Bibliography

"1998 Nian Shije Yinhang Baogao Chulu" (World Bank Report 1998 Released), Wen Wai Bao (Hong Kong), April 20, 1998.

Abel, C. "A Building for the Pacific Century," The Architecture Review, Vol. CLXXXIX, No. 1070, 1986.

Abel, C. "Pacific House," The Architectural Review, Vol. CXCVI, No. 1171, 1994. Abel, C. "Verdant Vertical Living," The Architectural Review, Vol. CXCVI, No. 1171, 1994. Abel, C. Architecture and Identity: Responses to Cultural and Technological Change, 1st and 2nd

edns. Oxford, UK: Architectural Press, 1997 and 2000. Alexander, Christopher. Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

1964. Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis, MN:

University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Arao, Danilo A. "The Reality of Poverty," Ibon Facts and Figures, Vol. 21, 1998. Architectural Record. "A New Record for Kuala Lumpur? The World's Longest Complex," Architec-

tural Record, February 1997. Ashihara, Yoshinobu. Exterior Design in Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970. Ashihara, Yoshinobu. The Aesthetic Townscape. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983. Ashihara, Yoshinobu. The Hidden Order: Tokyo through the Twentieth Century. Tokyo: Kodansha

International, 1989. Atkinson, M. "Asian Tiger, Tiger, Burning Not So Bright," The Observer, August 31,1997, Business

section. Au, David Chi-wai, "A Review of Urban Green Space (Open Space and Amenity Area) Planning in

Hong Kong," Planning and Development, Vol. II, No. I, 1995. Barnett, Jonathan. An Introduction to Urban Design. New York: Harper & Row, 1982. BeijinglTianjiniShanghai/Guangzhou: Comparison of Population Information. Beijing: China Stat-

istical Publishing House, 1992. Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York:

Basic Books, 1973. BMA City Planning Department and MIT, The Bangkok Plan. Bangkok: 1996. BMA City Planning Department and MIT, Metropolitan Subcenters. Bangkok: 1996. Boddy, Trevor. "Underground and Overhead: Building the Analogous City," in Michael Sorkin, ed.,

Variations in a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Bognar, Botond. Contemporary Japanese Architecture: Its Development and Challenge. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1985.

367

368 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bognar, Botond. Tokyo. London: Academic Editions, 1997. Bowring, P. "Political Ripples in Southeast Asia," International Herald Tribune, October 1, 1997. Brill, Michael. "Transformation, Nostalgia, and Illusion in Public Life and Place," in Irwin Altman

and Ervin H. Zube, eds., Public Places and Space. New York: Plenum Press, 1989. Bristow, Roger. Land-Use Planning in Hong Kong, History, Policies and Procedures. Hong Kong:

Oxford University Press, 1984. Broadbent, Geoffrey. Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design. New York: Van Nostrand

Reinhold, 1990. Broadbent, Geoffrey and Ward, Anthony, eds. Design Methods in Architecture. London: Lund

Humphries, 1969. Brown, P. "Most of World's Forests Are Gone," The Guardian, October 9, 1997. Buchanan, P. "Pacific Rim and Planetary Culture," The Architecture Review, Vol. CLXXXIX,

No. 1134, 1991. Burnham, Daniel H. "Report on Proposed Improvements of Manila," in Proceedings of the Thirty-

Ninth Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects. Washington, DC: 1906. Cabanilla, Alex Ramon Q. "Creating Our Future Together - The Physical Framework Plan for Metro-

politan Manila 1996-2016," Paper presented to the United Architects of the Philippines, Diliman Chapter, 1996.

Carr, Stephen, et al. Public Space. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Catalogue of Frank Lloyd Wright Retrospective. Tokyo: The Mainichi Newspapers, 1991. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Hong Kong 1991 Population Census,

Basic Tablesfor Tertiary Planning Units. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer, 1991. Chen, Ke and Sun, Frank. "Xianggang Gongwu Fazan Gaikuan" (Development of Hong Kong's

Public Housing), The Architect, No. 76, 1997. Chen, Nancy N. "Urban Spaces and Experiences of Qigong," In Deborah S. Davis et al., eds., Urban

Space in Contemporary China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Cheng, En-jian. "Creating More New Buildings with a National Style," in Leighton Liu, ed., Paper

Abstracts, First International Symposium on Asia Pacific Architecture: The East-West Encounter. Honolulu, HI: School of Architecture, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995.

Choe, Sang-chuel. "Urban Corridors in Pacific Asia," in Fu-chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung, eds., Globalization and the World of Large Cities. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1998.

Chong, Ho Kong and Lim, Valerie Nyuk Eun. "Backlanes as Contested Regions: Construction and Control of Physical Space," in Chua Beng-huat and Norman Edwards, eds., Public Space: Design, Use and Management. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1992.

Chung, Wah-nan. Contemporary Hong Kong Architecture. Hong Kong: Joint Publication (H.K.) Co., 1989.

City of Nagoya, The. Introduction to Land Readjustment (KukaKu Seiri) Practice. Nagoya, Japan: The City of Nagoya, City Planning Bureau, 1982.

Clammer, John. Contemporary Urban Japan: A Sociology of Consumption. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1997.

Constable, Nicole. Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Filipino Workers. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Corbusier, Le. The Athens Charter. New York: Grossman Publisher, 1973. Corpuz, Onofre D. The Philippines: The Modern Nation in Historical Perspective. Englewood Cliffs,

NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965. Correa, Charles. The New Landscape, Urbanization in the Third World. London: Butterworth

Architecture, 1989.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 369

Coyle, W.T., Hayes, D. and Yamauchi, H., eds. Agriculture and Trade in the Pacific. London: Belhaven Press, 1992.

Cullen, G. The Concise Townscape. London: The Architectural Press, 1971. Cuthbert, Alexander R. "Hong Kong 1997: The Transition to Socialism - Ideology Discourse and

Urban Spatial Structure," Environment and Planning D, Society and Space, Vol. 5, 1987. Cuthbert, Alexander R. "A Fistful of Dollars: Legitimation and Development in Hong Kong," The

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vo1.l3, No.2, 1991. Cuthbert, Alexander R. "For a Few Dollars More: Urban Planning and the Legitimation Process in

Hong Kong," The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 15, No.4, 1992. Cuthbert, Alexander R. "The Right to the City: Surveillance, Private Interest and the Public Domain

in Hong Kong," Cities, Vol. 12, No.5, 1995. Cuthbert, Alexander R. "Genesis of Land Use Planning and Urban Development," in Harry T. Di-

mitriou and A.H.S. Cook, eds., Land Use/Transport Planning in Hong Kong: The End of an Era. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1998.

Cybriwsky, Roman. Tokyo, The Shogun's City at the Twenty-First Century. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

Dannhorn, Robin. "Growth through Diversity," International Herald Tribune, May 1996, special insertion.

Davey, Peter. "High Expectations," Architectural Review, Vol. CCII, No. 1205, 1997. De la Torre, Visitaci6n R. Landmarks of Manila, 1571-1930. Manila: Paragon Printing Corporation,

1981. Department of City Planning, Tongji University. Zhong Guo Cheng Shi Jian She Shi (A History of

Chinese Cities). Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1985. Department of Interior and Local Government, National Economic Development Authority, League

of Provinces, Municipalities and Liga ng mga Barangay. Guidebook 1 - Local Development Plan. Manila: USAID, 1994.

Department of Public Works and Highways. Ten- Year Infrastructure Program. Manila: DPWH, 1976. Dutt, Ashok K. and Song, Naghun. "Urbanization in Southeast Asia," in Ashok K. Dutt et aI.,

eds., The Asian City: Processes of Development, Characteristics and Planning. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.

Eamwiwatkit, Walakkamon. "Monks on the March," The Nation, July 5,1995. Economist, The. "Asia's Population Advantage," The Economist, September 13, 1997. Ekins, P. A New World Order. London: Routledge, 1992. Elik, Zeynek, et aI., eds. Streets: Critical Perspectives on Public Space. Berkeley, CA: University of

California Press, 1994. Engelman, Robert and LeRoy, Pamela. "Conserving Land: Poplulation and Sustainable Food Pro-

duction," Population and Environment Linkages Services. National Council for Science and the Environment. Available online: www.cnie.orgipopiconserving/landuse.htm. October 10, 2000.

Fadzil, Abdul Rahman. Pusat Pertumbuhan Desa: Kearah Pemantapan Proses Perbandaran Neg-ara (Rural Growth Centers: Towards Strengthening the National Urbanization Process). Kuala Lumpur: Seminar Kebangsaan Geografi Malaysia, 1994.

Forbes, Dean. Asian Metropolis, Urbanization and the Southeast Asian City. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation. The Fort Bonifacio Brochure. Manila: FBDC, 1996. Friedmann, John. Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press, 1987. Fuller, T. "Malaysia's Wired Super Corridor," International Herald Tribune, November 15-16, 1997.

370 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fyfe, Nicholas R., ed. Images of the Street: Planning, Identity and Control in Public Space. London: Routledge, 1998.

