LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA

TERM PAPER

BIFIDOBACTERIUM

SUBMITTED BY:-

SHASHI SHARMA

M.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)

ROLL NO. RP8003B15

BIFIDOBACTERIUM

OBJECTIVE

Bifidobacterium  is a Gram-positive anaerobic rod-shaped

bacterium, which can be found in the large intestines of

most mammals, including humans It would be a great idea to take it

along with Candida Yeast Manangement that eats the cell wall of

candida or even with Syntol. Then the bacteria would have an easier

time killing the nucleus of the candida cell

Bifidobacterium strains are common in the natural flora

of human and animal digestive systems. Some strains show a tendency

to inhibit the growth of such harmful bacteria as Salmonella. As

probiotics, they stimulate the immune system, aid in digestion, and

assist in the absorption of food ingredients and nutrients. They are

also capable of synthesizing some vitamins .

Probiotics is a little more complete than CP-1 and that could be

the answer for you. But you won't know until you try

it.Bifidobacterium longum is resistant to antibiotics. It has been

found to reduce serum cholesterol and raise macrophage levels.

Macrophages are a natural killer cell that cleans up waste in the

body along with fighting candida yeast. It inhibits and fights bad

bacteria and can colonize the colon

Objectives: Probiotics may be useful in preventing acute infectious

diarrhea. Bifidobacteria are particularly attractive as probiotics

agent because they constitute the predominant colonic flora of

breastfed infants and are thought to play a role in the decreased

incidence of diarrhea in breastfed infants.

OBSERVATIONS SO FAR:

Ninety healthy children received either the BbF or a conventional

formula (CF) daily. The mean duration of the stay in the residential

center was similar (137 v 148 days). At enrollment, there were no

differences between the two groups with respect to age (3.7 ± 2.1

months), gender, anthropometric data, history of allergy or

gastrointestinal disease, frequency of breast-feeding in the neonatal

period or timing of introduction of solid food. Altogether, 28.3% of

the BbF infants had diarrhea during the study compared with 38.7%

of controls (NS). There was a statistically insignificant trend for

shorter episodes of diarrhea in the BbF group (5.1 ± 3.3 days v 7 ±

5.5 days, NS). The number of days with diarrhea was 1.15 ± 2.5 in the

BbF group with a daily probability of diarrhea of 0.84 versus 2.3 ±

4.5 days and 1.55, respectively, in the CF group (P = 0.0002 and

0.0014). Feeding infants with the BbF reduced their risk of getting

diarrhea by a factor of 1.9 (range, 1.33-2.6). Analysis of the

cumulative incidence of diarrheal episodes showed a trend that the

first onset of diarrhea occurred later in the BbF group.

Conclusion: These results provide some evidence that

viable Bifidobacterium lactisstrain Bb 12, added to an acidified infant

formula, has some protective effect against acute diarrhea in healthy

children.

Gastroenteritis is a significant cause of childhood morbidity even in

the developed world. It represents 16% of all illnesses reported in

children younger than 5 years in the United States of America. The

incidence of acute diarrhea in children years has been estimated at

1.3 to 2.3 episodes per child per year, but is 2 to 5 times higher in

children attending day care centers and residential facilities,, where

nosocomial acute diarrheal illness more common and can result in

prolonged hospital stays and increased medical costs . Thus, the

development of effective methods to prevent acute gastroenteritis is

an important goal for infant health.

Breast-feeding is associated with a decreased incidence of

gastrointestinal infections, possibly because it promotes the growth of

bifidobacteria in the intestine creating an acidic environment

inhospitable to infectious organisms Formula and fermented milk

containing various bacteria have been used for many years for their

potential benefit on intestinal digestion and function . It seems

reasonable that modifying the intestinal flora by providing exogenous

nonpathogenic bacteria might also prevent or treat infectious

diarrhea . Bifidobacteria are particularly attractive as potential

probiotic agents because they are the predominant colonic flora of

breast fed infants and are felt to contribute to the mechanisms by

which breast-feeding protects against diarrhea.. Bifidobacteria

appear to delay the onset of symptoms in rotavirus infection of

laboratory animals . The efficacy of supplemental nonpathogenic

bacteria in preventing infantile gastroenteritis has been assessed in

few controlled clinical trial, including only one study with an infant

formula containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb). Thus, we conducted a

multicenter, double-blind, controlled study to assess the efficacy and

tolerability of an acidified milk formula containing this strain of

bifidobacteria for the prevention of acute diarrhea in infants living in

residential nurseries or foster care centers

Introduction

Bifidobacterium animalis is a Gram-positive anaerobic rod-

shaped bacterium, which can be found in the large intestines

of most mammals, including humans.

