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Addendmn

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194

INDEX OF PERSONS

Abbiw, D. K. 159 Abbs, A.133 Abd ar-Rahman, S. A. B. (Saiyid Mansab) 191 Abraham, W. 285 Abrahams, L. 285 Abrahams, P. 235, 248-252, 263, 265 Abrash, B. 285 Abruquah,J. W. 133 Achebe, C. 27, 50, 56, 57, 98-101, 103, 106-110,

271,285 Acquaah, R. G. 158 Adali.Mortty, G. 130, 131 Adams, R. F. G. 285 Adamu, M. dan 169 Addaye, J. J. 160 Addo, J. 132 Adeley, R. A. 285 Ademola, F. 285 Adiku, E. T. 154 Aesop 100 Aganweze, A. 53 Agbodza,M.}(.156 Aggrey, K. 155 Agigi, M. 170 Aidoo, C. A. A. 131, 132 Aig·lmoukhuede, F. 127 Ajibola, J. O. 99 Ajisaf"" A. K. 149 Akar, J. 138 Akinlade, E. A. 150 Akintan, E. A. 37, 149 Akinyele, I. B. 149 Akrofi, C. E. 160 Akuffo, B. S. 161 Akyniemi, A. 150 AI-Akida 193 AI-Bakari M. bin A. bin (Muhammad }(ijuma) 191 A1bazini, J. 216 AI-Busiri, M. ibn S. 191 Alcantara, O. see Lopes, B.

Alegra, C. 215 Alexandre, P. 21, 30, 285, 305 Aliyu, Y. 285 Allary, J. 286 AI·Mazrui, A. bin M. bin S. 193 Altman, P. 248, 265 Aluko, T. M. 99,100, 1IZ-U5 Amadi, E. 100, 117, UB Amafo, B. 162 Amarteifio, V. A. 161 Amartey, A. A. 147, 163 Amegashie, E. M. 154, 155 Amonoo, R. F. 30, 285 Anahory Silva, T. C. 214 Anaman, J. B. 158 Ananou, D. 94 Andersen, H. C. 199 Andrade, M. P. de 214, 216, 217, 285 Angira, J. 207 Anifeng 133 Annan, K. 133 Annobil, J. A. 147, 158 Anozie, S. O. 285 Ansre, G. 30, 37, 39, 48, 163,285 Antonio, 11. 216 Apraku, L. D. 133, 161 Armah, A. K. 134 Armattoe, R. E. G. 128, 129 Arnold, M. 258 Arnott, D. W. 175,285,307 Asalache, }(. 208 Atkinson, B. H. 266, 285 Awoonor-Williams, G. 131 Ayansu-Mensah, A. B. 160 Azikiwe, N. 97

Ba, A. H. 179 Ba, O. 285 BabalQla, A. 34, 147, 149, 154,285 Badian, S. 87

295

Badibanga 203 Bagchi, G. 209 Bagorozi 184 Balewa, A. A. T. 34,172 Bambote, P. M. 9.5 Bamenya 184 Bamgbo~e, A. 48, 147, 148,285,286 Barbosa, J. 213, 214 Barres, 1\'[. 78 Barth, H. 178, 286 Bart·WiIliams, G. 138 Basner, ]\'1. 248

Bassir, O. 286 Bathwen 186 Bauchi, A. 172 Baudelaire, C. 78, 221 Bebey, F. 82 Bediako, K. A. 54, 133, 134 Bedwei, A. 133 Beier, U. 52, 65, 102,266,271,286 Bello, lVI. 178 Bello, S. dan 178 Benes, E. 37, 286 Bengu, K. 237 Benn, G. 286 Bennie, W. G. 229 Bentil U3 Benton, P. A. 13, 20. 286 Berry, J. 13, 16, 21, 24, 25, 30, 37, 41, 48, 50,

286,305 . Beti, ]\<1. 84-86, 271 Bevan, E. 105 Bhely.Quenum, M. 94 BheJy·Quenum, O. 94, 95 Bikwakwanya 184 Biyidi, A. see Beti, M. Blay, J. B. 133 Bleek, W. H. 1. 306 Bloom, H. 255, 256, 263 Bloomfield, B. C. 52 Blose, J. A. 237 Boam, L. A. 48, 286 Boama, I. E. 147 Boetie, D. 261 Bognini, J. 1\1. 91 Bol, V. P. 286 Bolamba, A. R. 200 Boni,N.89 Botha, L. 239 Boto, E. see Beti, M.

296

Bonkman, D. 67 Brauner,S. 33,47, 286 Brecht, B. 126 Breskina, F. lVI. 270, 271, 284, 286 Breton, A. 64 Brew, K. 130 Brooke, R. 128 Brown, S. 78 Bfllscioto, G. 306 Brutus, D. 261, 262, 269 Bryan,1\'[. 46 Buahin, P. K. 133 Bukele, 1\1. D. 18 Burdon, J. A. 170 Butler, G. 245, 286

Caesar, G. I. 230 Caldwell, J. 119 Camara, N. K. C. 89 Campbell, R. 243, 245 Cartey, W. 286 Cary, J. 136, 261 Casely.Hayford, A. 129-134 Cassirer, T. 286 Cesaire, A. 6:l-65, 74, 201 Chaka 78 see also Shaka Charmn, T. de 78 Charteris, I. 52 Chaucer, G. 130 Chekedi 186 Chekhov, A. P. 265 Cheyney.Coker, S. 138 Cheyney, P. 52 Chiraghdin, S. 207 CIu~staller, J. G. 143. 157. 160 Cisse, E. 89 Clair, R. lIO Clark,J.P. 120-123, 125-127 Clarke, P. 260 Claudei, P. 78 Cloete, S. 247, 248 Ciouts, S. 261 Cole, D. T. 305, 306 Coie, R. W. 138 Conton, W. 136-138, 271 Cook, D. 206, 209, 286 Cook, M. 286 Cope,J. 252, 263 Corneille, P. 202 Cornevin, R. 286