Galtung, Johan. Untitled paper presentation to Seminar on Appropriate Technology Culture and Lifestyle in Development, Science University of Malaysia (USM), Penang, November 3-7,1981.

Geertz, Clifford. The Religion of Java. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. Geertz, Clifford. The Social History of an Indonesian Town. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965. Ginsburg, Norton, et al. eds. The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia. Honolulu:

University of Hawaii Press, 1991. Gittings, J. "Forest Fire Smog Chokes SE Asia," Guardian Weekly, September 28, 1997. Gosling, David and Maitland, Barry. Concepts of Urban Design. London: Academy Editions, 1984. Gouldner, A. The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class. New York: Seabury, 1979. Government of Malaysia. Draft National Urban Policy. EPU, 1993. Gu, Meng-cao. "Zhuanbian Zhong De Beijing Gonggong Kongjian He Shiming Shenhuo" (The

Changing Public Space and Civic Life in Beijing), Space, No. 44, 4/1993. Guardian, The, "Guzzling to Disaster," The Guardian, October 24,1997. Guinness, Patrick. Harmony and Hierarchy in a Javanese Kampung. Singapore: Oxford University

Press, 1986. Guo, Dai-heng. "Zhongguo Chuantong Jianzhu De Wenhua Tezheng" (Cultural Characteristics of

Traditional Chinese Architecture), in Tsinghua Daxue Jianzhu Chongshu, Juanzhu Lishi Juan (Architectural Book Series of Qinghua University: Volume of Historical Research). Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1996.

Hack, Gary. "Infrastructure and Regional Form," Working paper, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Conference, El Escorial, Spain, June 1997.

Hagiwara, SChUll. "Is Now the Time of Growth Management for an Ever-Growing City?: A Case Study of the Tokyo Bay Waterfront Subcenter Project," in Gill-Chin Lim and Man-Hyung Lee, eds., Dynamic Transformation of Societies. Seoul: Nanam Publishing House, 1993.

Hall, Peter. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

Hamid, A.S.A., ed. Malaysia's Vision 2020. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 1993. Hamilton, M.M. "Technology Can Cut Pollution," Guardian Weekly, October 5, 1997. Hamlin, Roger E. and Lyons, Thomas S. Economy without Walls. Westport, CT: Praeger Publications,

1996. Harris, S. and Klintworth, G., eds., China as a Great Power. New York: St. Martin' Press, 1995. Harrison, D. "Paper Still Has the World Wrapped Up," The Observer, October 5, 1997. Hart, Donn V. The Philippine Plaza Complex: A Focal Point in Cultural Change. New Haven, CT:

Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, Cultural Report Series, 1955. Harvey, David. Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbaniza-

tion. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1985. Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Changes.

Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990. Haryadi. "Residents' Strategies for Coping with Environmental Press: Relation to House-Settlement

System in a Yogyakarta Kampung, Indonesia," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1989.

Hebbert, Michael. "Sen-biki amidst Desakota: Urban Sprawl and Urban Planning in Japan," in Philip Shapira et al., eds., Planning for Cities and Regions in Japan. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 371

Heibert, M., Jayasankaran, S. and McBeth, J. "Fire in the Sky," Far Eastern Economic Review, October 9, 1997.

Higgens, A. "Smog Makes Asian Tigers Burn Less Bright," The Guardian, September 26, 1997, World News.

Higgens, A. "Health Fears Shrouded in Haze," The Guardian, September 27, 1997. Higgens, A. "Asia's Heart of Darkness," The Guardian, September 28, 1997. Hitchcock, H.R. Architecture, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Baltimore, MD: Penguin, 1958. Hoagland, J. '''Asian Values' Devalues along with Currencies," Guardian Weekly, October 19, 1997. Hoang, Huu Phe and Nishimura, Yukio. The Historical Environment and Housing Conditions in the

"36 Old Streets" Quarter of Hanoi. HSD Research Report No. 23. Bangkok: Division of Human Settlements Development, Asian Institute of Technology, 1990.

Hodder, R. The West Pacific Rim. London: Belhaven Press, 1992. Home, Robert. Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities. London: E&FN

Spon, 1997. Hong Kong: Alternative Metropolis, Space Design 9203. Hong Kong: Kajima Institute Publishing,

1992. Hong Kong Government Information Services. Rural Architecture in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong

Kong Government Printer, 1979. Hong Kong Government. The Town Planning Ordinance, No. 20. Hong Kong: 1939. Hong Kong Government. The Buildings Ordinance, No. 68. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government

Printer, 1955. Hong Kong Government. The Housing Ordinance, No. 23. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government

Printer, 1973. Hong Kong Government. The Crown Leases Ordinance, No. 75. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Govern-

ment Printer, 1973. Hong Kong Government. Metroplan. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer, 1989. Hong Kong Government. "Chapter 123. Subsidiary Legislation," Building (Planning) Regulations.

Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer, 1991. Hong Kong Government. Hong Kong 1996. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government, 1997. Hong Kong Government. The 1999-2000 Budget - Onward with New Strengths. Hong Kong: Hong

Kong Government Printer, 1999. Hong Kong Housing Authority. Public Housing. Hong Kong: Public Relations Section, HKHA,

1991. Hong Kong Institute of Architects (HKIA), adapted by Wah-sang Wang. "HKIA Alternative Harbor

Reclamation Study," Hong Kong Institute of Architects Journal, No.8, 1st Quarter, 1997. Honjo, Masahiko. "The Growth of Tokyo as a World City," in Fu-chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung, eds.,

Globalization and the World of Large Cities. Tokyo: United Nations University, 1998. Hornik, Richard. "The Myth of the Miracle," Time, Vol. 150, No. 24, 1997. Hou, Xiumin, et al., "The Change of the Urban Function and the Optimization of the Spatial Structure

in Shanghai," Cheng Shi Gui Hua (City Planning Review), No.4, 1997. Huang, Xudong. "An Investigation on the Users of Public Parks," Cheng Shi Gui Hua Hui Kan

(Urban Planning Forum), Vol. 19, 1982. Hussain, K. "Implikasi Perletakan Sekolah Terhadap Penjanaan Trip Didalam Kawasan Perniagaan

Pusat Kuala Lumpur" (The Implication of the Location of School Towards Travel Trip in the Central Business District Kuala Lumpur). Unpublished dissertation. Urban and Rural Planning Department, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 1996.

372 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Idris, S.M. For a Sane, Green Future. Penang: Consumer's Association of Penang, 1990. IFHP Secretariat. Housing & Planning: Special Publication, 1989. Inaba, Kazuya and Nakayama, Shigenobu. Nihonjin no sumai (Japanese Dwellings, A History of

Dwellings and Daily Life). Tokyo: Shoukokusha, 1991. Inagaki, Eizo, et al. Fukugen Nihontaikan 6, Minka to Machinami (Restoration of Japanese Culture

6, Dwellings and Urban Streets). Tokyo: Sekaibunkasha, 1989. Infante, Jaime T. The Political, Economic and Labor Climate in the Philippines. Philadelphia, PA:

Industrial Research Unit, the Wharton School, Venice HallICS, 1980. International Herald Tribune, "Smoky Southeast Asia," International Herald Tribune, September 29,

1997. Jacobs, Allan. Great Streets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage Books, 1961. Jacobs, Jane. The Economics of Cities. New York: Random House, 1969. Jacques, M. "Asia: Not Stalling, Just Shifting Gears," International Herald Tribune, May 10-11,

1997. Japan Institute of Architects. Sustainable Design Guide, Vols. 1 and 2, Tokyo: JIA, 1995 and 1996. Jay, Robert R. Javanese Villagers: Sucial Relations in Rural Modjokuto. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

1969. Karan, P.P. "The City in Japan," in P.P. Karan and Kristin Stapleton, eds., The Japanese City.

Lexington, KE: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997. Kato, Hidetoshi, ed. A Comparative Study of Street Life: Tokyo, Manila, New York. Tokyo: Research

Institute for Oriental Cultures, Gakushuin University, 1978. Kim, Joochul. "Urban Redevelopment of Greenbelt Villages, A Case Study of Seoul," Cities, Vol. 7,

No.4,1990. Kim, Joochul and Choe, Sang-Chue!. Seoul, The Makin!? of a Metropolis. Chichester, UK: John

Wiley & Sons, 1997. Kim, Won Bae, et aI., eds. Culture and the City in East Asia. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1997. Kirby, J., O'Keefe, P. and Timberlake, L., eds. The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Development.