Morphology

Bifidobacteria are gram-positive pleomorphic rods, ranging from

uniform to branched, bifurcated Y and V forms, spatulate or club

shaped. They are strictly anaerobic (although some strains can

tolerate oxygen in the presence of carbon dioxide), non-motile and

non-spore-forming. The branching nature of bifidobacteria is not only

strain dependent but also depends on the medium used for cultivation.

Comparison of cell morphology of bifidobacterial isolates grown on a

standard medium can aid in identification (29). Cell morphology

alone, however, must be supplemented with the results of biochemical

tests to differentiate bifidobacteria from morphologically similar

genera (Lactobacillus, Actinomyces,Propionibacterium,

Eubacterium).

Complete Probiotics contains ten species of beneficial bacteria

and they include

Bifidobacterium lactis robs candida of its food supply because it

greatly shortens transient times of waste through the colon.

Lactobacillus acidophilus breaks down nutrients during digestion

and assists in the production of folic acid, niacin, and seperates

amino acids from bile acids which can be used again by the body.

This breakdown process produces hydrogen peroxide that makes the

intestinal and vaginal environment unsuitable for unfriendly

organisms such as bad bacteria and yeast.

The U. of Nebraska found L. acidophulis reduced the incidence of E.

coli by 61% when it was added to cattle feed and fed to the cows. The

U. of Oklahoma found L. acidophulis helped in reducing serum

cholesterol levels. The U. of Kentucky confirmed a 10 to 12%

reduction in risk of heart disease in individuals with high cholesterol

levels.

Lactobacillus acidophilus makes up 20% of the intestinal bacteria

and is the most prevalant species in the vagina. In both environments

it produces hydrogen peroxides that kill harmful pathogens and

candida yeasts while raising the ph, which further controls harmful

pathogens.

Bifidobacterium longum is resistant to antibiotics. It has been

found to reduce serum cholesterol and raise macrophage levels.

Macrophages are a natural killer cell that cleans up waste in the

body along with fighting candida yeast. It inhibits and fights bad

bacteria and can colonize the colon.

Bifidobacterium bifidum has been found to stimulate macrophages

and activate lymphocytes to produce antibodies against foreign

pathogens. It also increases the production and function of t-cells and

natural killer cells which suggests it has antitumor and antifungal

abilities. In tests on mice it was found to induce apoptosis to

colorectal cancer tumors and to prevent them from spreading.

Lactobacillus casei is a lactic acid producer that helps L. acidophilus

to grow. It has been found to inhibit the growth of h. pylori and may

be effective at preventing other bacterial intestinal diseases.

Lactobacillus plantarum has been found to clear up to 95% of the

symptoms associated with IBS if high enough doses are taken. It

boosts immune function in the intestine and helps with high

cholesterol and heart disease.

Lactobacillus salivarius promotes your intestinal health and helps

support your oral health as well. It is sometimes used in gums to help

prevent tooth deacay from bad bacteria.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus supports the activity of t-cells and

lymphocytes, which are natural killer cells in the immune system. It is

found primarily in the small intestine and stomach and smaller

amounts are found in the large intestine. In the large intestine its

creates a favorable environment for Bifidobacterium to attach and

proliferate.

It is a very strong species and can survive where most other bacterial

species cannot. It has been shown to have antitumor activity and

prevents food allergies from leaky gut syndrome. It also inhibits the

growth of bad bacterial species.

Lactobacillus bulgarious works with other Lactobacillus strains to

provide you a potential source of dietary antioxidants.