Couchoro, F. 94 Crabb, D. W. 305 Craveirinha, J. 217 Creighton, T. R. lVf. 286 Crispin, G. 138 Crowder, lVf. 111 Crowther, S. A. 148, 149, 152, 160 Crnz, V. da 215 Cyrus, lVf. 291

Dadie, B. B. 91-93, 287 Dadze, 1. B. 160 Dalby, D. 12, 15-18, 287 Damas, L. G. 63, 76, 74, 287 Danes, F. 287 Danquah, J. B. 127, 128 Dante, A. 57 Darko, A. 57 Darko, D. O. 161 Dathorne, O. R. 287 Davidson, B. 287 Decker, T. 50, 51, 287 Dei.Anang, 1'11. F. 129, 130 Delafosse; lH. 18, 287 Delano, 1. O. 149-151, 160 Delavignette, R. 287 Delius, A. 263 Dembele, S. 93, 94 Dembo, U. A. 172 Dempster, R. T. 139 Denteh, A. C. 147, 161,162 Depestre, R. 33 Dcsewu, P. 1'11. 155 Dhlomo, H. I. E. 235, 287 Dhlomo, R. R. R. 235, 2:~() Dia, JYL 77 Diakhat6, L. 79 Diallo, B. 72 Diallo, S. 74 Dias, E. 216 Dickens, C. 271 Dieterlen, G. 14, 288 Dikobe, ]\iL 262 Dingane 230, 231, 2:35 Dingiswayo 2:n, 235,242 DinizuJ u 229, 235 Diop, A Jioune 64 Diop, Anta 30, 61, 287 Diop, B. 71, 73, 74, 79 Diop, D. 71, SO, 201, 271

Diop, O.·S. 73 Dioura, B. B. 86 Dipoko, ]1,1. S. 64, n6, 287 Diringer, D. 13, 287 Dlamini, J. C. 237 Dogbeh, R. 95 Dogoc, E. Y. 156 Dogondaji, A. 173

Doke, C. T. 306 Dokulil, lVf. 38, 287 Dondavitra 225 Duhe, H. .J. 237 Dube, J. L. 234, 235 Du Bois, W. 62, 128 Dugast, 1. 12, 287 Dnodn, C. 133

Easmon, R. S. 135 East, N. B. 287 East, R. M. 28,143,171,172 Edgar, F. 170,287 Effa, E. 161 Egbuna, O. 115 Ekwensi, C. 49, 55, 57, 98-101, 101-107, 271,

287 Eliet, E. 287 Eliot, T. S. 121 EI-lVIasri, F. H. 285 Engmanu, A. W. 163 Epelle, K. 119 Equiano, O. (Vassa, C.) 97 Erapu, L. 203 Espirito Santo, A. do 215 Esslin,]\II. 123 Ewande, D. 82 Ewembe, F. B. ]\II. 85

Fafunwa, A. B. 152, 287 Fagunwa,D. O. 57, 107, 149, 150 Falcti, A. 151, 152, 154 Eall, lVI. 79 Famfamto, J. K. 155 Fanon, F. 67 l;'aubJee 224 Eaulkner, W. 119 Ferguson, C. A. 22, 27, ~7, 40, 287 FeuseI', \V. 287 Eiawoo, F. K. 154, 287 Fishman, J. 30, 33 FlaubeI't, G. 271

1.97

Fleming, I. 52 Fodeba, K. 89 Fodio, U. dan 107, 142, 166, 177, 178 Fonlon, B. 86 Fonseca, A. 213, 214 Forster, E. M. 136 Franco, F. 245, 247 Freeman·Grenville, G. S. P. 193 FrobeniuB, L. 288 Fugard, A. 261, 263 Fula, A. N. 234 Fuze, M. M. 234

Galperina, E. L. 288 Gandhi, M. 127 Garvey, M. 60 Garvin, P. M. 37 Gaulle, C. de 70, 76, 81 Gerard, A. 285, 288 Ghartey, J. 158 Ghezo 94 Gibirila, B. 95 Gicaru, R. M. 205 Gide, A. 78, 128 Giva, M. Y. 119 Gleason, J. I. 64, 66, 67, 78, 100,288 Gogo, D. 173 Gogol, N. V. 202 Gologo, M. 87 Goody,J.27,288 Gordimer, N. 253, 254, 263, 285 Gordon, G. 248, 265 Gorer, G. 288 Gouffe, C. 306 C*qoba, VV. VV.229 Graft-Johnson, J. C. de 132, 133,288 Graham-VVhite, A. 288 Greenberg,J.II.49,169,288,305,307 Greene, G. 136 Griaule, M. 14, 288 Grimms 155 Grunebaum, G. E. von 288 Gueye, L. 74, 75 Guillen, N. 63 Guirao, R. 288 Gukhman, M. 37 Guthrie, M. 306, 308 Gwari, M. na B. 167 Gwarzo, M. 172

