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Index

AAbstraction layer, 15, 16, 21ACAC-based acquisition, 107, 132, 156,

157, 192–194ACPN-based acquisition, 105, 132, 156,

157, 192–194Acquisition, 101, 163ADC resolution, 130Air interface, 37Algorithmic level, 17, 87Algorithm refinement, 87Ambient intelligence, 1Analog-digital partitioning, 27, 57Architectural level, 17, 87Architecture refinement, 122Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 172Autocorrelation, 105Autocorrelator, 168Automated storage, 34Averaged template, 59Axes of flexibility, 142, 143

BBehavioral domain, 17Binary phase shift keying (BPSK), 45, 53Bit period, 53Bluetooth, 39Bottom-up, 25

CCarrier frequency offset, 98Channel estimation, 113Channel impulse response, 55Channel model, 55Channel transfer function, 91Chip photograph, 181, 198, 207, 215

Circuit level, 18, 21Clock domain, 137, 179Clock flexibility, 142, 144, 182Clock jitter, 128Clock offset (CO), 91, 98, 117, 169, 176Clock offset compensation loop, 103Code alignment, 101, 112, 120, 132Complex autocorrelation, 118, 169Constellation vector, 95Controller flexibility, 142, 144Cordic, 170Cross-correlation, 90Cross-correlation theorem, 90Cross-layer design, 20, 24

DDAC-based analog correlation, 60Data burst, 54Data detection (DD), 88, 125, 174DC-offset, 128Decision postponement, 25, 26Degree of flexibility, 140, 143Design abstraction, 15Design crisis, 15Design productivity gap, 14–15Design space exploration (DSE), 51Despreading, 48, 96Difference signal, 45Direct sequence UWB, 44Divide and conquer, 16

EEffective number of bits (ENOB), 74Electrical communication commission

(ECC), 43Emission mask, 43

241

242 Index

Energy capture efficiency, 68Energy-delay product (EDP), 20Energy density, 2Energy detector, 65Energy-driven design, 13Energy gap, 1, 3Energy management, 8Energy penalty, 9, 29Energy per useful bit (EPUB), 24, 38, 41,

76, 149Energy profile, 120Energy scavenging, 37Equivalent isotropically radiated power

(EIRP), 43Error function, 45

FFederal communication commission

(FCC), 43Feedback loop, 98, 176Fine tracking loop, 139, 176First-in-first-out register (FIFO), 178Flashing receiver, 65Flexibility knob, 8, 28Flexibility power cost, 144Flexibility range, 9, 28FLEXmodule, 136Front-end architecture, 126Front-end specifications, 30, 126, 131Fully analog receiver, 66Fully digital receiver, 59

GGajski–Kuhn, 16Gaussian channel, 89Gaussian noise, 56, 66

HHybrid receiver, 59, 82

IIdeal Gaussian channel, 89Ideal multipath QAC (IMQAC), 94IEEE 802.15, 82IEEE 802.15.1, 39

IEEE 802.15.3a, 43, 55, 56IEEE 802.15.4a, 82Imperfect match filtering, 71, 89Impulse radio, 7, 44Industrial control, 34Integration window, 63, 93, 120, 127Interconnect flexibility, 142, 144, 182Interference dominated noise, 70Inventory control, 34IP re-use, 16IQ imbalance, 128IR-UWB, 7, 45, 53

LLatency, 36Linear feedback shift register (LFSR), 147Line-of-sight (LOS), 55, 204, 210Logic level, 4, 18

MMatched filter, 45, 48, 68, 89Measure of flexibility, 9, 140, 141Measurement setup, 185, 198, 206Microcontroller, 137, 152Minimal delay point, 19, 20Mixed-signal, 23, 30Moore’s law, 1, 14Multipath, 55, 91, 93, 112Multipath channel, 55, 91Multipath QAC (MPQAC), 94, 112

NNon-line-of-sight (NLOS), 55, 95, 112

OOffset estimation, 101, 117On-off keying (OOK), 53Orthogonal QPSK (O-QPSK), 44

PPacket length, 36, 80Parametrizable functional units, 140, 141Path loss, 55, 91Preamble sequence, 54, 63, 101Pervasive computing, 1Phase noise, 74, 128

Index 243

Phase shift keying (PSK), 45, 53PHY header (PHR), 83, 84Physical domain, 17Platform based design, 16PN correlator, 147, 164PN generator, 147, 164PN-based acquisition, 103, 132, 156, 157,

193Power domain, 179Power trace, 191, 193Power-performance trade-off, 5, 159Productivity growth, 15Pruning, 27, 113Pseudo noise (PN), 46, 53Pulse period, 45, 54Pulse position modulation (PPM), 27, 45,

53Pulse recovery, 89Pulse replica, 89

QQuadrature analog correlation (QAC), 62,

87Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK),

44Quality of service (QoS), 6

RRAKE, 58, 93, 94Ranging accuracy, 120, 204, 211Ranging energy cost, 205Ranging measurements, 205, 211Ranging protocol, 120Receiver framework, 53Reconfigurability, 136, 140, 195Register transfer level (RTL), 17, 135Run time flexibility, 31

SScalability, 8, 22, 28, 192Sensor node, 3, 33

Simplified analog correlation, 61Smart dust, 1Spreading sequence, 46Standard cells, 16State estimator, 98Structural domain, 17Synchronization, 56, 98Synchronization header (SHR), 38, 83System architecture, 123System level, 17, 21, 33System specification, 33

TTechnology scaling, 82Template learning, 59Template misalignment, 126Time-of-arrival (TOA), 119Transmitted reference (TR), 64

UUbiquitous computing, 1Ultra wide-band (UWB), 7, 40, 43, 53

VVGA training, 101, 119, 163VLIW processor, 137

WWibree, 40Window alignment, 101, 112Window computation, 173Window length, 62, 91Windowed sine template, 63, 891window QAC, 132Wireless personal area network (WPAN),

43, 82

YY chart, 16

ZZigbee, 39