Adrian Papahagi The History of English IIIB, 2011 1. Syllabus A. Course Date 25.02 Subject The Beginnings of IndoEuropean Linguistics. The Comparative Method. The IndoEuropeans Sound changes from ProtoIndo-European to Old English Old English Phonology and Lexicology Old English Morphology. The Pronoun Old English Morphology. The Noun Old English Morphology. The Adjective Old English Morphology. The Verb From Old English to Middle English Middle English Dialects Middle English Morphology 1 Middle English Morphology 2 Early Modern English. The Great Vowel Shift Bibliography J. Clackson, Indo-European Linguistics, ch. 1 Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 2 OW Robinson, Old English and Its Closest Relatives, ch. 1-2 Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 3-4 Mitchell & Robinson, A Guide to Old English, ch. 1-5 Handout PowerPoint presentation in class OE Pronouns OE Nouns OE Adjectives OE Verbs Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 5-7

25.02 11.03 11.03 25.03 25.03 08.04 08.04 07.05 07.05 21.05 21.05

Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 8 B. Seminar

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Map ME Dialects ME Morphology ME Morphology

25.02 11.03 25.03 08.04 07.05 07.05 21.05

Seminar 1: Practice Sentences Seminar 2: lfric, Colloquy on Occupations Seminar 3: Old English Genesis Seminar 4: Story of the Poet Cdmon Seminar 5: Old English Riddles Seminar 6: Beowulf Seminar 7: Cursor Mundi & Chaucer, The Millers Prologue C. Compulsory Bibliography

1. AC Baugh & T. Cable, A History of the English Language, London: Routledge, 4th edn 1993 (or any other edition), ch. 1-8 (BCU/Faculty/British Council) 2. J. Clackson, Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction, Cambridge UP, 2007, ch. 1 (photocopy in my folder + CD) 3. OW Robinson, Old English and Its Closest Relatives. A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages, Stanford UP, 1992, ch. 1-2 (photocopy in my folder + CD) 4. B. Mitchell & FC Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn 1992 (or any other edition), Part I, ch. 1-5 (Faculty/ British Council). You must bring all the handouts to every class!!!

OLD ENGLISH PRONOUNS Type Person Gender 1st Person Case N A G D N A G D N A G D N A G D N A G D i m mn m n h hine his him h h hiere hiere hit hit his him Masculine s isne isses issum ys Singular wit unc uncer unc it inc incer inc Dual w s re s w wer w Plural Remarks MnE I, we (two), we; G ich, wir MnE me, us; G mich, uns MnE mine, our; G mein, unser MnE me, us; G mir, uns EMnE1 thou, yee EMnE thee, you EMnE thine, your EMnE thee, you MnE he MnE him MnE his MnE him MnE she ( ft-um menn menn -es mann-a a=>e mann-um b b => bc-a => bc-um hle hle -es hle-a -e hle-um -u NO PLURAL -u -o -o m(e) - m(e) m(e)-a m(e)-um sieppend-e/-as sieppend-e/-as -es sieppend-ra -e sieppend-um frnd frnd -es frnd-a => frnd-um ild-r-u ild-r-u -es ild-r-a -e ild-r-um bror bror -(e)s bror brer => -as bror -a brr-a -a -um brr-um -um

Ending -an -an -ena -um -an -an -ena -um -an -an -ena -um => => -a -um a=>e a=>e -a -um => => -a -um -a -um

REMARKSall masc. ending in -a belong here

all fem. ending in -e belong here - i-mutation

-a -um -e/-as -from. present -e/-as participles -ra -um => => -a -um -u *ild-az-u -u *ild-ar-u -a ild-r-u -um mdor mdor mdor mder => mdor mdr-a -a mdr-um -um