298

IIadeja, M. 173, 174 IIaggard, R. 227, 248 IIair, P. E. II. 17,288 IIaliru, B. 293 IIall, R. A. 48, 288 IIanson, VV. A. 158 IIarries, L. 41, 189, 190, 193, 288 Harris, J. C. 198 IIarter, G. 153 Harwood, R. 248, 249 IIau, K. 14, 288 Haugen, E. 37,38,40,288 IIavrlinek, B. 38, 39, 48, 288 IIayford, G. 51 Hazoume, P. 94 Head, B. 261 Heidegger, M. 128 IIeine, B. 41, 288 IIemedi, A. bin 194 IIenry, Prince Dom 212 Henshaw, J. E. 127 Herms,1. 149, 288 Herskovits, M. J. 288 Hertzog, J. B. M. 229, 239, 245, 264 IIiII, A. A. 19, 25, 288 IIintze, U. 289 IIiskett, M. 49, 164, 165, 167, 169,289 IIitler, A. 128, 242 IIodge, C. T. 306 IIodgkin, T. 289 Hoffmann, C. 307 IIoh, I. K. 130, 154, 155 IIolub, J. 289 IIoralek, K. 289 Houis, M. 140, 289, 305 IIouphouet-Boigny, F. 75----77, 92 IIughes, L. 62, 78, 289 IInsBein, E. 207 IIutchinson, A. 260 IIuxley;A.128 IIymes, D. 48, 289

Ijimere, O. 127 Ike, V. 98, 99, 115, 116 Imam, A. A. 172 Ismagilova, R. N. 289 Issa, I. 96 Italiaander, R. 289 Ivasheva, V. V. 68, 271, 289 Jabavu, D. D. T. 235

Jacobson,J).252,253,263 Jahn,J.66,68,9O,266,278,289 Jameson, L. S. 239 Jeffreys, M. J). W. 12, 287 Jobe 230, 231 Johnson, G. K. 147,289 Jones, E. J). 50, 102, 103, 135, 289 Jonker, 1. 261 Jonson, B. 127 Jordan, A. C. 238 Joyce, J. 265 July, R. W. 289 Jungraithmayr, H. 287, 307 Junod, H. A. 199

Kachingwe, A. 210 Kadalie, C. 239 Kagame, A. 66, 183, 202, 289 Kagara, A. B. 172 Kalungano, C. see Santos, M. dos Kane,H. 80 Kano, A. 172 Kano,D.173 Kama, T. 201 Kariara, J. 205 KariulU,J.M.204,205 Karoki, J. 208 Kartuzov, S. P. 119, 264, 265, 271, 272 Kasavubu, J. 54 Katsina, I. N. 168 Kaufmann, H. 289 Kayira, L. 211 Kayombo, 1. K. 203 Kazilahabi, E. 207 Kejzlar, R. 289 Kenyatta, J. 204, 289 Kesteloot, L. 65, 68, 289 Kgafela 185 Khama 186 Khwela, S. T. Z. 237 Killam, D. G. 289 Kimenye, B. 203 King, A. V. 168, 175,289 King,D.138 Kirk-Green, A. H. M. 48,171 Klima, V. 10, 11, 55, 290 Klingenheben, A. 12, 294, 307 Kloss, H. 30, 33, 290 Klufio, E. J. K. 163 Knappert, J. 290

Komey, E. A. 131 Konadu, S. A. 54, 55, 133, 134 Kone,M.91 Konu, F. S. 147 Kourouma, A. 93 Kouyate, S. B. 87 Krause, G. A. 170 Krieger, K. 170 Krige, U. 247 Kruger, P. 238, 264 Knnene, D. 290 Kunene, M. 261 Kuria, H. 205 Kuti, F. R. 103 Kwantagora, S. 168 Kyei, K. G. 123

Labouret, H. 290 Labov, W.290 Lacroix, P. F. 179, 285,290, 307 Ladipo, D. 122, 152 La Guma, A. 257-260, 263, 265, 269, 270 Laing, T. 158 Laluah, A. see Casely-Hayford, G. M. Lamte-Lawson, E. 163 Langland, J. 130 Lanham, P. 248 Lartey,J.133 Laya,D.290 Laye, C. 88-91 Lebeuf, J.-P. 20, 290 Lee, M. 286 Lentswe 186 Lepsius, R. 24, 290 Lessing, D. 211, Lestrade, G. P. 187 Lewis, S. 265 Lindfors, B. 290 Lindsay 133 Lippert, J. 168 Livingstone, D. 261 Liyong, T. 10204 Liyongo 192, 193 Loba, A. 13 Lomani-Tchibamba, P. 201 Longdon,J.E.147, 159, 160 Lopes, B. 214 Lopes, H. 200 Lopes, M. 213, 214 Lubega,B.203,204

299

Lugard, F. 168, 172 Lukas, J. 309 Lumumba, P. 54, 201 Lytton, D. 263, 264

Maduna, E. D. 237 Mafeni, B. 50, 290 Maguta 184 Maimane, A. 246 Makarfi, S. 173 Malan, D. F. 234,245,246,264 Mallanmi, S. 66 Malonga, J. 200 Mandisodza, K. 235 Mangi, A. na 169 Mangoaela, Z. D. 229 Mangua, C. 207 Manson, H. 203 Maran, R. 62, 89 _ Margarido, A. 290 Mariano, G. 213, 214 M .. rsh, Z. 290 Marx, K. 275 Masiye, S. 211 Mathieu, J. see Mutombo, D. Matiba, J. I. 82 Matip, B. 82, 83 Matsebula, J. S. M. 237 MatshOOza, T. 247, 248 Matthews, J. 2U, 257, 258 Maupassant, G. de 254 Mayakovsky, V. 80 Mayssal, H. 290 Mazrui, A. A. Mbiti, J. S. 205 Mbotela, J. J. 205 Mbulawa, L. M. 237 McKay,C.62 Medou-Mvomo, R. 86 Meinhof, C. 14, 18, 290, 306, 307 Melone, T. 67, 290 Menezes, F. E. 290 Mensah, A. K. 130 Mensah, T. V. 94 Mfokazana 230 Mhlangana 203, 321 Micaya, L. 216 Mickson, E. K. 54 Miller, R. 261 Millin, S. G. 241, 242, 263