London: Earthscan, 1995. KL LinearCity. Kuala Lumpur: KL LinearCity SDN BHD, 1996. Koentjaraningrat, R.M. Javanese Culture. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989. Kostof, Spiro. The City Assembled, The Elements of Urban Form throu!?h History. Boston: Little

Brown and Company, 1992. Krier, R. Urban Space. New York: Rizzoli International Publishers, 1979. Kurokawa, Kisho. Rediscovering Japanese Space. Tokyo: John Weatherhill, 1988. Kurokawa, Kisho. Intercultural Architecture, The Philosophy of Symbiosis. Washington, DC: The

AlA Press, 1991. Lampugnani, Vittorio M., ed. Hong Kong Architecture: The Aesthetics or Density. Munich: Prestel

Verlag, 1993. "Landlines," Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA, November, 1994. Lang, Jon. Urban Design: The American Experience. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994. Lau, S.K. Society and Politics in Hong Kon!? Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1982. Leeming, Frank. Street Studies in Hong Kong, Localities in a Chinese City. Hong Kong: Oxford

University Press, 1977. Leung, B. Unpublished material, Department of Sociology, University of Hong Kong, 1987. Lin, Chin-jung. Tu Shih She Chi Tsai Taiwan (Urban Design in Taiwan). Taipei: Chuang-xing, 1995.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 373

Ling, Ooi Giok and Tan, Thomas T.w,. "The Social Significance of Public Spaces in Public Hous-ing Estates," in Chua Beng-huat and Norman Edwards, eds., Public Space: Design, Use and Management. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1992.

Lingle, Christopher. The Rise and Decline of the Asian Century. Hong Kong: Asia 2000, 1998. Liss-Katz, Sara. "Fort Bonifacio Global City: A New Standard for Urban Design in Southeast Asia,"

in Hemalata C. Dandekar, ed., City, Space, and Globalization: An International Perspective. Ann Arbor, MI: College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, 1998.

Lo, Fu-chen and Yeung, Yue-men, eds. Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996.

Local Governments of Pozorrubio, Pangasinan, of Subic, Zambales, and of Taguig, Metro Manila, Socio-Economic Profiles of Pozorrubio, Subic and Taguig.

Logan, William S. "Heritage Planning in Hanoi in the Context of the Hanoi Master Plan," Paper presented at an international seminar sponsored by the UNESCO in Hanoi and Hue from March 29 to April 2, 1994.

Logan, William S. "The Hai Ba Trung Structure Planning Area (An Historical and Planning Perscept-ive)," Working Paper No.3. Hanoi: AusAid Hanoi Planning and Development Control Project for the Hanoi People's Committee, 1995.

Lu, Hanchao. "Away from Nanking Road: Small Stores and Neighborhood Life in Modem Shanghai," Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No.1, 1995.

Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960. Lynch, Kevin. Good City Form. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985. Macintyre, M. The New Pacific. London: CollinslBBC, 1985. Mackin, Anne and Krieger, Alex. A Design Primer for Cities and Towns. Massachusetts Council on

the Arts and Humanities, 1989. Madanipour, Ali. Design of Urban Space: An Enquiry into a Socio-Spatial Process. New York: John

Wiley & Sons, 1996. Maki, Fumihiko. "Japanese City Spaces and the Concept of Oku," Japan Architect, No. 265, 1979. Manuel, Kevin. "Redevelopment and Urban Space and Form: Times Square Precinct and Its Vicinity,

Wan Chai District," Unpublished Master's Degree thesis, University of Hong Kong, 1995. Manuel, Kevin. "Jinsai Nen Chanshen Hao Jianzhu Sheji" (Competition Can Produce Good Building

Designs), Apple Daily, August 21, 1997. Manuel, Kevin. "Tigau Chengshi Shenhuo, Shuzhi Jianyi Sheli Tequ Guanchang" (Enhance the

Quality of Urban Life, A Proposal for the Square of Special Administrative Region), Tai Gong News Daily, August 14, 1997.

Marcus, Clare Cooper and Francis, Carolyn, eds. People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space, 2nd edn. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998.

Marsden, Brian S. "A Pressured Place: The Structural Context of Environmental Planning in Hong Kong," Planning and Development, Vol. 11, No.2, 1995.

Mather, Cotton. "Urban Landscapes of Japan," in P.P. Karan and Kristin Stapleton, eds., The Japanese City. Lexington, KE: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997.

Mawdsley, N. "Indonesia Aflame," New Scientist, No. 2105, October 25,1997. McGee, T.G. The Southeast Asian City, A Social Geography of the Primate Cities of Southeast Asia.

New York: Praeger, 1969. McGee, T.G. Dualism in the Asian City: The Implications for City and Regional Planning. Hong

Kong: Center of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1970. McGee, T.G. Hawkers in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Center of Asian Studies, University of Hong

Kong, 1973.

374 BmLIOGRAPHY

Miao, Pu. "Chuantong De Benzhi - Zhongguo Chuantong lianzhu De Shisan Ge Tedian" (The Es-sence of Tradition - Thirteen Characteristics of Chinese Traditional Architecture), The Architect, No. 36 and 40, 1989 and Journal of Building and Planning, National Taiwan University (Taipei), Vol. 5, No.1, 1990.

Miao, Pu. "Seven Characteristics of Traditional Urban Form in Southeast China," Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Vol. 1, No.2, 1990.

Miao, Pu. "In the Absence of Authenticity: An Interpretation of Contemporary Chinese Ar-chitecture," Nordisk Arkitekturforskning (Nordic Journal of Architectural Research), No.3, 1995.

Miao, Pu. "The Multi-Layered Edge of Sidewalk - Responses to the Crowded Streets of Asian Cities," in Proceedings, The Third International Convention on Urban Planning, Housing & Design "Cities for the 21st Century". Singapore: Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture, School of Architecture, National University of Singapore, 1997.

Miao, Pu. "A New Type of Node Space for Chinese Cities," in Proceedings of the Second Inter-national Symposium on Asia Pacific Architecture: The Making of Public Places. Honolulu, HI: School of Architecture, University of Hawaii, 1997.

Miao, Pu. "New Design Models for the Public Space of Chinese Cities," In La citta nuova: Pro-ceedings of the 1999 International Conference, Rome, 29 May-2 June 1999. Washington, DC: Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, 1999.

Mills, Edwin S., et al. Korean Government Policies toward Seoul's Greenbelt. Seoul: Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 1986.

Ministry of Human Settlements, Shelter Development Program Secretariat. National Shelter Devel-opment Program. Manila: MHS, 1981.

Mitsufuji, Toshio and Nakayama, Shigenobu. Sumai no Hi to Mizu (Fire and Water in Dwellings). Tokyo: Shoukokusha, 1991.

Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban Form, Before the Industrial Revolutions. London: George Godwin, 1979.

Moughtin, Cliff. Urban Design: Street and Square. Oxford, UK: Butterworths, 1992. Moughtin, Cliff, et al. Urban Design: Ornaments and Decorations. London: Architectural Press,

1995. Naisbitt, J. Megatrends Asia. London: Nicholas Brealey, 1995. Nas, Peter J.M., ed. The Indonesian City. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Foris Publications, 1986. Natio, Akira and Hozumi, Kazuo. Edo no Machi, Gekan (Edo City Part II). Tokyo: Soshisha, 1995. National Economic Council. Four-Year Development Plan FY 1972-1975. Manila: NEC, 1971. National Land Use Committee, National Economic Development Authority. National Physical

Framework Plan 1993-2022. Manila: NEDA, 1992. News on Property, August 1997. Newton, Norman T. Design on the Land, The Development of Landscape Architecture. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press, 1971. Nuttal, Zelia, trans. "The Laws of the Indies," Hispanic-American Historical Review, Vol. V, 1922. Olds, Kris. "Globalizing Shanghai: The 'Global Intelligence Corps' and the Building of Pudong,"

Cities, Vol. 14, No.2, 1997. Oncll, Ay~e and Weyland, Petra, eds. Space, Culture and Power: New Identities in Globalizing Cities.

London: Zed Books, 1997. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Long-Term Prospects for the World

Economy. Paris: OECD, 1992.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 375

Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria, for the Australian Agency for International Develop-ment. "The Ancient Quarter Local Structure Plan," Working Paper No.4. Hanoi: AusAid Hanoi Planning and Development Control Project for the Hanoi People's Committee, 1995.

Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria, for the Australian Agency for International Development. "Land Use & Development Control Manual for Ancient Quarter of Hanoi," Draft No. l. AusAid Hanoi Planning and Development Control Project for the Hanoi People's Committee, Office of the Architect-in-Chief, Hanoi, 1995.

Parenteau, Rene, ed. Les enjeux de la conservation des quartiers historiques en Indochine. Hanoi: Actes d'un seminaire regional, Vietnam, Laos et Cambodge, 1994.

Pearson, James. "Delicate Essen," Architectural Review, No. 1205, 1997. Pellow, Deborah. "No Place to Live, No Place to Love: Coping in Shanghai," in Greg Guldin and

Aidan Southall, eds., Urban Anthropology in China. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1993. Perry, Martin, et al. Singapore, A Developmental City State. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons,

1997. Pham, Dinh Viet. Role of Cultural, Historical and Religious Works in Preservation of the 36 Old

Streets of Hanoi. Hanoi: Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 1995. Philip, Bay Joo Hwa, et al., eds. Contemporary Singapore Architecture 1960's to 1990's. Singapore:

Singapore Institute of Architects, 1998. Pinches, Michael Pinches. "Modernisation and the Quest for Modernity: Architectural Form, Squat-

ter Settlements and the New Society in Manila," in Marc Askew and William S. Logan, eds., Cultural Identity and Urban Change in Southeast Asia: Interpretative Essays. Geelong, Australia: Deakin University Press, 1994.