Lactobacillus sporogenes helps enhance your intestinal health and

provides back-up for sporadic intestinal discomfort. This is also a

spore forming bacteria that is supposed to repopulate the intestinal

tract. Another claim to fame is that it definitely survives the journey

through the stomach intact.

Add to this a friendly trio of good bacteria blended in the proprietary

Kyo-Dophilus blend. These specially-cultured organisms are at home

in your digestive tract, able to survive hostile stomach acid and settle

right in to begin promoting healthy intestinal function.

Complete probiotics contains a little bit of NutraFlora  short chain

FOS to feed the bacteria in the intestinal tract. I personally believe

this is not necessary if you are consuming enough vegetables, but it

won't hurt anything.

One of the things that really got me looking at this is you don't have

to refrigerate it. That tells me right away that this probiotic will not

grow molds in the body because it will not spoil.

At a dose of 66 billion per capsule and if for some reason CP-1 or

nothing else worked well for you, I would definitely give this a try.

Probiotics are really an individual thing because no two people have

the same amounts of the same species in their intestines. Sometimes

you have to try a few before you find the one that really works for

you. The bacterial profile in Complete Probiotics is a little more

complete than CP-1 and that could be the answer for you. But you

won't know until you try it.

It would be a great diea to take it along with Candida Yeast

Manangement that eats the cell wall of candida or even with Syntol.

Then the bacteria would have an easier time killing the nucleus of the

candida cell. Its like making your own Threelac or Probio5 without

the risks.

Bifidobacterium strains are common in the natural flora of human

and animal digestive systems. Some strains show a tendency to inhibit

the growth of such harmful bacteria asSalmonella. As probiotics, they

stimulate the immune system, aid in digestion, and assist in the

absorption of food ingredients and nutrients. They are also capable of

synthesizing some vitamins.

Bifidobacteria are gram-positive anaerobes; non-motile, non-spore

forming and catalase-negative. They have various shapes, including

short, curved rods, club-shaped rods, and bifurcated Y-shaped rods.

Their name is derived from the way they often exist; that is in a Y-

shaped or bifid form. Bifidobacteria are classified as lactic acid

bacteria,and, to date, about 30 species have been isolated.

Breastfed newborns begin to colonize bifidobacteria within days of

birth. However, populations begin to decline with advancing age

unless they are supplemented in the diet. Bifidobacteria are

influenced by a number of factors, including diet, antibiotics, and stress.

Identification of Bacterial Species in Probiotic

The prevalence of lactobacillus and bifidobacterial species in the

intestinal tract of humans is not known accurately. Comprehensive

studies of the species composing the human intestinal microflora have

seldom been attempted, and those that have were conducted prior to

the introduction of genotypic methods for the classification of

bacteria (1). Probably the best comparisons available of

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species present in human faeces

are those reported by Mitsuoka (24) and by Biavati and colleagues (2,

3). Mitsuoka listed Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri,

Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus reuteri as the major

species of the Lactobacillus microflora. Lactobacillus johnsonii,

Lactobacillus ruminis, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus brevis

were detected occasionally. Among the bifidobacteria,

Bifidobacterium longum predominated in adult humans,

while Bifidobacterium bifidum was detected occasionally. In contrast,

Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifidobacterium breve were the most

prevalent species in infant faeces, with B. longum and B. bifidum

detected occasionally. The identity of the isolates was determined by

phenotypic characterisation, and determination of the mole % G+C

of genomic DNA in the case of the lactobacilli. Biavati et al.

Health benefits

It is worth noting that many scientific studies are funded by

companies that produce products which contain the substance being

studied, which can lead to doubts about the impartiality of these

studies.[5] The bodies that have funded the research below are not

listed.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, strain BB-12:

Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12 Supplementation on

Intestinal Microbiota of Preterm Infants: a Double-Blind, Placebo-

Controlled, Randomized Study. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 November.

Adherence of Probiotic Bacteria to Human Intestinal Mucus in

Healthy Infants and during Rotavirus Infection. Clin Diagn Lab

Immunol..

Innate mechanisms for Bifidobacterium lactis to activate

transient pro-inflammatory host responses in intestinal epithelial

cells after the colonization of germ-free rats. Immunology. 2005

August.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis, strain DN-173 010:

A fermented milk with Bifidobacterium probiotic strain DN-173

010 shortened oro-fecal gut transit time in elderly. Microb Ecology

Health Dis.