300

Mischlich, A. 136, 170 Mitterand, F. 75 }incwang,L.J.237 Modisane, B. 246, 265 Mofolo, T. 187,229-233 Mohamadou, E. 290 Molana, S. M. 235 Molefo 186 Moliere, J.-B. 202 Monod, T. 12,294 Montesquieu, C. L. 92 Moore, B. T. 139 Moore, G. 56, 65, 66, 78, 90, UO, 121, 122, 201,

290 Mopeli-Paulus, A. S. 248 Moser, G. M. 291 Motsisi, C. 246 Moukori, J. K. 82 Mpande 230, 235 l\lphahlele, E. 65, 66, 100, 120, 235, 238, 246, 254-

256, 259-261, 263, 265-267, 271, 274, 291 Mqhayi, S. E. K. 237, 238 Muhammad 167 Muhammad, L. 169, 291 Munonye,J. 100, 117 Munro, D. 292 Munyanganzo 184 Murdock, G. P. 291 Murgot, H. 207 ~l\'[usare, 184 Mushiete, P. M. 201, 202 Musing, Y. V. 182 Mlitara II. Rwogera 182 Mlitara III. Rudahigwa 183 Mutiso, G. 291 Mutombo, D. 201 Mutombo-Diba, V. 202 Mutsinzi 184 Myachina, E. N. 306 Mzilikazi 185, 232

Nabhani, L. 191 Nagenda,J.131,203 Naigiziki, J. X. 202 Nakasa, N. 261 Nandi 230 Napoleon I 230 Nasir, S. A. bin A. Nassir, A. 207 Jiiazareth, P. 206, 207

Neto,A.216 Neves, J. A. das 291 Newman, P. 307 Ngubiah, S. N. 208 Ngugi, J. 204, 206-210 Ngumbi, J. 237 Niane, D. T. 97 Nicol, A. 136 Niekerk, B. van 291 Njaku,N.53 Njau, R. 206 Nketia, J. H. K. 14,34, 130, 147,291 Nkosi, L. 246, 247, 264, 265, 268, 269, 291 Nkrumah, K. 54, 61, 77, 127-129, 134, 281 Nokan, C. 91 Noliwe 231 Noronha, R. de 216 Ntara, S. Y. 210 Nunez, A. 213, 214 Nwankwo, N. 111, 112, 122 Nwapa, F. 100, 116, 117 Nwoga, D. 52. 291 Nxumalo, O. E. H. 237 Nyaku, F. K. 155, 156 Nyembezi, C. L. S. 237 Nyunai, J.·P. 81 Nzekwu, O. 56, 64, 100, HI Nzouankeu, J.·M. 82

Obagi, O. A. 53 Obenga, T. 201 Obianim, S. J. 156 Obiechina, E. N. 291 Oculi, O. 204 QdunjQ, J. F. 151 Ofori, H. 132 Ogot, G. A. 206, 208 Ogunde, H. 122 Ogundele, J. O. 150 Ogunmola, K. 122 Ohly, R. 33, 305 Oji,G.53 Okara, G. 107, 118, 119, 127 Okhotina, I. V. 291, 306 Okigbo, C. 62, 98, 121, 122 Okpewho, I. 115 Olderogge, D. A. 13, 170,291,306,308 Olivera, J. O. de 291 Ologunde, A. 152, 291 Olympio, S. 54

Omotoso, K. 118 Opoku, A. A. 133, 161 Opong, R. M. 162 Ortova, J. 290, 291 Osadebay, D. 119 Osev, E. J. 160 Osnitskaya, 1. V. 306 Oto, J. 82 Otoo,S.K. 35,147,158,159,291 Ouedraogo, O. 89 Ouologuem, Y. 87, 88 Ousmane, A. 86 Ousmane, S. 71, 80, 81, 127 Owono,J.82 Owusu, K. E. 161 Oyono, F. 83-85, 88, 271 Oyono·Mbia, G. 82

Paden, J. N. 41 Pageard, R. 291 Paiangyo, P. R. 203 Paricsy, P. 291 Parker, C. J. L. see Lanham, P. Parkes, F. K. 130, 131 Parrinder, G. 56 Parsons, F. W. 306 Paton, A. 249, 263 P'Bitek, 0.204,207 Perse, S.·J. 78 Peters, L. 138, 139 Pfeffer, G. 179, 291 Philombe, R. 82 Piauit, M. H. 164, 291 Pieterse, C. 292 Pike, K. L. 37 Pilaszewicz, S. 292 Piaatje, S. T. 233, 234, 292 Pleven, R. 75 Pliya,J.94 Plomer, W. 243-245, 250, 261, 263, 271 Pompidou, G. 70 Potekhina, G. I. 292 Pouka, L. M. 82 Price·Mars, J. 63, 292 Prietze, R. 20, 168, 170, 292 Pringle, T. 238 Pritt, C. L. 50 Proust, M. 78 Pujman, P. 292

