BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahlburg, D. A. (nd) Determinants of the Research and Development Performance of us Affiliated Firms in the Australian Manufacturing Sector, mimeo.

Alexander, J. A. (1983) 'The Determinants of Research and Development Activity in Domestic and Foreign Controlled Industries', in A. M. Rugman (ed.), Multinationals and Technology Transfer - The Canadian Experience, (New York: Preager) pp. 26-35.

Bartlett, C. A. and Ghoshal S., (1986) 'Tap Your Subsidiaries for Global Reach', Harvard Business Review, 64, 6, pp. 87-94.

Bartlett, C. A. and Ghoshal S., (1987a) 'Managing Across Borders: New Strategic Requirements', Sloan Management Review, (Summer), pp. 7-17.

Bartlett, C. A. and Ghoshal S., (1987b) 'Managing Across Borders: New Organisational Responses', Sloan Management Review, (Fall), pp. 43-53.

Behrman, J. N. and Fischer, W. A., (1980a) Overseas R&D Activities of Transnational Companies, (Cambridge, Mass: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain).

Behrman, J. N. and Fischer, W. A., (1980b) 'Transnational Corporations: Market Orientations and R&D Abroad', Colombia Journal of World Business, XV, 3, pp. 55-60.

Berenbeim, R. E., (1983) Operating Foreign Subsidiaries: How Independent Can They Be?, Conference Board Report No. 836, (New York: The Conference Board).

Bones, H. P., (1980) 'Are Foreign Subsidiaries More Innovative', Foreign Investment Review, 3 (Spring) pp. 20-3.

Bonin, B. and Perron, B., (1986) 'World Product Mandates and Firms Operating in Quebec', in H. Etemad and L. Seguin Dulude (eds.), Managing the Multinational Subsidiary, (London: Croom Helm) pp. 161-76.

Bourgault, P. L., (1972) Innovation and the Structure of Canadian Industry, Background Study No. 23, Science Council of Canada. (Ottowa: Supply and Services Canada).

Brada, J. C. and Mendez, J. A., (1986) 'Foreign Direct Investment in the US Pharmaceutical Industry', in H. P. Gray (ed.), Uncle Sam as Host, Research in International Business and Finance, vol. 5, (Greenwich: JAI Press).

Brash, D. T., (1966) American Investment in Australian Industry, (Canbera: Australian National University Press).

197

198 Internationalisation of R&D in MNEs

Brech, M. and Sharp, M., (1984) Inward Investment: Policy Options for the United Kingdom, Chatham House Papers No. 21, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul).

Britton, J. N. H., (1980) 'Industrial Dependence and Technological Underdevelopment: Canadian Consequences of Foreign Direct Investment', Regional Studies, 14,3, pp. 181-99.

Britton, J. N. H.and Gilmore, J. M., (1978) The Weakest Link, A Technological Perspective on Canadian Industrial Underdevelopment, (Ottowa: Minister of Supply and Services).

Buckley, P. J., Berkova, Z. and Newbould, G. D., (1983) Direct Investment in the United Kingdom by Smaller European Firms, (London: Macmillan).

Burstall, M., and Dunning, J. H., (1985) 'International Investment in Innovation', in N. Wells (ed.), Pharmaceuticals Among the Sunrise Industries, (London: Croom Helm).

Caves, R. E., Porter, M. E. and Spence, A. M. with Scott, J. T., (1980) Competition in the Open Economy, (Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press).

Chen, E. K. Y., (1983) Multinational Corporations, Technology and Employment, (London: Macmillan).

Chung, W. K., (1983) 'Technology-related Activities of US Multinational Companies', in US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Multinational Companies: US Merchandise Trade, Worldwide Sales and Technology-Related Activities in 1977, pp. 59-84.

Connor, J. M. and Mueller, W. F., (1977) Market Power and Profitability ofMultinutional Corporations in Brazil and Mexico, Report to the Subcommittee on Foreign Economic Policy of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate., (Washington: US Government Printing Office).

Cordell, A. J., (1971) The Multinational Firm, Foreign Direct Investment and Canadian Science Policy, Science Council of Canada, Special Study No. 22, (Ottowa: Information Canada).

Cordell, A. 1., (1973) 'Innovation, the Multinational Corporation: Some Policy Implications for National Science Policy', Long Range Planning, 6,3, pp. 22-9.