only these three words + mna

THE OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVE Theme Paradigms Endings Neuter Endings Feminine Sg N gld gld glad-u (>a) A gld-ne -ne gld glad-e G glad-es (>a) -es glad-es (>a) -es gld-re D glad-um -um glad-um -um gld-re I glad-e -e glad-e -e Pl N-A glad-e -e glad-u -u glad-a/ glad-e G gld-ra -ra gld-ra -ra gld-ra D glad-um -um glad-um -um glad-um Also: dol, fram, gram, hrd, sd, sum, sml, tam, til, trum -lic/-sum derivatives, like: heofonlic/ wynsum Sg N gd gd gd A gd-ne -ne gd gd-e G gd-es -es gd-es -es gd-re D gd-um -um gd-um -um gd-re I gd-e -e gd-e -e Pl N-A gd-e -e gd gd-a/ gd-e G gd-ra -ra gd-ra -ra gd-ra D gd-um -um gd-um -um gd-um Also: brd, ceald, eall, full, frd, geong, long, wlonc; manig, nacod, open -ful(l)/-leas/-fst/-weard derivatives, like: ferhtful, hlfordleas, sfst, heofonweard DISSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES ARE GENERALLY DECLINED LIKE gd Sg N gd-a -a gd-e -e gd-e A gd-an -an gd-e -e gd-an G gd-an -an gd-an -an gd-an D gd-an -an gd-an -an gd-an Pl N-A gd-an G gd-ra/-ena D gd-um Note: THE WEAK DECLENSION EVENTUALLY REPLACED THE VOCALIC THEMES Masculine COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES: Declined like the consonantic (weak) theme! -ra/-ost -ra/-est TYPE earm gld brd eald feorr grt strang gd lytel micel yfel POSITIVE COMPARATIVE earm-ra gld-ra brd-ra ield-ra fier-ra grt-ra streng-ra bet(e)-ra sl-ra lssa (MnE must) magan/ i m/ meaht/ w magon// i me// magende/ i meahte can (>MnE may)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle & The Peterborough ChronicleOld English & Early Middle English; early 10thmid-12th centuries

/900/ Her gefor lfred Aulfing, syx nihtum r ealra haligra mssan; Se ws cyning ofer eall Ongelcyn butan m dle e under Dena onwalde ws, 7 he heold t rice orum healfum ls e .xxx. wintra. 7 a feng Eadweard his sunu to rice. a gerad elwald his fdran sunu. one ham t Winburnan, 7 t Tweoxneam butan s cyninges leafe 7 his witena. a rad se cyning mid firde t he gewicode t Baddanbyrig wi Winburnan, 7 elwald st binnan m ham mid m monnum e him to gebugon, 7 hfde ealle a geatu forworht in to him, 7 sde t he wolde oer oe r libban oe r licgan. a under m a bestl he hine on niht on weg, 7 gesohte one here on Norhymbrum, 7 se cyng het ridan fter, 7 a ne mehte hine mon ofridan; a berad mon t wif t he hfde r genumen butan cynges leafe 7 ofer ara biscopa gebod, foron e heo ws r to nunnan gehalgod. 7 on ys ilcan gere forferde ered. ws on Defenum ealdormon, feower wucum r lfred cyning. [] /1043/ Her ws Eaduuard gehalgod to kinge. /1050/ Her forferde Eadsige arcebiscop. 7 Rodbert. feng. to. arcebiscoprice. /1053/ Her Goduuine eorl forferde. /1066/ Her forferde Eaduuard king. 7 Harold eorl feng to am rice 7 heold hit .xl. wucena. 7 nne dg. 7 her com Willelm 7 gewann ngla land. 7 her on ison geare barn Cristes cyrice. /1070/ Her Landfranc se e ws abbod an Kadum com to ngla lande, se efter feawum dagum wear arcebiscop on Kantwareberig. He ws gehaded .iiii. kalend Septembris, on his agenum biscopsetle fram eahte biscopum his underioddum; a ore e r nron urh rendrakan 7 urh gewrite atiwdon hwi hi r beon ne mihton. On am geare THOMAS se ws gecoran biscop to Eferwic com to Cantwareberig t man hine r gehadede efter an ealdan gewunan. a a Landfranc crafede fstnunge his gehersumnesse mid aswerunge. a forsoc he. 7 sde t he hit nahte to donne. a gewraede hine se arcebiscop Landfranc. 7 bebead am biscopan e ar cumene wran be as arcebiscop Landfrances hse a serfise to donde. 7 eallan an munecan, t hi scoldan hi unscrydan. 7 hi be his hse swa didan. Swa Thomas to am timan agean ferde buton bletsunga. a sona fter ysan belamp t se arcebiscop LANDFRANC ferde to Rome 7 Thomas for mid. a a hi yder comon 7 umbe oer ing gesprecon hfdon umbe t hi sprecan woldon. a angan Thomas his spce hu he com to Cantuuarebyri, 7 hu se arcebiscop axode hyrsumnesse mid aswerunge at him. 7 he hit forsoc. a agann se arcebiscop Landfranc atywian mid openum gesceade. t he mid rihte crafede as a he crafede 7 mid strangan cwydan t ylce gefstnode toforan am papan Alexandre. 7 toforan eallan am concilium e ar gegadered was. 7 swa ham foran. fter ysan com Thomas to Cantwarebyri 7 eal t se arcebiscop at him crafede. eadmedlice gefylde. 7 syan a bletsungan underfeng. [] /1137/ is gre for e King Stephne ofer s to Normandi and ther wes underfangen, fori at hi wenden at he sculde ben alsuic alse the eom wes, and for he hadde get his tresor; ac he todeld it and scatered sotlice. Micel hadde Henri King gadered gold and sylver, and na god ne dide me for his saule tharof. a e King Stephne to Englalande com, a macod he his gadering t Oxeneford and ar he nam biscop Roger of Sereberi, and Alexander Biscop of Lincol and te Canceler Roger, hise neves, and dide lle in prisun til hi iafen up here castles. a the suikes undergton at he milde man was and softe and god, and na justise ne dide, a diden hi alle wunder. Hi hadden him manred maked and athes suoren, ac hi nan treuthe ne heolden; alle hi wron forsworen and here treothes forloren, for vric rice man his castles makede and agnes him heolden, and fylden e land ful of castles(Source: http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html)