Bifidobacterium animalis, strain DN-173 010 shortens the

colonic transit time in healthy women. A double-blind randomised

controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.

Bouvier M, et al. “Effects of consumption of a milk fermented by

the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on colonic

transit time in healthy humans. Bioscience and Microflora.

The Many Health Benefits of Bifidobacterium Lactis

The most likely been hearing the praises of probiotics lately, and it’s

no surprise why. Research on probiotics has suggested health benefits

ranging from digestive support to promoting healthy cholesterol. But

which strains of “good bacteria” should you be incorporating into

your daily regimen? In our probiotic series, we take a look at four of

the most beneficial strains of probiotics. The third strain in the four-

part series is Bifidobacterium Lactis.

Bifidobacterium Lactis is used as a probiotic in a variety of foods,

particularly dairy products like yogurt, and is also included in baby

food. It is very valuable to the body in making sure you have an ample

supply of “good” bacteria to overrule the damage caused by the bad

bacteria within your system.

Henry Tissier discovered Bifidobacteria in 1900 and Tissier was

the first to suggest that Bifidobacteria might be therapeutic for the

relief of intestinal disorders. Unfortunately, he wasn’t taken all that

seriously at that time and the positive effects of this probiotic weren’t

demonstrated again until 1950.

The most important effects noted were that Bifidobacteria is

able to alter pro-carcinogenic enzymes, prevent pro-carcinogens and

suppress tumors. Although there are many species of bifidobacterium,

some of the more important ones are B. bifidum, B. longum, B.

infantis and B. lactis.

B. Lactius has been under researcher’s scopes for a while now

with recent results showing that it has many immunological

properties, meaning it will provide an excellent resistance to harmful

or toxic microbes as well as decreasing the effects from bad bacteria.

Bifidobacterium Lactis resists the digestion of acid and the action of

bile salts, while allowing it to travel to the colon in larger doses to

offer its protection from harmful toxins or inflammation.

Perhaps what this friendly and good bacterium is most known

for is its ability to stimulate the body’s immune response. It was

proven particularly effective in enhancing cellular immunity in the

elderly. This was shown with patients who consumed fermented

products containing B. Lactis, as they had a large increase in the

number and size of activated helper T lymphocytes. Their immune

cells’ ability to surround and destroy bad bacteria had also

increased. The patients or subjects that previously had the worst

immune responses were the ones that showed the most improvement

after doses of Bifidobacterium lactis.

Bifidobacterium Lactis is an excellent dietary supplement for

the stomach and intestinal tract as it is very effective in resisting acid

digestion, preventing diarrhea, relieving constipation and decreasing

chronic pain and inflammation of the colon, making it very valuable

for your large intestine.  In addition to its many other health benefits,

Bifidobacterium Lactis is also very beneficial in preventing and

treating atopic eczema in children with food allergies.

Researchers studying Bifidobacterium Lactis have demonstrated

that it has the ability to protect epithelial cells from damage by

gliadin exposure. People that suffer from celiac disease can develop

serious intestinal symptoms and a damaged small bowel mucosa for

wheat gliadin. If untreated, the patient is at risk of developing various

cancers and other similar conditions.

Typically, the only treatment for his problem has been a gluten-

free diet all your life, which is almost impossible. However, after

testing and independent studies, it was determined that

Bifidobacterium Lactis was able to block the toxic effects of wheat

glaidin. There is also further research going on to determine its

potential as a dietary supplement for preventing damage done to

celiac disease patients from accidental gluten contamination.

This beneficial probiotics product can be obtained in

supplement form or in many fermented foods, many available in

health food stores. For more information on probiotic

supplementation. 

Acidified Milk Formula Supplemented With Bifidobacterium lactis:

Impact on Infant Diarrhea in Residential Care Settings

Trade names.