Creamer, D. B., (1976) Overseas Research and Development by United States Multinationals, 1966-1975; Estimates of Expenditures and a Statistical Profile, (New York: The Conference Board).

Crookell, H., (1986) 'Specialisation and International Competitiveness', in H. Etemad and L. Seguin Dulude (eds.), Managing the Multinational Subsidiary, (London: Croom Helm), pp. 102-11.

Bibliography 199

Crookell, H. and Caliendo J., (1980) 'International Competitiveness and the Structure of Secondary Industry in Canada', Business Quarterly, 45, 3, pp. 58-64.

Daly, D. J. and MacCharles, D. C., (1986) Canadian Manufactured Exports: Constraints and Opportunities, (Montreal: The Institute for Research on Public Policy).

Davies, G. and Thomas, I., (1976) Overseas Investment in Wales, (Swansea: Christopher Davies).

D'Cruz, J., (1986) 'Strategic Management of Subsidiaries', in H. Etemad and L. Seguin Dulude (eds.), Managing the Multinational Subsidiary, (London: Croom Helm), pp. 75-89.

Duerr, M. (1970) R&D in the Multinational Company: A Survey, (Montreal: National Industrial Conference Board).

Dunning, J. H. (1958) American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry, (London: Allen and Unwin).

Dunning, J. H. (1966) 'US Subsidiaries in Britain and their UK Competitors', Business Ratios, 1, pp. 5-18.

Dunning, J. H. (1976) US Industry in Britain, (London: Wilton House Publications).

Dunning, J. H. (1986) Japanese Participation in British Industry, (London: Croom Helm).

Dunning, J. H. and Pearce, R. D., (1985) The World's Largest Industrial Enterprises 1962-1983, (Aldershot: Gower).

Dunning, J. H. and Pearce, R. D., (1988) The Nature and Growth of MNEs', in C. Nobes and R. Parker (eds.), Issues in Multinational Accounting, (Oxford: Philip Allan), pp. 1-26.

Economic Council of Canada (1983) The Bottom Line. Technology, Trade, and Income Growth, (Ottowa: Supply and Services Canada).

Etemad, H. and Seguin Dulude, L., (1986a) The Development of Technology in MNEs: a Cross-Country and Industry Study', in A. E. Safarian and G. Y. Bertin (eds.), Multinationals, Governments and International Technology Transfer, (London: Croom Helm) pp. 101-19.

Etemad, H. and Seguin Dulude, L., (1986) 'Inventive Activity in MNEs and their World Product Mandated Subsidiaries', in H. Etemad and L. Seguin Dulude (eds.), Managing the Multinational Subsidiary, (London: Croom Helm) pp. 177-206.

Evans, P., (1979) Dependent Development, (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press).

Fairchild, L. G., (1977) 'Performance and Technology of US and National Firms in Mexico', Journal of Development Studies, 14, 1, pp. 14-34.

200 Internationalisation of R&D in MNEs

Fischer, W. A. and Behrman, J. N., (1979) , The Coordination of Foreign R&D Activites by Transnational Corporations', Journal of International Business Studies, 10,3, pp. 28-35.

Forsyth, D. J. C., (1972) US Investment in Scotland, (New York: Praeger).

Frankl, R., (1979) A Cross-Section Analysis of Research and Development Intensity in Canadian Industries with Particular Reference to Foreign Control, (Canada: Industry, Trade and Commerce, Economic Policy and Analysis Division), (mimeo).

Gannicott, K., (1984) 'The Determinants of Industrial R&D in Australia', Economic Record, 60, pp. 231-5.

Giddy, I. H., (1978) 'The Demise of the Product Cycle Model in International Business Theory', Colombia Journal of World Business, XIII, 1, pp. 90-7.

Globerman, S., (1973) 'Market Structure and R&D in Canadian Manufacturing Industries', Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 13,2, pp. 59-67.

Globerman, S. and Meredith, L., (1984) The Foreign Ownership­Innovation Nexus in Canada', Colombia Journal of World Business, XIX, 4, pp. 53-61.

Government of Canada, (The Gray Report) (1972) Foreign Direct Investment in Canada, (Ottowa: Information Canada).

Graham, M. B. W., (1985) 'Corporate Research and Development: The Latest Transformation', Technology in Society, 7, 2/3, pp. 179-95.

