Big Picture: In the last decade of the 1700s, debates over the size and role of government led to the emergence of political parties.

CHAPTER 6: FORGING THE NEW REPUBLIC

Main Idea: President Washington and other leaders tried to solve the new nation’s economic problems. This led to the rise of political parties.

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 1: WASHINGTON BECOMES PRESIDENT

Organizing the Government

• Cabinet: a team of advisors to the president who run executive departments; the leader is called a Secretary• Washington had 4; today there are

15• Department of War: Henry Knox

(heads the military, now called Department of Defense)• Department of State: Thomas

Jefferson (manages relationship with foreign nations)• Attorney General: Edmund Randolph

(enforces federal laws; the government’s lawyer) • Department of Treasury: Alexander

Hamilton (manages the nation’s money)

• 2 major “achievements”• Ratified the Bill of Rights

• Judiciary Act of 1789: organized the judicial branch, creating a 6-person Supreme Court, district courts, and appeals courts

• John Jay: 1st Chief Justice

Washington Chooses A Cabinet

The First Congress

Settling the Nation’s Debts

• Gov’t owed money from American Revolution• Plan for Economy had three

parts and was designed to make the nation strong economically1. Pay the National Debt: both

debt by Continental Congress and each of the states

2. Tariff of 1789 and excise tax to pay off the debt

3. Create a national Bank to standardize banking and print money

• There is opposition in the South to paying off debts of all states (a lot of Southern states had paid all or most of their debt, so this benefits the North)• Also opposition to taxation

(Tariff taxed imported goods; excise tax taxed domestic luxury goods like snuff and liquor…not all products)• Opposed to bank…is it Constitutional?!?!• Agreement in Congress to move

capital from NYC to modern Washington DC to make South happy

Hamilton’s Economic Plan Opposition and Compromise

Debating a National Bank

• There are 2 ways to interpret (read) the Constitution:• Strict interpretation: the

government should only do what the Constitution specifically states it can do (i.e. raise an army)• Loose interpretation: the

government can take reasonable actions that are not outlined in the Constitution as long as they are not prohibited (“necessary and proper”)

• Those who believed in loose interpretation (like Hamilton) supported the bank• Those who believed in a

strict interpretation (like Jefferson) opposed the bank• Washington eventually

adopted a loose interpretation and signed the bill chartering the 1st Bank of the United States in February 1791

Interpreting the Constitution

Debating the Bank

First Political Parties Form

• Those on the western frontier resented the power and wealth of those on the east coast• They believed the excise taxes (like

on alcohol) harmed them and helped the easterners• 1794: farmers in Western PA

refused to pay the tax on whiskey, which was how they made a living• When they violently attacked tax

collectors, Washington led a militia of 13,000 to put down the rebellion• Showed the national

government could and would take action in the state (federal government supreme)

• Federalists: believed in a strong central government with a loose interpretation of the Constitution (led by Hamilton)• Democratic-Republicans:

believed states should be more powerful than the federal government with a strict interpretation of the Constitution (led by Jefferson)

The Whiskey Rebellion Political Parties Develop

Main Idea: The United States faced many challenges during the 1790s. It tried to remain neutral in European wars while dealing with Native Americans in the Northwest Territory.

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 2:CHALLENGES OF THE 1790S

Remaining Neutral

• 1789 French monarchy overthrown starting the French Revolution• Led to war between France

and Great Britain• Both sides tried to draw the

US in to their side• Washington decided to

remain neutral so that the US could continue to grow and prosper• Proclamation of Neutrality: US officially announces that they will not take a side in war

• 1794 British begin seizing American merchant ships and stirred up trouble with the Native Americans in the Northwest Territory• To avoid war, Washington sends

John Jay to Britain to resolve the issues• Jay’s Treaty: Britain agreed to

pay for damages to American ships and leave forts on the frontier, in return the US paid debts owed to GB• Pinckney’s Treaty: treaty with

Spain settling border and trade disputes

A Declaration of Neutrality More Diplomatic Challenges

Conflicts in the Northwest Territory• US government put pressure on Native Americans living in the Northwest Territory to move• Some tribes formed confederations to block US entry into their land• Early 1790s violence breaks out in Ohio and Indiana under Chief Little Turtle of the Miami he wins a big victory in 1791• US sends in 4,000 troops to the Ohio Valley to build forts• 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers: Americans defeat the Miami and force them to sign the Treaty of Greenville: gave up land in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan

President Adams and the XYZ Affair

• Washington retires after 2 terms• Farewell Address: don’t

form political parties; stay neutral• Adams v. Jefferson: 1st sign of sectionalism: being loyal to a region over the US…Northern states voted for Adams, Southern states voted for Jefferson• No separate elections for