Planning Department. "Chapter 4. Recreation and Open Space," Hong Kong Planning Standard and Guidelines. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer, 1992.

Powell, Robert. Line, Edge and Shade: The Search for a Design Language in Tropical Asia. Singapore: Page One Publishing Pte., 1997.

Qi, Yang, ed. Xianggang Gailun Xia, Vol. II (On Hong Kong). Hong Kong: Joint Publication (H.K.) Co., 1993.

Radford, T. "Around the Comer: The 80 mpg Clean Car," The Guardian, October 23, 1997. Raghavan, C. Recolonization. Penang: Third World Network, 1990. Rahmi, Dwita Hadi and Setiawan, Bakti. "Perancangan Kota Ekologi," PP-PSL, Dir. Jen Pendidikan

Tinggi, Dept. P&K, Jakarta, 1999. Rapoport, Amos. Human Aspects of Urban Form. New York: Pergamon Press, 1977. Rapoport, Amos. The Meaning of Built Environment: A Non- Verbal Communication Approach.

Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1982. Reuters. "UN Sees Long Fallout from Asia Fires," International Herald Tribune, October 1, 1997. Ricoeur, Paul. History and Truth. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1965. Rigg, J. Southeast Asia. London: Routledge, 1997. Rowe, C. and Koetter, F. Collage City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987. Roxe, Hilary. "Hong Kong Should Be Ashamed," Time (International Edition), Vol. 153, No.8 1999.

Available online: http://cgi.pathfinder.comltime/asia/magazine/1999/99030 l/barren_rockl.htrnl, August 10, 2000.

Royal Society of Asian Studies. Hong Kong Goes and Gone. Hong Kong: Joint Publication, 1996. Rungfapaisam, Kwanchai. "Traffic Jams Still Bangkok's Drive for Hub Status," The Nation, July 5,

1995. Rush, Richard D. "Shanghai: Home of the Handmade Highrise," Progressive Architecture, March

1995.

376 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schiffer, Jonathan R. "State Policy and Economic Growth, A Comment on the Hong Kong Model," The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 15, No.2, 1991.

Selya, Roger Mark. Taipei. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1995. SENA Corporation and Institute for Urban and Technology Development. Hanoi Ancient Quarter,

Project Summary. Hanoi: SENA Corporation, 1994. Setiawan, Bakti. "Local Dynamics in Informal Settlement Development: Case Study Yogyakata,

Indonesia," Unpublished dissertation, University of British Columbia, 1998. Shamsuddin, S. and Sulaiman, A.B. "A Typology of Urban Form of Old Town Centres in Malaysia,"

Unpublished research report, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 1994. Sherer, Paul. "Battered in Bangkok: Thais Face a Reckoning as Their Boom Goes Bust," Wall Street

Journal, April 10, 1997, p. AlO. Shimizu, Hitoshi. Gendaiyogo no Kisochishiki (Encyclopedia of Contemporary Words). Tokyo:

Jiyukokuminsha, 1996. Shirvani, Hamid. The Urban Design Process. New York: Van Nostrand, 1985. Sidener, Jack. "Creating the Exuberant City: Lessons for Seattle from Hong Kong," Arcade, Vol. XV,

No.4, 1997. Sidener, Jack. "Hong Kong: A Model for Sustainable Transport and Land Use Planning," Un-

published paper prepared for the APEC Energy for Sustainable Communities Liaison Group, Honolulu, HI, 1998.

Sim, Ee Chai. "Penentuan Faktor-faktor Perletakan Dan Tapak Kompleks Membeli Belah Di Lar Pusat Bandar" (Determining the Factors for the Location of Shopping Complexes in the Town Center), Unpublished dissertation. Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Wilayah, Fakulti Alam Bina, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 1994.

Simonds, Roger and Hack, Gary. Global Regional Cities. New York: E & FN Spon, 200l. Sit, Victor ES. Beijing: The Nature and Planning of a Chinese Capital City. Chichester, UK: John

Wiley & Sons, 1995. Sitte, Camillo. The Art of Building Cities. New York: Van Nostrand, 1945. Sitte, Camillo. City Planning According to Artistic Principles. New York: Random House, 1965. Sjoberg, Gideon. The Preindustrial City, Past and Present. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960. Skinner, Reinhard J., et al. Shelter Upgrading for the Urban Poor: Evaluation of Third World

Experiences. Manila: Island Publishing House, 1987. Smart, Josephine. The Political Economy of Street Hawkers in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Center of

Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1989. Sorkin, Michael, ed. Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of the Public

Space. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Speidel, Manfred, ed. Team Zoo: Buildings and Projects 1971-1990. New York: Rizzoli, 1991. Sulaiman, A B. "Urban Design Method: A Case Study in Malaysia," Unpublished research report.

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 1994. Sullivan, John. Local Government and Community in Java: An Urban Case-Study. Singapore: Oxford

University Press, 1992. Sumida City Office. Sumida City: Japan. Tokyo: Sumida Ward, 1994. Szelenyi, I. Theories of the New Class. New York: Graduate School of CUNY, 1988. Tay, Kheng Soon. Mega-Cities in the Tropics: Towards an Architectural Agenda for the Future.

Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989. Thompson, Fred. "Japanese Mountain Deities," Architectural Review, Vol. CCII, No. 1208, 1997.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 377

Thompson, w.I. Pacific Shift. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1985. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Creating a New Character for Seaside Tokyo: Metropolitan Wa-

terfront Subcenter - Tokyo Teleport Town. Tokyo: Office of Tokyo Frontier Promotion, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 1982.

Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Planning of Tokyo 1992. Tokyo: Bureau of City Planning, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 1992.

Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Urban White Paper on Tokyo Metropolis 1996. Tokyo: TMG, 1996. Tokyo Office Market. Tokyo: STB Research Institute, 1995. Trapp, R. "Don't Let Profits Go Up in Smoke," The Independents, February 14, 1996, Section Two. Tu, Wei-ming, ed. Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 1996. Tuan, Yi-fu. Space and Place, the Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota

Press, 1977. Turner, Nicola. "Singapore's Rescue by a Chosen Few," World Architecture 56. London: Cheerman

Limited Press, May 1997. TVB. Hong Kong: The End of an Era. Hong Kong: TVB, 1997. United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 1994 Revision. New York: United Nations, 1995. URA. Changing the Face of Singapore through the URA Sale of Sites. Singapore: URA, 1995. URA. Downtown Core (Part) Planning Area Planning Report. Singapore: URA, 1995. URA. New Downtown. Ideasfor the City of Tomorrow. Singapore: URA, 1996. Urban Services Department, Hong Kong Government. Urban Council Annual Report. Hong Kong:

Hong Kong Government Printer, 1990,1991,1992,1993, 1994, 1998. US Census Bureau. "Population of World's Largest Cities," in Robert Famighetti, ed., The World

Almanac and Book of Facts 1995. Mahwah, NJ: World Almanac, 1994. Vidal, J. "Poison Fog Blanket Threatens World Climate," The Guardian, September 27, 1997. Wacks, R. Civil Liberties in Hong Kong. London: Oxford University Press, 1988. Walker, M. "European Ministers on Road to Green GDP," The Guardian, October 16, 1997. Wang, Dehua. "The Effect of Religion on Ancient Urban Planning in China," Cheng Shi Gui Hua

Hui Kan (Urban Planning Forum), Vol. 74, 1991. Warren, William. "Thais Honor Their Proud History," International Herald Tribune, May 1996,

special insertion. Webber, M.M. "The Urban Place and the Non-Place Urban Realm," in M.M. Webber et al. eds.,

Explorations into Urban Structure. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1964. Whyte, William. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation,

1980. Whyte, William. "New York and Tokyo: A Study in Crowding," in Hidetoshi Kato, ed., A Compar-

ative Study of Street Life. Tokyo: Research Institute for Oriental Cultures, Gakushuin University, 1978.

Wibisono, Bambang H. Relationship between Environmental Settings and Pedestrian Path Choice, Case Study: Kampung Ratmakan, Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gajah Mada University, Internal Publication, 1992.

Wong, Kui-hong. "Tequ Zhengfu De Xing Tiaozhan" (Challenge to the New SAR Government), Sin Tao Daily, July 5,1997.

Woo, Leng. "Five Pocket Parks: A Historical Journey into the Urban Fabric of Hong Kong," in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Asia Pacific Architecture: The Making of Public Spaces. Honolulu: School of Architecture, University of Hawaii, 1997.

378 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Woollacott, M. "Crisis That May Force a Change into Those Famous Asian Values," The Guardian, August 30, 1997.

