back-up energy• Storage of wind energy• Kills migratory birds • “Not in my backyard”
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Case Study: The Astounding Potential of Wind Power in the United States
• “Saudi Arabia of wind power”• North Dakota• South Dakota• Kansas• Texas
• How much electricity is possible with wind farms in those states?• Could create up to 500,000 jobs
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United States Wind Power Potential
Figure 24, Supplement 8
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We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid Biomass
• Biomass• Plant materials and animal waste we can burn or turn
into biofuels
• Production of solid mass fuel• Plant fast-growing trees• Biomass plantations• Collect crop residues and animal manure
• Advantages and disadvantages
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We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (1)
• Liquid biofuels• Biodiesel• Ethanol
• Biggest producers of biofuel• The United States• Brazil• The European Union • China
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We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (2)
• Major advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel produced from oil1. Biofuel crops can be grown almost anywhere2. No net increase in CO2 emissions if managed
properly3. Available now
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We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (3)
• Studies warn of problems:• Decrease biodiversity• Increase soil degrading, erosion, and nutrient leaching• Push farmers off their land• Raise food prices• Reduce water supplies, especially for corn and soy
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Bagasse is Sugarcane Residue-can be used to make ethanol
Fig. 16-28, p. 421
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Natural Capital: Rapidly Growing Switchgrass-can be converted to ethanol
Fig. 16-29, p. 423
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Case Study: Getting Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Algae and Bacteria (1)
• Algae remove CO2 and convert it to oil• Not compete for cropland = not affect food prices• Wastewater/sewage treatment plants• Could transfer CO2 from power plants
• Algae challenges1.Need to lower costs2.Open ponds vs. bioreactors3.Affordable ways of extracting oil4.Scaling to large production
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Getting Energy from the Earth’s Internal Heat (1)
• Geothermal energy: heat stored in• Soil• Underground rocks• Fluids in the earth’s mantle
• Geothermal heat pump system• Energy efficient and reliable• Environmentally clean• Cost effective to heat or cool a space
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Natural Capital: A Geothermal Heat Pump System Can Heat or Cool a House
Fig. 16-31, p. 425
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Getting Energy from the Earth’s Internal Heat (2)
• Hydrothermal reservoirs • U.S. is the world’s largest producer
• Hot, dry rock
• Geothermal energy problems• High cost of tapping hydrothermal reservoirs• Dry- or wet-steam geothermal reservoirs could be
depleted• Could create earthquakes
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Geothermal Sites in the United States
Figure 26, Supplement 8
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Geothermal Sites Worldwide
Figure 25, Supplement 8
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Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland
Fig. 16-32, p. 425