bigger impacts of agriculture on nutrition: what will it take? by lawrence haddad

7/28/2019 Bigger Impacts of Agriculture on Nutrition : What Will it Take? by Lawrence Haddad

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Bigger Impacts of Agriculture on NutritionWhat Will it Take?

Lawrence Haddad

Institute of Development Studies

CGIAR Science ForumSeptember 25, 2013

Lawrence HaddadInstitute of Development Studies



Outline

• Why the Puzzling Evidence on Links Between

Agriculture and Nutrition?

• What are the features of an “Enabling

Environment” that can strengthen the links

between them?




Puzzling Evidence

• Macro evidence is positive—or is it?

• Micro evidence is depressing—or is it?




Smith and Haddad 2013

Macro Level: Food availability is just as important as the

other underlying determinants for reductions in stunting

%

(116 developing countries, 1970-2010)




But… a lack of association of agricultural growth

and stunting

Headey 2012, cross country regression




Table 3.5 Impact of interventions on nutritional status of children

Study Stunting (height-for-age)

Underweight(weight-for-age)

Wasting (weight-for-height)

Aiga et al. (2002) n.s ** n.sFaber et al. (2002) n.s n.s n.s.Hoorweg et al. (2000) ** ** **

Makhotla and Hendriks (2004) n.s. n.s. n.s.Low et al. (2007) n.s. ** **Olney et al. (2009) n.s. n.s. n.sSchipani et al. (2002) n.s. n.s. n.s.Shmidt and Vorster (1995) n.s. n.s. n.s.

Note: in the second column, n.s. is not statistically significant, * is statistically significant atthe 10% level, ** is significant at the 5% level, *** is significant at the 1% level

Micro Level: The stunting impact of agricultural interventions

that are designed to have an impact on nutrition - weak

Masset E, Haddad L, Cornelius A and Isaza-Castro J (2011), A

systematic review of agricultural interventions that aim to improve

nutritional status of children. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science

Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.Lawrence Haddad




But…

• Half of the non significant stunting findings

had sample sizes that were too small to detect

impacts--even if they existed!

• While these studies showed few effects on

stunting, about half of them showed

“positive” impacts on diets




The potential of nutritionsensitive programs to

improve nutrition outcomes

is clear but it has yet to beunleashed

Ruel and Alderman 2013. Lancet Series




So, how to unleash?




Create an Enabling Environment

Building commitment Converting commitment to impact

Framing,

Narratives andEvidence

Politics and

Governance

Capacity andFinancial

Resources

Gillespie, Haddad, Menon, Nisbett and Mannar, Lancet 2013






Framing,


· What is agriculture for?

· Reframing foods

· Understand agriculturepolicymakers when it comes to

nutrition

Politics and

Governance

Capacity and

FinancialResources




CGIAR Annual Report 2000

CGIAR Annual Report 2011 CGIAR Reframing

Agricultural

Research






Framing,


Politics and

Governance

· What does commitment of agriculture to nutrition look like?

· A commitment to food security isnot identical to a commitment tonutrition


Resources




Commitment to Malnutrition reduction is not

identical to the Commitment to reduce Hunger

www.HANCIndex.org Lawrence HaddadInstitute of Development Studies





Framing,


Politics and

Governance


Resources

· Leadership and training:

where are the next generationbeing developed to think aboutthe links?

· Leadership opportunities and

training for women inagriculture




Who is

training the

nextgeneration in

agriculture

and nutrition?






Framing,


· Convincing evidence on whatworks

· Nature of evidence: associationsare fine if no systematic bias andvast majority of studies telling

same story. RCTs helpful insome key studies but not always.

Politics andGovernance

Capacity and

FinancialResources




“A second reason for lack of action to improve nutrition

is the fixation of the health and nutrition community on

randomised controlled trials (RCTs) as the only legitimate

source of evidence.8, 9 Unfortunately, RCTs—the gold

standard in health research—are generally impossible to

apply to the food system except in small, usually

unimportant, projects”

Per Pinstrup-Andersen, Lancet 2013 Response


bl





Framing,


Politics and

Governance

· Horizontal coordination:integration or co-location?

· Empower women to improvedelivery of agriculture that is pronutrition—but how?

Capacity and

FinancialResources




Integration of agriculture and nutrition is difficult politically and

operationally: might co-location be an additional option?




World Development Report 2012. World Bank

The “missingwomen” in

agriculture


C E bli E i





Framing,


Politics and

Governance


Resources

· Increased potential for publicsector resources in agriculture towork for nutrition (e.g. A4H)

· Increased potential for privatesector resources in agriculture towork for nutrition




Spencer Henson

John Humphrey

Bonnie McClafferty

GAIN-IDS Discussion Paper

Nutritious Agriculture by Design: A Tool for Program Planning.

We need more

tools to guide

public private

agriculture

partnerships

towards nutrition


C t E bli E i t



Create an Enabling EnvironmentBuilding commitment Converting commitment to impact

Framing,Narratives andEvidence

· What is agriculture for?

· Reframing foods

· Understand agriculturepolicymakers when it comes tonutrition

· Convincing evidence on whatworks

· Nature of evidence: associationsare fine if no systematic bias andvast majority of studies tellingsame story. RCTs helpful insome key studies but not always.

Politics andGovernance

· What does commitment of agriculture to nutrition look like?

· A commitment to food security isnot identical to a commitment to

nutrition

· Horizontal coordination:integration or co-location?

· Empower women to improvedelivery of agriculture that is pronutrition—but how?


Resources

·Leadership and training:where are the next generationbeing developed to think aboutthe links?

· Leadership opportunities andtraining for women in

agriculture

·Increased potential for publicsector resources in agriculture towork for nutrition (e.g. A4H)

· Increased potential for privatesector resources in agriculture to

work for nutrition

Lawrence Haddad




Conclusions

• Agriculture does have the potential todramatically accelerate stunting declines

• We must realize that potential, because

nutrition specific programmes on their ownwill, at best, reduce stunting by 20%

• To realize that potential we need to build an

enabling environment for agriculture• We know what to do--it’s up to us to make it

happen


bigger impacts of agriculture on nutrition: what will it take? by lawrence haddad

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