World Bank, The. World Development Report 1991. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. World Bank, The. China: Urban Land Management in an Emerging Market Economy. Washington,

DC: The World Bank, 1993. World Bank, The. World Development Report 1997. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. World Bank, The. East Asia: The Road to Recovery. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1998. World Bank, The. 1998 World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1998. World Tourism OrganizationlDepartment of Tourism. Master Plan for Tourism Development in the

Philippines. Madrid: UNDP, 1991. Wu, Liangyong. Rehabilitating the Old City of Beijing: A Project in the Ju' er Hutong Neighborhood.

Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999. Xue, Charlie Q.L. "Yingguo Jianzhu Lijie" (British Architecture: An Interpretation), Space, No.6,

1995. Xue, Charlie Q.L. "Zhongguo Chuantong Jianzhu De Xianzheng Xing" (The Symbolism of

Traditional Chinese Architecture), The Architect, No. 38, 1990. Xue, Charlie Q.L. "Xianggang Jianzhu De Shiwang Yu Xiwan" (Hong Kong Architecture, Disap-

pointment and Hope), The Architect, No. 76, 1997. Xue, Charlie Q.L. "Building Control, A Comparison between China and Hong Kong," Asian

Architect and Contractor, No.3, 1997. Xue, Charlie Q.L., Building Practice in China. Hong Kong: Pace Publishing, 1999. Xue, Charlie Q.L. and Scoffham, Ernie. "China's Housing in Transition: A Case Study of Shanghai,"

International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications, Vol. 20, No.4, 1996. Xue, Charlie Q.L. and Xin, Zhi-yu. "Fangwu Jiage Yu Souru Zhi Bi" (The Ratio of Housing Price and

Annual Household Income, A Perspective of International Market), World Architecture (Beijing), No.2, 1992.

Yang, Guiqing. "Residents' Thoughts and Value Direction in An Old Urban Neighborhood," Cheng Shi Gui Hua Hui Kan (Urban Planning Forum), Vol. 77, 1992.

Yang, Guiqing. "Analysis and Discussion on the Survey of Living Environment and Social Psycho-logy of Residents in High Rise Apartments in Shanghai," Cheng Shi Gui Hua Hui Kan (Urban Planning Forum), Vol. 122, 1999.

Yeang, K. Tropical Verandah City. Kuala Lumpur: Asia Publications, 1986. Yeang, Ken. The Tropical Verandah City, Some Urban Design Ideas for Kuala Lumpur. Kuala

Lumpur: Longman Malaysia, 1987. Yeang, K. The Skyscraper Bioclimatically Considered. London: Academy Editions, 1996. Yeoh, Brenda S.A. Contesting Space: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment in Colonial

Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1996. Yeoh, B.S.A. and Kong, L., eds. Portraits of Places: History, Community and Identity in Singapore.

Singapore: Times Editions, 1995. Yeung, Yue-man. Changing Cities of Pacific Asia, A Scholarly Interpretation. Hong Kong: Chinese

University Press, 1990. Yeung, Yue-man and Fu-chen Lo, "Globalization and World City Formation in Pacific Asia," in Fu-

chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung, eds., Globalization and the World of Large Cities. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1998.

Yu, Yin-shi. "Sehui Fuli De Duanshi Zhengche" (Shortsighted Policy of Social Welfare), Sin Tao Daily, October 22, 1996.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 379

Zainuddin, Mohammad. Peranan labatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa Ke Arah Wawasan 2020 (The Role of Town and Country Planning Department Towards Vision 2020). Kuala Lumpur: Forum Pegawai Perancang Bandar dan Desa Semenanjung Malaysia, 1997.

Zhu, Jun-zhen. Xianggang Gongyuan (Garden of Hong Kong). Hong Kong: Joint Publication, 1991. Zucker, Paul. Town and Square. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1959.

Index

Abel, Chris, 34 Abercrombie, Sir Patrick, 173 accessibility, 12, 14,28,61,63,68,70,99,

175,184,191,202,207,345-346 agriculture, 9 air-conditioning, 20, 22, 24, 28, 35, 36, 100,

147, 158, 159, 170,333,360, 361 airports, 37, 225, 254, 307, 345, 346 alleys, 14, 16,31,37,56,78,109,118, 125,

158,160,289,300,319,321,323,324 alun-aluns, 14 ambiguity, 9, 16,78,132, 151, 159, 163, 191,

195,207,286,300,306 Ando, Tadao, 286 Antipolo, 92 Appadurai, Arjun, 21,30 Aquino, Corazon, 98 arcades, 140, 142, 187 architects, 3, 29, 30,132, 145, 195,226,233,

362 architecture, 38, 221, 233, 247, 362

Deconstructivist, 34 Modern, 124 post-modernist, 34 tropical, 36

Asia Pacific Region, 2, 24, 49, 257, 258 definition, 2 economics, 215 environment, 217-219 population, 216

Asian values, 36, 219 atriums, 26, 30,32,192,210,278,344 automobiles (see also cars), 223

private, 27, 35, 229, 253, 258, 259 axes, 15, 303, 323, 343

balconies, 28, 85, 157, 158, 162, 169,284 Bangkok, 12,37,258-259,260-265,268,295

Plan, the, 265-270, 271

381

baths, public, 17, 109, 126,313,321 beaches, 17 behavior patterns, 21, 38, 118,248 Beijing, 12, 14,20,24,32, 184,277 benches, 50, 53,93, 103, 180,207,247,275 bipolarity, 11,291 blocks, 9, 35, 38, 76, 78,82-109,123,124,

152,153,187,228,278,296,305,338 shape of, 153 super, 37, 263, 267 urban, 109

bonus (see also incentive), 28, 200, 202, 204 boulevards, 268, 321, 356 boundaries, 16,78, 107, 109, 132, 148, 159,

163,195,226,282,286,291,300,306 bridges, 17,35,50,56,59,60,68,75, 142,

202,360 Brill, Michael, 273 Britain, 181 bubble economy, 12,66,67,311-313 Buddhism, 6 bufferlbuffer zone (see also transitional zone),

16,35, 187 building coverage, 12, 124, 127, 152-154,

161, 184 buildings, 38

extension of, 158, 162 public, 49, 71, 72,187 traditional, 151

Burnham, Daniel, 90 business centers (see also Central Business

Districts, downtowns), 67,120,336

cafes, 16,64,68, 125, 154, 165,338 canals, 54, 61, 68, 262, 263, 315, 337 capitalism, 6, 11, 19,27, 192,245 cars (see also automobiles), 51

private, 15,21, 143, 148,255,345 cathedrals (see also churches), 93

382

Catholicism, 6 Central Business Districts (CBDs) (see also

business centers, downtowns), 9-11, 19, 21,29,38,144,148,175,184,197,229, 242,354

ceremonial activities, 16, 26, 33, 92, 112, 172, 175,305,354

Chang' an, 321 Chiang Mai, 295 Chicago, 255 China, 6, 23, 35, 171, 181, 185, 191, 195,216,

219 churches (see also cathedrals), 89, 92, 95, 105 cities, 246

American, 258 Asian, 154, 260 Asia Pacific, 6, 8, 13, 25, 38, 273 Chinese, 21, 28, 37, 185,273 East Asian, 17 European, 12, 14,258 Indonesian, 119 inner, 7 Japanese, 17,31,49,282 Javanese, 14 large, 8, 37, 257, 258, 290 layout of, 304 Malaysian, 137 origins of, 12, 14, 15,88 Philippine, 89 pre-industrial, 9, 12, 14, 16 primate, 9 Renaissance, 15 Thai, 37 tropical, 34, 228 US, 9, 15 Western, 6-13, 14,26,28,49,51,57,61,

273 civil society, 192,279 civilization, 216 class, 192, 195,247,250 Clean and Green Movement, 101 climate, 6, 14,21,30-32,34-36,38, 138, 141,

148,155,157,170,175,229,230,333, 343,362

clubs, 249 cognitive map, 15, 279, 291

INDEX

colonization, 9, 11, 12, 15,28,87,89, 183, 239,260

cultural, 20 colors, 33, 34, 158 commercial activities (see also

commercialization), 28, 56, 67, 92, 120, 124,128,151,152,154,165,167,265, 267,268

sprawl of, 275, 276, 287 commercialization (see also commercial

activities), 99, 133 communism, 26, 27, 245 communities, 9, 18,27,30,37,68,71, 74, 76,

86,88-90, 104, 107, 112, 118, 120, 124, 128,130,132,186,224,313

destruction of, 312 gated, 26

community organizations, 18, 130, 133,313 comparisons, 6, 7 computers, 223, 225, 252 Confucianism, 6,16 congestion, 7, 21, 32, 114,200,241,243,259,

262,263,266,271,274 construction, 3,23, 123, 152, 154,259,312,

313,319,332 context/context, urban, 7, 9, 12,27,85, 145,

345 Corbusier, Le 284 cores, historic, 16, 17,20,27,32,144,148,

352 corporations, 10, 11,24,28, 175, 191, 192,

194, 195,210,312 Correa, Charles, 21 costs, 114,232,265 courtyard houses, 32 courtyards, 14,31,33,35,37, 118, 152, 192,