301

Rabary 225 Rabearivelo, J. J. 221, 222 Rabemananjara, J. 220, 222, 223 Rainandriamanapary 219 Rakotonirainy, J. 225 Ramanantoamina 220, 221 Ramsaran, J. 292 Ranaivo, F. 218, 223, 224 Ranjavoly 225 Rasamuela 218 Ratrema 225 Ratsimiseta 225 Raveliojoana 225 Ravelomoria, W. 225 Ray, P. S. 37, 292 Razafintsalama, J. B. 225 Reed, J. 292 Remarque, E. M. 265 Rhodes, C. 238, 239, 242, 264 Rial, J. 292 Ribas, O. B. 215 Riberalegue 225 Rimbaud, A. 78 Rina, A. 224 Ritter, E. A. 292 Rive, R. 257-259, 263-265, 292 Robinson, C. H. 20, 23, 167,292 Rodinson, M. 20, 290 Rodlish, 224 Rokoto.Ratsimananga 225 Roumain, J. 63 Rowling, F. 20, 171, 292 Rubadiri, D. 286 Rubusana, W. B. 229 Ruganda, J. 207 Ruganza II. Ndoli 183 Ruheni, M. 207 Ruhumbika, G. 203 Rutherfoord, P. 292 Ruzicka, K. F. 10,292

Sadji, A. 79, 292 Saffo, S. N. 161 Safori, F. 161 Saint.Arnand, E. 292 Salami, R. A. 53 Salga, S. na 168 Sam, G. A. 133 Santos, A. P. 89

302

Santos, M. dos 217 Saratovskaya, L. B. 264, 292 Sartre, J.-P. 65, 66, 292 Sayers, E. F. 292 Schachter, P. 305 Scharfe, P. 285 Schlegel, B. 152, 153, 160 Schmidt, N. J. 106 Schmitt 12, 294 SchOn, J. F. 171 Schreiner, O. E. A. 239-241, 263 Schwarz· Bart, A. 88 Sebukima, D. 203 Sechele 185, 186 Segal, R. 261 Segatwa 183 Segoete, E. L. 229 Seid, J. B. 95 Sekarama 184 Sellin, E. 88 Selormey, F. 133 Semidorogo 184 Senghor, L. S. 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 74-78, 91, 120,

200, 222, 275, 292 Senzangakhona 230 Seruma, E. 204 Serumaga, R. 203 Setsoafia, B. H. K. 154, 155 Seydou, A. 179 Seydou,C.178,292 Shaka 185, 187, 229-233,236 Shakespeare, 'V. 122, 154, 155,233 Sheridan, R. 127 Sidi, A. dan 168,169 Silver, H. 294 Simon, B. 261 Sinda, M. 201 Sipikin, M. 173, 174 Sisse, M. L. 86 Sissoko, F.-D. 86, 87 Sithole, N. 293 Skinner, A. N. 165, 171, 173,293 Slater, F. C. 293 Smith, P. 242, 263 Smuts, J. C. 239, 242, 245 Soga, T. 229 Sondhi, K. 209 Sousa Martins, O. de 214 Sousa, N. de 216, 253, 254 Sow, A. 1. 178, 293

Soyinka, W. 34, 56, 57, 68, 99, U8-120, 122-125. 127, 150,293

Spieth, J. 153 Stein, S. 261 Stephen, F. N. 53 Stevenson, R. L. 206 Stewart, G. 22, 293 Stradalova, L. 11 Sulzer, P. 293 Sutherland, E. T. 132, 163, 293 Sutherland, J. R. 181 Swadesh, lYI. 24 Swanzy, H. 293

Tabi, R. A. 161, 162 Tafida 172 Taiwo, O. 293 'Tati·Loutard, J. B. 201 Taylor, F. W. 13, 23, 293 Tehamasc, J. E. S. 237 Tchicaya U Tam'si, G. F. 201 Tempels, P. 29:i Tennyson, A. 128 Tenreiro, B. J. 214, 216, 293 Tenisse, A. 93 Themba, C. 246, 247 Thomas, D. 201 Tibbie, A. 293 Tolstoy, IJ. N. 143, 162 Tong, R. 119 Toure, S. 76, 89 Townsend, H. 160 Tsekpo, G. K. 155 Tsetshwayo 235 Tucker, A. 13, 24, 46, 293 Tucker, M. 64, 66, 106, 243, 267, 293 Tunau, A. 173 Tusib,ma, A. 200 Tutuola, A. 49, 50, 55--57, 107, 122, 150, 152

Ugubane, J .. K. 237 Ulasi, A. L. 11 7 Umaru, B. 53 Umaru Krachie, III. 170 Umeasiegbu, R. N. 118 Uta, E. 53

Vachek, J. n, 26, 37, 38, 286, 293 Valery, P. 78, 221 Vancura, Z. 11 Van der Post, L. 243-245, 263 Vavilov, V. K. 102,271,293 Velten, C. 13,293 Verwoerd, H. 254 Veselkin, E. A. 282 Victor, G. B. 215 Vilakazi, B. W. 234, 236, 237 Vomawo, J. 155 Vorster, J. 264

Wachira, G. 208 Waciuma, C. 208 Waigllru, J. 206 Wake, C. 64, 65, 293 Wali, N. 13,23,173,174,293 'Wallace, E. 206 Waunenburgh, A. 257, 258 Ward, I. C. 24, 46, 293 "Varner, A. 52 Wii,stberg, P. 293 Waugh, E. 136 Wauthier, C. 66-68, 293 Welmers, W. E. 293, 294, 305 Welsley, J. W. 158 Werner, A. 194 Westermann, D. 14,24,41,46,143,153,160,294,

307 Whiteley, W. H. 21, 26, 37, 41, 181, 294 Whitman, W. 68 Wiedner, D. L. 294 Wiegrii,be, P. 155,294 Wilde, O. 240 Wilson, C. E. 171, 292 Winful, E. A. 159 Wolf, H. 2.5, 294 Wright, E. 78, 294