MIDDLE ENGLISH PARADIGMS

STRONG VERBS

There are the same classes (I-VII) as in OE. The gradations are:I. II. III. a. b. c. IV. V. VI. VII. --(i)-i /--u/- -a/o-u-u (before nasal + C) e-a/o-o-o (before liquid + C) i-au-ou-ou (before [xt]) -a-- -a-- --- ancient reduplication wrte(n)-wrt-writen-(y-)writen chse(n)-chs-curen/chsen-(y-)cren/(y-)chsen drinke(n)-drank/dronk-drunken-(y-)drunken helpe(n)-halp/holp-holpen-(y-)holpen fighte(n)-faught-foughten-(u-)foughten stle(n)-stal-stlen-(y-)stlen te(n)-at-ten-ten fre(n)-fr-fren-(y-)fren falle(n)-fl-(y-)fallen

Innovations: 1. reduction of strong class (many string verbs became weak) 2. tendency to reduce the two alternations of the Preterite (but hesitations & co-existence of forms. NORTH: 1 vocalism; SOUTH (&London) 2 vocalisms)WEAK VERBS 2 classes: 1. Preterite & Past participle in -ed(e) 2. Preterite & Past participle in -de/-d or -t Verbs of French origin were assimilated to the weak verbs. PARADIGM (EXAMPLE) PRESENT GROUP Midlands Dialects Southern dialects Weak Strong Weak Strong hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-es(t) bnd-es(t) hr-(e)st bnd-(e)st hr-es/-e bnd-es/-e hr-e bnd-e hr-es/-e(n) bnd-es/-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr bnd hr bnd hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr-and/-ande bnd-and/-ande hr-inde bnd-inde hr-ing(e) bnd-ing(e) hr-ing(e) bnd-ing(e) PRETERITE GROUP Midlands & Sothern Dialects Weak Strong her-d-e her-d-est her-d-e her-d-e(n) her-d-e her-d-e(n) (y)-her-d bond bound-e bond bound-e(n) bound-e bound-e(n) (y)-bound-e(n) hpe(n)-hpede-(y-)hped hre(n)-herde-(y-)herd

Mood Indicative

Subjunct. Imperative Infinitive Participle

Nr/ Person Sg 1 2 3 Pl Sg Pl Sg 2 Pl 2

Northern Dialects Weak Strong hr-(e) bnd-(e) hr-es bnd-es hr-es bnd-es hr-es bnd-es hr-(e) bnd-(e) hr-(en) bnd-(en) hr bnd hr-es bnd-es hr-(e) bnd-(e) hr-and bnd-and

Mood Indicative

Nr/ Person Sg 1 2 3 Pl Sg Pl

Northern Dialects Strong Weak

her-d

band

Subjunct. Past Part.

bund-en

MIDDLE ENGLISH PARADIGMS THE NOUN Prevalence of the OE -a stem (masc. & neu.), -o stem (fem.) and of the -an stem in Early Middle English. Eventually, only the -a stem will survive. Case/ number N&A G D Plural -a Stem (Type I) Paradigm End. stn stnes -(e)s stn(e) (-e) stnes -(e)s -o Stem (Type II) Paradigm End. nde -e ndes -es nde -e ndes -es -an Stem (Type III) Paradigm End. nme -e nme -e nme -e nmen -en End of ME Period Praradigm End. stn stn(e)s -(e)s stn stn(e)s -(e)s

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS Nr. Sg. Case N First Person ich, ic, ik, I, y Second Person , thou, tou Masculine h, hee, ha, a Third Person Neuter hit, it, a

Pl.

A-G D N

m w

, thee, te , y eu, ou, ow, you

AGD s, ous

Feminine heo, ho, he, ha, hi sho, cho, scho sche, she hine, hin hit, it hire, hir, hure, her him him 1 ai, ay, thai, ei, e (Scandinavian) / hy, heo, ho, he, ha, a (