277-279,278,356 location of, 279

crimes, 99, 138,242,244 crisis, Asian financial, 3,4, 24, 29, 98, 183,

191,215-217,346,349,364 crossroads, 14,50,56,97 cultures, 3, 7, 11,21,26,28,29,34,36-38,

138,219,220,259,299,362 Asian, 7, 31 Asia Pacific, 10, 16,24

INDEX

capitalist, 27 changes in, 220 Chinese, 82, 185, 192,277 consumption, 19 continuity of, 32 Filipino, 100, 103, 105, 249 four primary fonns, 220 individualism, 133 in kampungs, 120 Japanese, 57,107,109, 118,321 Javanese, 130 local, 11, 18, 170 "loft", 64, 66 Malaysian, 345 overlapping of, 220, 221, 230 pro-development, 276 Singapore, 362 Thai, 260, 269 Western 10, 19, 38

decentralization, 37,224-226,257,264,271 decorations, 20, 33, 155, 297 deeds, 196,202,204,210 democracy, 10, 19,24,25,49,91, 176, 185,

192,210 density, 9, 10, 12, 14-16,21,23,30,33,35,

37,38 building, 12, 184 population, 76, 85, 86, 99, 112, 114, 122,

133, 161, 171, 181-182, 184, 185, 192,197,224,229,257,273,276, 277,361

residential, 7, 8 desakota zone, 9, 291 design (see also fonn, motif, style), 133, 179,

187 Modern,60,61,142 recommendations, 5, 67-70, 115-118, 133,

147-148, 169-170, 185-188,273, 277-292

developers, 3, 28, 183, 184, 186, 196,200, 203,312,314

development, 10,22,26,38,67, 121, 133, 143, 148, 182, 183, 186, 191, 194, 195, 258,263,264,266,267,299,312

patterns, 262 dimensions (see also sizes)

lot, 153, 262 public space, 13

dispersed concentration, 24

383

diversity, 124, 170,216,275,288,289,356, 361

doors (see also entrances, gates), 28, 112 downtowns (see also business centers, Central

Business Districts), 17, 19, 112, 114, 177,179,186,246

dualism, 11, 18, 27

earthquakes,311,313,314,319 East Asia, 6, 34 ecolog~ 182,218,220,223,233,255 economic growth, 3, 16, 19,26,29,49,61,

98,137, 141, 171, 191,216,295,331, 362

econom~3,9, 10, 19,22,230,233,246,265, 271,291,346

service, 37, 258, 265 Edo (see also Tokyo), 109 Edo era, the, 49,54, 107, 109, 111,315 elevations (see also facades, frontages), 341 emigration (see also immigration), 18 enclosures, 138, 142, 144, 148, 175,326 energy, 23,28, 36, 158,232,233,360,361 engawa, 31, 109 entertainment, 267, 333 entrances (see also doors, gates), 51, 82, 158,

159,187,302,343 environmental protection, 24, 194,223,252,

269 environmental qualities, 10,63, 145, 168, 183,

218,263 Essen, Gennany, 23 Estrada, Joseph Ejercito, 105 ethnic minorities, 25 events, 107, 109, 115 expressways (see also freeways, highways),

61,259,267 regional network in Bangkok, 266

fabric, urban, 3, 33, 145, 148,311 facades (see also elevations, frontages), 20,

31,34,124,145,153,155,157,158, 161,167,168,279,301,303,319,341

Japanese, 321

384

facilities, public, 18,21,33, 126, 128, 173, 175,184,275

fences, 286 festivals, 16, 18,50,92,93, 111, 112, 114,

279,281,305 types of, 112

financing, 133, 152, 250, 328, 346 five-foot walkways, 14, 19,27, 35, 141, 142,

148,358 flexibility, 16, 18,25,36,54,107,109,111,

118,132,308,309,338,361 flooding, 263, 269 forest fires, Indonesian, 218 form (see also design, motif, style), 4, 127,

133,158,175,207,296,306,307,309 building, 17, 124,230,319,341-342 contemporary, 155, 158 French colonial, 151, 152, 155, 157 independent offunction, 301, 306 linear, 7, 37, 275, 356 local, 296 ~odern, 17,32,33,35,37,127,362 ~odernist, 20 national, 20, 297 nodru, 14,33,37,275 post-French coloniru, 155 post-~odern, 233 post-Vietnamese-US War, 155, 158 traditional, 38, 296 urban, 11,49,54, 123,228,274,322 vernacular, 170 Vietnamese, 155 Western, 11,33,59,277

Foster, Norman, 216 fountains, 53, 202, 210 Frankfurt, Germany, 23 freeways (see also expressways, highways),

179 French colonization, 152 French quarter, Hanoi, 153, 157 frontages (see also elevations, facades), 144,

147,151,154,155,158,279 of buildings in Hanoi, 158-163

Fukuoka,31 functionalism, 28, 38, 60, 240 functions, 4, 20, 32, 58, 67, 144, 176, 224, 308

gruleria, 359 Galtung, Johan, 215 garden city, 229

INDEX

gardens (see also parks), 9,14,33,202,207, 326

traditional Chinese, 279, 282 gates (see also doors, entrances), 50, 326 Geertz, Clifford, 119 geometry, 302 GigaWorld, KL LinearCity, Kurua Lumpur,

30,37,336 Ginsburg, Norton, 290 global capitalism, 26 globruization, 9, 11, 19,22,30,66, 105, 119,

170,246,254,296,363 gross domestic product (GDP), 258, 259, 262 gross national product (GNP), 3, 6, 22, 171,

346 Gotong Royong, 119, 130-132 government, 10, 12, 14, 19,26,28, 133, 175,

194,195, 197,209,219,239,258,260, 264,315

control of, 179,277 policies of, 27, 36, 58, 68, 71, 76, 98,101,

105, 120, 143, 148, 154, 173, 183-185,196,197,257

regulations, 142, 143, 183, 184, 192, 195, 196,240,254,275,286,322,328

role of, 10,23,28,104,119, 124,128,131, 145,179,180,183,191,250,259, 261,271,312,314,332,362

green areas, 7, 9,12,13,17,21,63,184,229, 354

green belt, 265, 289-292, 356 grids (see also streets, pattern of), 152 Guangzhou, 171, 184 guildhruls, 33 Guinness, Patrick, 120

Hai Ba Trung, 151, 152 Hakata,112 hruls, 112, 128, 172 Hamlin, Roger, 314, 323 Hanoi, 7,16, 151, 152 Harvey, David, 195 Haussmann, Baron, 15

INDEX

hawkers (see also vendors), 16,30,72,78,97, 166

height, 179 building, 17,28,38, 142, 152, 153, 155,

157,158,167,169,184,209,228, 279,296,326,342

heritage (see also tradition), 10, 19, 144, 153, 187,269,311,315

high-rises, 21, 23, 30, 64, 66,114,176,177, 184,185,229,262,319,360

highways (see also expressways, freeways), 142,253,263,284,291,322,323,345

Hikifune, Tokyo, 313, 315 Hinduism, 6 homogenization, 30 Hong Kong, 3, 11,16,18,24,28,71,76,86,

171,182, 183, 185, 191, 195, 196,210, 216,278,279,282,284,287

hotels, 28,153, 167,337,354 houses, 107, 108, 112, 123, 124, 132, 151,

223,278,300-301,312,313,319 housing, 17, 18,21,22,71,82-85, 118, 120,

133, 151, 167, 180-184, 196,242,244, 250,259,268,269,279,313,314,326, 332,352

identity, 11, 19,25,28,31,35,36,38,49,105, 186,187,255,290,364

formal, 19,36,37 functional, 20, 28, 36, 38

ideology, 18,25,27,192,275 immigration (see also emigration), 11,21,92,

114, 120, 181 imperialism, 192 incentive (see also bonus), 186, 232, 250, 264,

279,284 income, 16,76,78,86, 105, 120, 123, 124,

194,247,250,332 indigenization, 21, 22 Indonesia, 35, 119,218,220 industrialization (see also modernization),

10-12,14,15,20,29,38,58,60,295 infrastructure, 12,30,120,124, 173,242,257,

259,260,263,271,295,332,364 interferences, 10, 24 Intramuros, 103, 239 Islam, 6

Jacobs, Jane, 28, 124, 138,259,321,361 Jakarta, 218, 258, 259

385

Japan, 3,6, 11,30,49, 107, 118,216,257,311 Java, 120 Jiageya, 312, 313 Johor Bahru, 144

kampongs, 223, 224, 229 kampungs (see also squatter settlements), 16,

18,119-120,134,343 functions of, 119 locations of, 122, 123

Kampung Ratmakan, 122-124 Kaohsiung, 33 Kasturi, Hijjas, 230 kimonos, 109 KL Linear City, Kuala Lumpur, 226,331,

333-335 Klang River, Kuala Lumpur, 334, 344 Koentjaraningrat, R.M., 130 kratons, 14 Krieger, Alex, 327 Kuala Lumpur, 7,17,37,143,218,230,332 Kurokawa, Kisho, 16, 31, 284 Kyoto, 112, 321

laissez-faire, 26, 28, 183, 191,277 land cost, 250, 271, 291 land prices, 10,30, 196,246,289,311,356,