Yankowitz. S. 294 Yarzeva, V. N. :>7, 294 Yeats, W. B. 128 Yeboah·Dankwah, J. 161 Yondo, E. E. 81 Youla, N. 89 Young, P. 52,294

303

Zahan, D. 14,294 Zell, H. 294 Zima, P. 11,22,30,37,40,43,44,55,166,294 Zirimn, E. N. 208

304

Zondi, E. 237 Zungur, S. 173 Zwelonke, D. J\1. 262 Zwide 231

INDEX OF AFRICAN LANG UAG ES AN D DIALECTS

1. Remarks on African language Systems and Their Classification

1.0. As the present book is oriented toward an analysis of the relationship betwecnAfrican language" and literacies or literatures, its task is by no means either to describe the most typical African language systems or to discuss the intricacies of their genetic classification within the respective families, bran­ches or sub-branches. As it is supposed, however, that this work will be read, and hence its index of African languages and dialects also consulted, by literary historians and other specialists of disciplines, who are not acquainted with the basic linguistic facts and their theoretical backgrounds, a few introductory words preceding such an index may not be altogether out of place. Such introductory remarks are obviously not intended t.o replace any detailed introduct.ion of the study and description of the language systems of Africa or of the rich and still largely disputable field of their genetic grouping. Those readers who wish to be introduced fully to the details of the field of description may well be referred to several contemporary works written by lilauricc Houis (1967), Pierre Alexandre (1972), W. E. Welmers (1974) and Rajmund Ohly (1974). On the other hand, an authoritative survey of up-to-date attempts at genetic classifications of the African languages may be found in one of the most recent volumes of Current Trends in Linguistic" (Volume 7: Linguistics in 8'ub-Saharan Africa, edited by Thomas Sebeok in cooperation wit.h Jack Berry and J. H. Greenberg, Associate Editors, and D. W. Crabb and Palll Schachter, Assist.ant Editors, 1972). An historical outline of the African classification saga may be found - with many construct.ive critical remarks and additional analyses - in the paper contributed to that volume by D. T. Cole (pp. 1-29); Paul Schachter's paper (pp. 30-37) attempts to analyze certain questions raised by the most recent classification present.ed by J. H. Greenberg.

1.1. A linguistic analysis of the area of Sub-Saharan Africa was started - primarily owing to historical, non-linguistic factors - from three different geographical directions. The western coast of Africa, and especially its area covering approximately the southern parts of what is today the Ivory Coast., Ghana, T~goland, Dahomey and Nigeria, were among the first t.argots of the early buccaneers and some of their £;':ts testify even today to their historical interest. The Congo basin and the southern and south-eastern a~~as ofthe African coast also came to the fore and obviously left their traces along the road of exploration of the African languages. Last but not least, the areas adjacent to the Sahara desert had always served as· the final (or initial) points of trans-Saharan itineraries and thus offfercd a third gateway to the recognition of Africa's languages.

1.1.1. The western coast, and especially the above-mentioned area of it, displayed to the early explorers. a type of language system which was completely diffcrent from the usual "classical" IE pattern. The lan­guages of that region displa.y few, if any, formal grammat.ical features manifested by morphemes consis­ting of segmental phonemes (consonants and vowels) or the corresponding categories of classical grammar in the mechanical sense. They have no case and no gender expressed by means comparable to the IE model, and hence no case ending and no gender concord, etc. exist. The grammatical relationships of

30S

morphemes (words) in constructions are expresesd by their behaviour, combination and position in <)onstructions, but partly also by modifications of their phonemes (vowel alternation); their tonal systems are highly developed to an extent rarely discovered in conventional fiective grammars. iVIoreover, their tone is distinctive also at the morpheme - and word·level: thus, morphemes Qt. words may be identical as far as their construction from consonants and vowels is concerned, but only their different tone may distinguish their often completely different meanings. Yoruba, Ewe, the Akan languages, lbo, Ga, Nupe and many languages of this area belonging to what was later labelled the Kwa branch offer examples of ,such a type of language system.

1.1,2. The central, southern and south-eastern coasts of Africa confronted the early explorers with a completely different type of language system. These were, in fact, languages having a highly developed ,system of formal grammar, expressed by morphemes which mostly consisted of segmental phonemes (although the tonal systems often played their role. as well), In place of the "classical" binary or triadic categories of gender, the nouns are grouped into several so-called Ilotm classes: the scm,mtic equivalents of such noun classes did not cover the mere "sexual" gender field (as in the classical grammars), but extended, rather, to such fields as human beings, animals, plants, liquors, etc., etc. The formal reperous­·sions of the existence of many such noun·class categories in a given language are even more important: in fact, these categories deeply penetrate the entire grammar and syntax oftho language system in questi­,on, especially through prefix- or suffix- concords, initial alternatioll, eto. According to D. T. Cole (I.c.p. i! ff), this grammatical category known as nonn class was first analyzed by the Italian Capuchin Giacinto Bruscioto, who introduced it into his early analysis of the Kongo (kikongo) language (Regulae quaedarn pro difficillimi Congensinrn idiomatis frIciliori wptn rId grammaticae normam redae, 16.59).

From the Congo basin, attention was shifted toward the languages of the southern and south-eastern coasts, such as Tswana, Zulu, Xhosa, Swahili, etc. All these languages manifested striking similarities ,of noun-class systems, in terms of both their forms and their functions, and thus their genetic relationship conldnot escape attention. It was \V. H. 1. Bleek, apparently, who first usc dthe tcrm "Bantu", and it was .also he who elaborated the bases of comparative Bantu philology. In the last decades of the 19th century and the first two or three decades of this century, the basis of its theory was moulded by the eminent German scholar, Carl Meinhof, and his pupils, while more recent decades have seen its further develop­ment both in the London school by Malcolm Guthrie and his colleagues and in Africa itself by Clement T. Doke and his followers. Both in Leningrad and in ::Vloscow, several Bantuists, trained mostly by D. A. Oldorogge, have started to develop a fruitful approach towards the intriguing Jleld olfered by ihe Bantu type of language system (1. V. Okhotina, E. N. lvlyachina, X. V. Cromova and others).