Several companies have attempted to trademark particular strains

and as a marketing technique, have invented scientific sounding

names for the strains. Danone (Dannon) have claimed trademark

status on the subspecies strain DN 173 010 and markets the organism

as Bifidus Digestivum (UK), Bifidus Regularis (US and Mexico),

Bifidobacterium Lactis or B.L. Regularis (Canada), DanRegularis

(Brazil), Bifidus Actiregularis (Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,

Chile, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Portugal,

Romania, Russia, Spain and the UK), and Bifidus Essensis in the

Middle East (and formerly in Hungary) through Activia from Safi

Danone KSA. Scientifically, the correct strain is identified

as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis, strain DN-173 010.

Chr. Hansen A/S from Denmark has a similar claim on a strain

of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, marketed under the

trademark BB-12. It is marketed both as Bifidobacterium

animalis and Bifidobacterium lactis, however, the true scientific name

of the strain Is Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis.

Marked changes have occurred in bacterial classification since the

application of molecular technologies to this task. The impetus for

major change has resulted from the observation that 16S ribosomal

RNA (rRNA) sequences can be used as evolutionary chronometers

(40). Some regions of the 16S rRNA molecule are conserved

throughout all bacterial species and can be used to align sequences

obtained from different isolates. Alignment of these conserved regions

permits comparison of the remaining regions which are variable as to

nucleotide base sequence between many species . From a practical

point of view, the 16S rRNA gene sequences (rDNA) can be used in

the reliable identification of many bacterial species through the

derivation of specific oligonucleotide probes or polymerase chain

reaction (PCR) based techniques . Other regions of the genome also

offer opportunities as targets for identification procedures (10). These

molecular approaches allow Lactobacillus species to be reliably

identified, but much developmental work remains to be accomplished

in the case of the bifidobacteria.

Future strategies.

The functional food concept has, in recent years, moved

progressively towards the development of dietary supplementation

that may affect gut microbial composition and activities. The rationale

behind this derives from a realisation that the human colon contains

pathogenic, benign and possibly health promoting species. This

microbiota functions in such a manner that the colon is the most

metabolically active organ in the body—having a very significant

nutritional role. Dietary supplementation is a feasible route by which

the large gut microbiota composition and activities can be modulated.

Probiotics are live microbial food additions that have been in use for

some time and are available in many food products, primarily

fermented milks. Bacteria which produce lactic acid, that are

perceived to exert beneficial properties such as improved lactose

digestion and resistance to pathogens, are common probiotics.

Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients (e.g. oligosaccharides)

that have a selective fermentation in the colon. Fructose

oligosaccharides are able to modify the gut flora composition in

favour of bifidobacteria. Prebiotics have been hitherto used for genus

level changes and do not suffer the survivability difficulties that may

arise with probiotics. Other strategies may exploit both technologies

together (as synbiotics). Future perspectives that allow a more full

description of the gut biodiversity and accurately monitor changes in

response to diet, will help determine the role of probiotics, prebiotics

and synbiotics in health promotion.

References

1.  Bifidobacterium

2.  Masco, Liesbeth; Marco Ventura, Ralf Zink, Geert Huys1 and

Jean Swings (July 2004). "Polyphasic taxonomic analysis of

Bifidobacterium animalis   and   Bifidobacterium lactis   reveals

relatedness at the subspecies level: reclassification

of Bifidobacterium animalis   as   Bifidobacterium animalis   subsp.

animalis   subsp. nov. and   Bifidobacterium

lactis   as   Bifidobacterium animalis   subsp.   lactis   subsp. nov." . Int

J Syst Evol Microbiol 54

3.  Rapid Identification, Differentiation, and Proposed New

Taxonomic Classification of Bifidobacterium lactis. Appl

Environ Microbiol. 2002 December; 68(12): 6429–6434.

4. Ballongue, J. 1993. Bifidobacteria and probiotic action, p. 357-

428. In S. Salminen and A. von Wright (ed.), Lactic acid

bacteria. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

5. Biavati, B., P. Castagnoli, F. Crociani, and L. D. Trovatelli.

1984. Species of the Bifidobacterium in the feces of infants.

Microbiologica 7: 341-345.

6. Biavati, B., P. Castagnoli, and L. D. Trovatelli. 1986. Species of

the genus Bifidobacterium in the feces of human adults.

Microbiologica 9: 39-45.