360 land readjustment, 322, 323 land speculation, 311, 312 land supply, 23, 31, 38, 112, 122, 182-183,

196,276,332 land uses, 9, 23, 37, 133, 144, 147, 148,229,

239,240,248,265,284,313 land-use planning, 197 landmarks, 2, 15,51,53, 82, 103, 182, 187,

209,275,279 green, 291

landscape, 34, 303,304, 306, 307 landscaping, 93,102,103,147,173,175,179,

187,327,343 overhead, 281 vertical, 282

Lao-tzu, 108 lawns, 23, 127,281,282,286

386

laws, 10, 16, Laws of the Indies, 88 legibility, 37, 275 leisure, 15,33,53,57,64,90, 100, 104, 175,

271, 332, 333, 336, 356 Liangyong, VVu, 32 life styles, 20, 21, 29, 71, 86, 175,220,223,

332 lilongs,9 linkages, 354 living space, 15, 16, 85, 125, 132,276,286 localization, 20, 27, 30, 34 locations, 26 London, 24, 177 lots, 183, 300, 301, 313

dimensions, 151 lounges, 247 low-income (see also poor, the), 12, 18,21,

25,26,28,78, 120, 155, 186,242,244 Lujiazui Central Finance District, Pudong,

Shanghai, 29,30 Luoyang, 22 Lynch, Kevin, 287, 356 Lyons, Thomas, 314, 323

Macau, 177 Mackin, Anne, 327 Mae Hong Son, Thailand, 298 Maki, Fumihiko, 31, 279 Malaysia, 11,35, 137, 141,219,331,346 malls (see also shopping centers), 9, 14, 17,

20,22,26,100,147,187,244,247-250, 332,338,355,359

Manila, 25, 28, 29, 90, 92, 95, 97, 98, 105, 242,253,260

Marcos, Ferdinand, 18,96,245 Marcos, Imelda, 25 markets, 50, 56, 92, 97, 139, 187,243, 249,

306,307,339 mass-transit, 12,37,51, 186,229,252,253,

257-259,266-268,333,345 materialism, 11,28, 185, 195 materials, 17,23,31-34,38, 132, 155, 157,

158,162,180,207 McGee, T.G., 9, 11,290 mega-structure, 23, 37, 226, 336, 354 Meiji era, the, 49, 51, 58, 107

memorials, 33 metropolitanization, 253

INDEX

middle class, 10,21,25, 100, 120, 152, 157, 185

mixed uses, 9, 25, 67, 78, 87, 92, 93, 120, 124, 137,148,246,249,265,268,275,337, 361

mobility, 266, 267 models, 24, 34, 319

accidental, 307, 308 European, 229, 362 international, 20, 296 locm, 22, 30, 37,277, 295, 299,306 Modem, 38 Modernist, 19,21 traditional, 32 VVestern, 4,6, 19,22, 25, 27-29, 36, 132,

273,299 modernization (see also industrialization), 20,

28,49, 119, 185,289 monuments, 33, 102, 269 morphology, 14, 17, 37, 38, 155 motif (see also design, form, style), 34, 38,

115,281 Moughtin, Cliff, 137,326 multi-function, 9, 14,16,31,109,112,118,

125, 132, 141, 159,250,307,308 multi-modal centers, 267

Nara,321 nationalism, 11, 19, 297 neighborhoods, 33, 50, 109, 112, 131, 151,

153, 154, 323 middle class, 152

New Downtown, Singapore, 28, 30, 38, 349 new towns, 64, 88,173, 182,186,257,264,

268 New York, 14, 16, 177,255,278,281,284,

314 night guard posts, 128 night markets, 15, 78, 82

traveling, 16, 138 nodes, 14, 15,50,51,53, 148,230,275,

277-279,287,354 in traditional Chinese cities, 279

nongovernmental societies, 10, 28 I

INDEX

occupations, 76, 123 offices, 337 oku,31 "Old 36 Streets," Hanoi, 153 open space, 12, 14,21,32,51,53,56,87,123,

127, 158, 173, 184, 187, 192,202,243, 244,269,279,286,291

order, 302 orientation, 304, 307 overlapping, of uses, 283-285 ownership, 16,28, 183, 196,203,260,312,

313,315

padang, 12, 140,354 palaces, 261 palazzo, 296 panoramas (see also views, vistas), 57 parades, 18, 89, 112, 305 parallel development, 36, 220--223, 232 Paris, 7,15,16 parking, 35,78,97,99,102,243,253,267,

324,338,345 parks (see also gardens), 12, 14,21,37,53,

61,127,173-175,268,269,275, 279-282,291,299,339,356

English landscape style, 281 in traditional Chinese cities, 279 paved, 281 uses of, 281

pasar malam, 16, 138, 139 passive cooling, 22, 23, 35, 362 paths, 125, 160 pedestrians, 26, 27, 35, 38,138,141,142,147,

148,154,187,192,206,321,324,345, 355,356

routes, 197,202,210,356 people movers, 360 Philippines, the, 6,36,87,90,239,254 place, as compared to space, 2, 226 planners, 3, 30, 132, 133, 194, 195,226,237,

245 planning, 4, 24, 28, 60, 89,133,142-144,

148, 171, 173, 183, 186, 191, 192, 196, 245,260,309

implementation of, 25 methods, 25, 245, 254 Modernist, 28, 124

multi-dimensional, 37, 237, 245-254 multi-disciplinary, 254 physical, 237, 240

387

process, 196, 197,240,315,349 regional, 253, 264, 265 three-dimensional, 7, 13,23,37,85,246,

361 two-dimensional, 284 uni-dimensional, 37, 237, 239-245, 255

plants, 35,50,57,61,97, 153, 163, 180,207, 359

playgrounds, 21, 92, 105, 128, 175, 179, 184, 281

plazas (see also squares), 12, 17,21,26,32, 33,35,49,53,59,61,87,127,173,200, 210,273,284,319,338,356

European, 49, 51, 321 forms of, 89 function of, 87, 89 in the Philippines, 15, 17, 18,28 in the Philippines of the American period,

90--91 in the Philippines of the martial-law period,

95-97 in the Philippines of the post-martial law

period, 97-101 in the Philippines of the post-war period,

91-93 in the Philippines of the Spanish period,

88-90 Italian, 31, 273 lack of, 14,33,49,51 rejuvenation of, 101-105 shrinking, 98, 99 Western, 10,57,112

pleasure places, 56, 57 plot ratio, 184, 197,202,204,312,324, 354 plots, 152, 153, 158, 160, 167,246,312 pocket parks, 14,51, 179-180, 186,284,326,

356 podiums, 26, 30, 35,184,207,230,278,279,

338 political activities, 91, 95, 175, 179, 185,204 politics, 18,26,30,90,96,98, 101, 102, 105,

183,192,196,197,220 pollution, 21, 24, 61, 98, 99, 218, 229, 233,

250,262,276

388

poor, the (see also low-income), 25, 26, 120 Pope Sixtus V, 15 population, 141

growth, 2, 92, 105, 109, 151, 182, 184,349 size, 2,8

post-modem era, the, 19 power, 89, 191, 192, 195-197, 215,219 practice, 4 practice, architectural, 145,362 preservation, 10, 17,20,32, 101, 106, 148,

187,194,269,289,321,323 privacy, 32, 107-109, 141,275,286 privatization, 26, 28, 168, 175, 186, 192, 196,

202,210,250,259,260,315,333,361 professionals, 20, 24, 27, 29, 38, 194-196,

254,315,362 promenades, 61, 68, 177, 356 public meeting halls, 128 public participation, 10, 24, 26, 31, 34, 104,

133, 145, 185, 187, 196 public performances, 56, 92 public places (see also public space), 2, 5, 9,

118, 119, 132, 138, 141,352 amount of, 180 functions of, 2 in kampungs, 124-129 user of, 12

public space (see also public places), 3, 9, 10, 26,33,112,151,183,194,206,245,307

amount of, 7, 12,28, 124, 171, 176, 181, 274

as extension of private space, 15, 21 control of, 12, 14,28, 192,200,202,210,

286-287 definition of, 107, 111-112, 118 development of, 331 encroachment of, 27, 28, 286 forms of, 123 functions of, 24 implementation of, 30 in Asian cities, 49 in contemporary Hong Kong, 173 in early Filipino settlements, 87 in Hong Kong before World War Two, 172 in Hong Kong of 1950s, 173 in Japanese cities, 50-54 in Thai cities, 295

INDEX

location of, 12,21,127,173,175,177,179 maintenance of, 23, 100, 101, 130-132,

165, 173, 292 management of, 28, 109, 119,130-132,

197,203 overall structure of, 15,35,38, 186,278,

279,354-356 problems of, 173 sequence of, 356 shrinking of, 142, 192,200 supply of, 26, 28 used as extension of living space, 78, 82 use of, 7, 9,15, 177,202,204,281,360 user of, 28, 33

public transportation, 23 public, the, 20, 24, 27, 29, 183, 185,200,202 public, the urbanites, 10

railway stations (see also subway stations), 53,61,354

Ramos, Amelita, 101 Ramos, Fidel V., 18,98 rationalism, 19 real estate, 173, 181, 183, 184,259,312,313,