1.1.3. The opportunities offered for the linguistic exploration of Africa through the areas adjacent to the Sahara desert did not display any such striking typological similarity as those in the west or south. A belt revealing a clear diversity of language systems was found to be scattered along the borders of the desert, but at least in the Chad area there was an opportunity to analyze a language type (represented by Hausa) which offered certain typological and lexical similarities with the Semitic languages of Korth Africa. The existence of the category of grammatical gender, based supposedly upon the binary (sexual-oriented) .schema, was evident in many languages of that area. Even this category operates throughout the entire respective systems, being manifested (as noun classes) by way of concord in most grammatical and syn­tactic constructions. It was only much later that it was discovered that Hausa nses - besides gender -also other important categories, and that its system was described by adequate methods of contemporary linguistics (F. W. Parsons, Claude Goufle, C. T. Hodge, D. A. OldeTogge, J, V. Osnitskaya, and many others). It was also discovered that a more appropriate classification of the languages of the Sub-Saharan Chad area may be offered only if tho other so-called Chadic languages are analyzed and their systems mutually compared. This immense task of drawing attention away from "surface" similarities towards

306

"deep" genetic ties could have been accomplished in recent decaces only against the background of a patient analytical and com parative effort which was accomplished in the Chad area by such scholars as Johannes Lukas, H. Jungraithmayr. C. Hoffmann, P. Newman and many others.

1.2. Historical coincidence thus confronted early attempts at a genetic classification of the languages of Africa with examples of an extreme typological diversity. Thus, while at the end of the last century and during the first decades of this century, the rudiments of knowledge about the Kwa languages in the west and the Bantu languages in the centre, south and south·east were available, a knowledge of those systems which share some of the features of both typological extremes and which are spoken in the "interior" was limited, if it existed at all. No wonder, therefore, that the available knowledge of typological extre­mes led automatically to a certain overestimation of typological criteria for the purposes of genetio grouping. Thus, theories were formulated at that period concerning the existence offour genetic language families in Mrica: Bantu, Hamitic, Sudanic (inserted between the first two, mostly in the form of a geog­raphically scattered belt) and BU8hman in the south-west. The prestige of Carl Meinhof, rightly earned from his respectable work in the Bantu field, gave these theories their general justification for a relatively long period of time. Moreover, while supposing, on the basis of the merely supposed existence of the grammatical category of gender, that the Hausa, Masai, Fula and Nama Hottentot languages could well be included in the Hamitic family, he opened the way even to non-linguistic (anthropological or even racial) interpretations of his theories.

For many decades, the basic orientations of such a classification of African languages have survived in manuals, textbooks and introductions to linguistics or anthropology of Africa. If they were interpreted creatively, with reason and restraint, they served relatively well the purposes of a general classification of I anguages during their time. Moreover, it is important to realize that neither an over-estimation of ty pological criteria, nor possible non-linguistic (anthropological or even racial) simplifications were the sole origins of such "classical" theories. An ignorance of data on language systems inside the African contine nt was, together with the availability of incorrect or incomplete data, certainly at the origin of these over-simplificat,ions. It was undoubtedly not by chance that two distinguished pupils of Carl Meinhof, August Klingenheben and Diedrich Westermann, both of whom started from Meinhof's original plat form, ultimately contributed to the clarification of its errors, especially by providing new, adequate, linguistically reliable data and material on certain "key" language systems which were either unknown in Meinho f's time, or else the knowledge of which was only partially correct, or even altogether incorrect. Klingenh eben realised the analysis of Fula to the level of serious linguistic research (his synchronic ana­lysis of this language having been surpassed only recently by the systemic approach used in the works of D. W. Arnott and P. F. Lacroix). His comparison of this language and its noun-class and permutation syste rns with the systems of related West Atlantic languages has dispelled any possible doubts about t heir genetic relationsbip. WesteImann, for his :rart, analyzed several languages of West and Central Africa, whe ther or not they displayed the noun-class system and he showed beyond any doubt their mutual relationship, thus opening the way to a broader comparison. In fact, both of these pupils of Jrleinhof (together with innumerable other linguists working in the same or related fields) paved the way for a general revision of the traditional classification - a step which they were prevented from taking perhaps, only due to their modesty and restraint. This task, however, was accomplished by J. H. Green­berg (1963).

1.3. G reenlerg has JOro:rcsed the following revision of the language families of Africa (indexes and sym­'boIs are also used identically in the present index as characteristics added after the name of each lan­guage):

307

A. Niger-Kordofanian family

Branches: 1. Niger.Congo

Sub-branches: 1. West Atlantic 2. Mande 3. Gur 4.Kwa 5. Benue-Congo (including the entire Bantu languages area) 6. Adamawa Eastern