President and Vice-President led to Adams being elected President and Jefferson Vice President

• Adams tried to resolve issues with France, but French try to demand a bribe instead of sign a treaty (called the XYZ Affair because they wouldn’t give their names)

• Led to outrage at home, some called for war and distrust of DRs grew (supported France, attracted immigrants)

• Alien and Sedition Acts: passed to ‘protect’ the US from foreign enemies by raising residency requirements for citizenship and allowing for the fining and jailing of those criticizing the government

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: written by Jefferson and Madison; claimed the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and said states could nullify them (declare them void) part of states rights

Election of 1796Foreign and Political Problems

Main Idea: The rise of political parties influenced the election of 1800, bringing Thomas Jefferson and a new outlook to the presidency.

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 3: JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY

The Election of 1800• 1st time power passed from one political party to another• Adams v. Jefferson (this time they had vice-presidential candidates)• Campaign was vicious mudslinging (Attack Ads, Circa 1800) • Election ended in a tie between Jefferson and his VP candidate Burr• House of Representatives designated to break the tie; Hamilton urged Federalists to support Jefferson; on 36th vote, he wins• 12th Amendment: separate ballots for president and vice-president• Burr later kills Hamilton in a duel

Jefferson Makes Changes• Jefferson urges tolerance and unity in his inaugural address• Called it the “Revolution of 1800” reduced the size and influence of the federal government• He reduced taxes and ended maintenance of a standing army during peacetime• Later had to reverse the reduction of the navy due to foreign threats to shipping by the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean

The Louisiana Purchase

• French leader Napoleon needed money for ongoing wars with GB• US wanted to purchase New

Orleans from France for shipping; Napoleon offered all of Louisiana Territory• Without time to ask

Jefferson, the ambassadors agreed; purchasing the land for $15 million, more than doubling the size of the US

• Jefferson conflicted over strict interpretation (no written right to buy land)• Adopts a loose interpretation

and approves the purchase, Congress agrees• Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark were commissioned to explore the new territory (2 yrs)• Aided by Sacagawea, they

made a map and noted new species of animals and plants and new Native American tribes

A Need For Land A Constitutional Puzzle and Lewis and Clark

The Role of the Supreme Court Changes • Judiciary Act of 1801: added new judgeship positions• Federalists tried to appoint as many Federalists to the courts to maintain influence• John Adams appointed many on his last day in office (called midnight judges)• Some of the papers were not delivered in time and Jefferson’s Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver them• One appointee, William Marbury, asked the Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the commission•Marbury v. Madison: ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional• Establishes the Supreme Court’s right of judicial review: the right to declare state and federal laws unconstitutional

Main Idea: In the early 1800s, Americans unified to face Great Britain in war once again and to battle resistance from Native Americans over attempts to seize their land.

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 4: THE WAR OF 1812

Violating Neutrality• US caught in the middle of the war between France and Great Britain• US declared itself neutral and tried to trade with both nations• British begin seizing American ships headed for France and practicing impressment: forcing US sailors to serve in the British navy• 1807 British tried to search the American ship Chesapeake; when they refused, the British opened fire and seized 4 Americans• Chesapeake Incident made Americans furious; in response, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807 ending US trade to protect US ships•Was a disaster, especially in the North where most of the trade was based; goods piled up in ports and businesses failed

Tecumseh Resists Settlers

• British try to reestablish relationships with western tribes

• Many Americans believed they were giving guns to Natives

• William Henry Harrison was governor of the Indiana Territory and carried out Jefferson’s Native American policy: become farmers and join white society or move west of the Mississippi

• Many tribes began loosing land

• Shawnee brothers, the Prophet and Tecumseh, tried to resist American movements in the west• They began uniting tribes• 1811 Harrison’s army attacks

(Battle of Tippecanoe): made Harrison a hero

New Policies New Indian Leaders

The War of 1812 Begins

• After the Chesapeake Incident, American politicians from the South and West called war hawks tried to get Congress to declare war• They hated the British and

hoped to conquer Canada• Leader of war hawks Henry

Clay became Speaker of the House and in June 1812, the US declared war• US navy does well against the

British but fail to gain land in Canada and British are able to burn down the White House

• Andrew Jackson becomes a hero with a US victory at the Battle of New Orleans

• by then, US and GB had already signed the Treaty of Ghent

• no territory changes hands, but Americans had proved themselves as a nation

• Leads to a period of US nationalism (pride in your nation)

• Native American resistance declines and US manufacturing increases

War is Declared

Outcome of the War