319,346 reclamation, 67, 68, 182, 186, 269, 349 recovery, economic, 347 recreational activities, 33 redevelopment (see also urban renewal), 21,

25,28,35,36,64,66,76,99,133,151, 152,168,182,192,277,312,314,319, 322,327,343

regionalism, 239 religious activities, 50, 89,93, 100, 111, 128,

250 relocation, 10,30,121, 187,244,264,291,

312,347 repopulation, 64, 114, 115 resources, 22-24, 119, 120, 130, 131,232 restaurants, 9, 64,82,86,154,165,173,313,

338 Ricoeur, Paul, 19, 29 ring road, 266, 268 Rome, 15 Rongji, Zhu, 29 roof gardens, 361 roofs, 20,34,301, 302, 304, 306

INDEX

Rowe, Colin, 228 Rudolf, Paul, 229 Tukun, 119, 130-132

Safdie, Moshe, 229 safety, 126, 147,245

fire, 313, 315, 319 San Fernando, 93 Sapporo, 112 scales, 4, 23,33,38,51,144,167,176,278,

342 building, 296

scenic spots, 22, 57 schools, 91, 95, 128, 172,259, 338 screens, 31, 107, 109,300 sculpture, 115, 173 segregation, 26, 66, 120,240,246,260,360,

361 semi-open space, 31, 279, 284, 306 semi-public space, 31, 109,300 Seoul, 7, 17 setback, 35, 142, 143, 148, 157, 184,275,327,

342 settlement patterns, 220, 229 shading, 35, 169 Shanghru, 7,9,15,17,21,25,177,184,276,

277,279,287,289 Shimoda, 114 shophouses, 9, 11, 14,22,35,78, 138, 140,

142,144,148,223,354 shopping centers (see also malls), 27, 144,

192,224,245,324,326 underground, 13,22

shops (see also stores), 56, 71, 78, 120, 151, 154,306,312,313,324,326,337

shrines (see also temples), 33, 112,261,269, 319

sidewalks, 14, 16, 18,28,30,32,35,37, 124, 147,148,153,158,163,165,168,274, 287,306

multi-leveled, 287 signs, 10,275,288,342 Singapore, 3, 7,10,12,13,17,21,22,25,26,

28,30,35,38,171,216,226,257,259, 279,284,288,349,360,363

sites, 33,34,37, 145 Sitte, Camillo, 138, 228

389

sizes (see also dimensions), 14,51,89,99, 102, 127, 175

balcony, 162 block, 153 city, 121, 197,257,271 courtyard, 278,279 European plaza, 14 nodal spaces in Asia Pacific cities, 14 plaza, 277

sky courts, 230 skywalks, 14,30,200,360 social activities, 23, 33, 35, 86, 118, 125, 126,

128,144,148,158,163,175,192,275, 278,288,305,321

socialism, 6 socio-economic conditions, 11,27,30,34,71,

75,76,89,97,120,123,145,258-260, 277

Southeast Asia, 3,6,14, 16, 19,31,34,36, 141,216,295

South Korea, 3, 6 space, 108, 109, 159,252

layered, 31, 279, 286, 301 low-priced, 265 shared, 252 structure of, 32, 38 urban, 109

sports, 12,90-93, 105, 173,307,338 sprawl, urban, 7 squares (see also plazas), 14, 139, 172,

175-177,275,277 Baroque, 21 European, 11, 14, 175 lack of, 112

squatter settlements (see also kampungs), 17, 105, 119, 120,244

stores (see also shops), 9,76, 90, 109, 124, 165,246,249,279

street activities, 158, 159, 163-167 street life, 28,55, 143, 151, 158,339 street markets, 7,11,14, 16, 18,71,78, 172

as an urban facility, 85-86 five stages in the decline of, 72 in Hong Kong from the 1930s to present,

71-72 locations of, 76 relocation of, 72

390

streets, 14, 16, 17,37,72,76,78,89,112, 124,139,142,147,151,180,275,304, 305,312,321

as origins of towns, 140 atmosphere of, 138 edge of, 112, 287-289 form of, 138 function of, 138 grid of, 153 indoor, 144 length, 275, 287 pattern of (see also grids), 78, 123, 125,

152,262,263,319,323,324 revival of, 147 traditional, 200 types of, 137 Western, 137 widening, 143, 148 width of, 125, 153

structure,bnilding, 338, 339-340 Stubbins, Hugh, 284 style (see also design, form, motif)

Modern, 31, 158 Western, 223

sub-centers, 37, 267, 268,271 suburbanization, 23, 259, 262 suburbans, 9, 12 suburbs, 9, 25, 114, 151,224,229,257,267,

268,291 subways, 257 subway stations (see also railway stations), 75 sun, 168, 169, 184,207,278,279,284,344 surveillance, 26, 245 sustainability, 28, 31, 35, 119,232,245,268,

328,333,364 Suzhou,279 symbiosis, 16,31 symbols, 2, 11, 12, 17,23,34,51,56,59,100,

177,210,275,282,302,304,307,308 synergy, 248

Taipei, 10,21,25,33, 171,258,259 Taiwan, 3, 33, 34 Tan, Guan Bee, 229 Tay, Kheng Soon, 35, 226 tea-houses, 56 Team Zoo, 34

INDEX

technology, 19,22,23,32,38, 114, 118, 132, 216,219,224,229,245,252,258

Teiji, Itoh, 18 temples (see also shrines), 9, 14,33,37,50,

57,82,172,279 tenement houses, 109, 115, 118 Thailand, 257, 260, 295 theaters, 33, 56, 186,338, 354 theme parks, 22 Thompson, William, 216, 219 time-sharing, 16,78, 82, 126, 128, 130, 139,

159,163,250,287,307 Tokyo (see also Edo), 9, 12, 13, 15, 17,21,28,

32,37,53,54,58,61,63,68, 112, 114, 171,257-259,271,279,287,289,311

topography, 30 totalitarianism, 194, 210 tourism, 254 tourists, 11, 17,25, 121, 154, 186,253,257,

269,270,299 towers, 36, 51, 229, 230 town halls, 89,92 tradition (see also heritage), 10, 17,20,21,23,

37,49,54,58, 107, 112, 128, 130, 185, 200,232,343

traffic, 16,21,22,50,58,78,97,98,105,126, 138,139,141-143,148,176,186,218, 241,242,262,263,266,269,332

transitional zone (see also bufferlbuffer zone), 31, 109

transportation, 9, 12,27,37,38,55, 143,253, 271

public, 102, 105, 143, 148,306,339 water, 54

types, 5, 17,32,33, 124,137,224,297 of building in Hanoi, 155-158

typology, 32,140, 173

underground walkways, 361 United States, 3, 9 universal civilization, 19 universal franchise, 194-196 universal suffrage, 10 urban design, 3, 30, 32, 37, 60, 70, 148, 187 urban renewal (see also redevelopment), 12,

26,32,144,182,183,186,333 urbanization, 2, 6, 8, 29, 112, 119, 141, 182

INDEX

counter-,6

vacancy, 23, ll4, 118 values, 18,27,118,131,133,219,220,223,

305 vendors (see also hawkers), 30,35, 103, 166,

243,249,269,307,339 ventilation, 22, 35, 155, 158, 161, 169,229,

278,284,344,360 verandahways, 22, 35 views (see also panoramas, vistas), 32, 33, 57,

64,162,177,179,200,209,304,307, 344

monotony in, 275, 279, 289, 341 Vigan,93 villages, 87-89, 112, 120, 121, 130, 261, 299 vistas (see also panoramas, views), 148,286,

289,343,344

walkways, 35, 306 walls, 14,26,31,33,107,108,157,185,286,

300, 301, 303, 304 Wang, Chao-fan, 33 Wang, Ta-hung, 33 waste processing, 24 waterfront, 14, 17,28,49, 140, 177, 339, 356

in Edo, 54-57 in Tokyo of early 20th century, 58-61 in Tokyo of the 1950s and 1960s, 61-63 in Tokyo since the 1970s, 63--67

over-development of, 66 revival of, 63-66 destruction of, 61

Wats, 296, 302-305 use of, 305

welfarism, 27 wells, 109, 163 Westernization, 20 Whyte, William, 274, 288 width,179

alley, 319 sidewalk, 275 site, 183 street, 109, 142, 324 walkway, 358

391

windows, 31, ll2, 155, 157, 158, 161, 169 workshops, 78,109,120,124,265,312,326

Yang, Cho-cheng, 33 yards

back, 16 front, 157

Yau Ma Tei, Hong Kong, 76, 78, 82 Yeang, Ken, 14, 35,226,229 Yogyakarta, 121 Yokohama, 112

zoning, 9,25,124,144,147,183,240,246, 265,284,361

Zucker, Paul, 275