II. Kordofanian

B. Afro-Asiatic family

Branches: 1. Semitic

II. Berber

III. Cushitic

IV. Ancient Egyptian

V. Chadic

C. Nilo-Saharan family

D. Khoisan family

This classification provoked particular discussion and several points in connection with it are still being debated. Thus. while the incorporation ofFula into the West Atlantic languages was almost univer­sally welcomed, the incorporation of the whole Bantu area (previously listed as an independent language family) into the Benue-Congo sub-branch of the Kiger-Congo bmnch, of the Niger Kordofanian family, met with particular opposition, especially from the Bantuists (M. Guthrie). Instead of accepting the idea of a genetic relationship between the Bantu languages and seyerallanguages of\Vest Africa, the Bantuists tend to explain the existence of comparable systemic features shared by the Bantn languages and several so-called class languages of West Africa (to an analysis of whieh the works of Gabriel :\Ianessy and S. Sauvageot have contributed recently) by the possible massive language contact of the originally unrelated vVest African languages with certain Pre-Bantu groups, which might have migrated in this di­rection. Similarly, the analysis of the Afro-Asiatic language family as falling into five eqwt! branches has, destroyed the notion of Semi to-Hamitic dualism propagated by the Semitists who have been traditionally oriented toward a knowledge of the languages of Xorth Africa and those of the ,J\liddle East. Greenberg's analysis of tills family has, however, strengthened in several respects the views formulated earlier, by D. A. Olderogge.

1.4, In general, one may criticiw this or that aspect of Greenberg's classification, which is easicr to d(} now than it was ten years ago, as the filling in of linguistic gaps on the map of Africa has progressed considerably since the time of the original conception of this classification. In general, howByer, this classificat.ion brings to light certain new possible interrelationships; moreover, it unquestionably reflects the contemporary stage of our knowledge about Africa and its languages better than the '·tradi­tional" classification. This is why we have also used it as a basic frame of reference for the following language index. The languagos of non-African origin (snch as Afrikaans, Krio, Pidgin, Malagasy) are indicated in this index only if they occur in a regional, African variety or context, their genetic origin being lahelled by other abbreviations (IE - Indoeuropean). It is unnecessary, perhaps, to point out that only the names of the languages mentioned in the text of this book appear in tills index. In a way, the index thus reflects the necessary incompleteness af any such undertaking, as has been mentioned in the preface.

308

2. Index

Afrikaans IE 185, 226, 228, 234, 247 Akan A 146,25,28, 145, 148, 156, 157, 1Il2 Arabic B 120, 22, 32, 42, 43, 44, 165, 166, 168,

175, 188, 189, 190, 288, 289, 292

Bagam A 1515,17,18 Bambara A 12 14, 47 Bamum A I 514,15,17-19,27,287 Bantu Languages A 15 Btu. 180, 181, 187, 195,

199, 218, 227, 228, 236 Bassa A I 415,17, 18 Bemba A 15 Btu. 49 Bete A I 415,17,18,19 Bini A 14 14, 33. 163, 288 Bozo A 1214 Bushman Languages D 228

Creole (General) IE 286. 288, 290 'Creole Portuguese IE 213

Dagbani A 1320,27,44 Dogon A 13 (?) 14 Duala (also Douala) A 15 Btu. 81 Dyula (Manding) A I 2 20, 27

Efik A I 5163 Ewe (General) A 14 6, 14. 21, 28, 130, 143-145,

148,152,153-156,160.287,294 A'7b dialect 153 Gil dialect 153, 289

Fante A I 4 6, 46, 156-159, 160, 161. 198, 291 Fula (also Peul) A I 1 6, 13, 15. 17.-20. 23.28.

32.33.44.164,176-179,285,286,290,292, 293

Gii. A 14 28, 163

Hausa (General) - B V 6, 13, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28,29,32-34,41--43,46,49,53, 143-146, 164--169, 170-179,285,287,288,289-294

Kano and Sokoto dialects 42--44, WNW dialect 43, 44. 145

Hottentot languages D 228

Ibo A 14 25. 33, 53, 99 Union Ibo 48

Ijaw A 14 118. 127

JOB Plateau Languages areal term 28

Kamba A I 5 Btu 205 Kanuri G 20,27,44,176,286,290 Kikuyu A I 5 Btu. 204, 206 Kpelle A 12 15, 18 Krio IE 37, 50, 51, 145,287, 288 Kwa languages - A 14 289

Loma A 14 15, 18 Lwo G 204

Malagasy - Malayan - 218--225, 292 Malinke-Bambara-Dyula cluster A 12 47 Mande languages A 1217,18 Manding A I 2 15, 20, 25, 28 Mamprule A I 3 20, 27 Mende A 12 15, 18, 19 Mongo A I 5 Btu 200

Nubian G 290 Nupe A 1428

Pidgin (English) IE 50, 55, 56, 104, 106,286,290

Sango A 1649 Shona (Union) A I 5 Btu 48 Sotho A 15 Btu 7, 226, 228-230, 234

South Sotho 25 Swahili (General) A I 5 Btu. 13, 20, 21, 26. 28,

41--43, 44, 49, 180, 187-194, 196. 205, 206, 208,218,288,293,294

Ngazija dialect 26

lll9

KiaD;le, Kipate, Kimwita Kingwana dialects 188

Togo-remnant languages areal term 28 Tswana - A 15 Btu 184,186, 187,228,233,234 Twi (General) A 14 46, 133, 143, 156, 157,

160-162 Akuapem dialect 6, 46, 156, 157, 160, 161 Asante dialect 6, 46, 157, 161, 162

Vai A 1214,15,17-19,22, 27

310

Wolof A I 1 15, 18, 19, 280

Xhosa A I 5 Btu 7, 226, 228, 234, 237, 238

Yoruba A 14 6, 14, 15, 18,25,26,33, 37, 45, 53, 56-58, 145, 147-152 154, 160, 285-287, 291

Oyo dialect 148

Zulu A 157, 185, 187, 226, 228, 234, 235, 236, 237,261