Granstrand, 0., (1982) Technology. Management and Markets, (London: Francis Pinter)

Granstrand, O. and Fernlund, I., (1978) 'Coordination 0 f Multinational R&D: A Swedish Case Study', R&D Management, 9, 1, pp. 1-7.

Hakanson, L., (1981) 'Organisation and Evolution of Foreign R&D in Swedish Multinationals', Geografiska Annaler, 63B, pp. 47-56.

Hakanson, L., (1983) 'R&D in Foreign-Owned Subsidiaries in Sweden', in Governments and Multinationals. The Policy of Control Versus Autonomy, edited by W. H. Goldberg in cooperation with A.R. Negandhi. (Cambridge, Mass: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain) pp. 163-76.

Hakanson, L. and Zander, U., (1986) Managing International Research and Development, (Stockholm: Mekan).

Hakanson, H. and Laage-Hellman, J., (1984) 'Developing a Network R&D Strategy', Journal of Product Innovation Management, 1, pp. 224-37

Hanson, W. T., (1971) 'Multinational R&D in Practice - Eastman Kodak Corporation', Research Management, 14, 1, pp. 47-50.

Bibliography 201

Harrigan, K. R, (1984) 'Innovation Within Overseas Subsidiaries', Journal of Business Strategy, 4, 4, pp. 47-55.

Haug, P., Hood, N. and Young, S., (1983) 'R&D Intensity in the Affiliates of US-Owned Electronics Companies Manufacturing in Scotland', Regional Studies, 17, pp. 383-92.

Hewitt, G., (1980) 'Research and Development Performed Abroad by US Manufacturing Multinationals', Kyklos, 33, pp. 308-26.

Hewitt, G., (1983) 'Research and Development Performed in Canada by American Manufacturing Multinationals', in A. M. Rugman (ed.), Multinationals and Technology Transfer - The Canadian Experience (New York: Praeger) pp. 36-49.

Hirschey, R C. and Caves, R E., (1981) 'Internationalisation of Research and Transfer of Technology by Multinational Enterprises', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 42, 2, pp. 115-30.

Hood, N. and Young, S., (1976) 'US Investment in Scotland -Aspects of the Branch Factory Syndrome', Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 23, 3, pp. 279-94.

Hood, N. and Young, S., (1980) European Development Strategies of US Owned Manufacturing Companies Located in Scotland, (Edinburgh: HMSO).

Hood, N. and Young, S., (1982) 'US Multinational R&D: Corporate Strategies and Policy Implications for the UK', Multinational Business, 2, pp. 10-23.

Hood, N. and Young, S., (1983) Multinationallnvestment Strategies in the British Isles. A Study of MNEs in the Assisted Areas and in the Republic of Ireland, (London: HMSO).

Hornell, E. and Vahlne, J-E., (1986) Multinationals: The Swedish Case,(London: Croom Helm).

Howe, J. D. and McFetridge, D. G., (1976) 'The Determinants of R&D Expenditures', Canadian Journal of Economics, 9, 1, pp. 57-71.

Hymer, S., (1970) The Efficiency (Contradictions) of Multinational Corporations', American Economic Review - Papers and Proceedings, LX, 2, pp. 441-8.

Hymer, S., (1972) 'The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development', in 1. Bhagwati (ed.), Economics of World Order from the 1970s to the 1990s, (London: Macmillan) pp. 113-40.

Knickerbocker, F. T., (1973) Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise, (Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University).

202 Internationalisation of R&D in MNEs

Kumar, N., (1987) 'Technology Imports and Local R&D in Indian Manufacturing', The Developing Economies, XXV, 3, pp.220-33.

Kumar, N. and Chenoy, K. M., (1983) 'Multinationals in Less Developed Countries: A Case Study of Drug Multinationals in India', Internationales Asienforum, 14,2/3, pp. 175-94.

Lall. S., (1979) The International Allocation of Research Activity by US Multinationals', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41,4, pp. 313-31.

Lall. S., (1983) 'Determinants of R&D in an LDC, The Indian Engineering Industry', Economics Letters, 13, pp. 379-83.

Lall. S., (1987) 'Multinationals and Technology Development in Host LDCs' in J. H. Dunning and M. Usui (eds.), Structural Change, Economic Interdependence and World Development, Volume 4, Economic Interdependence, (London: Macmillan) pp. 193-209.

Lecraw, D. 1., (1983) 'Performance of Transnational Corporations in Less Developed Countries', Journal of International Business Studies, XIV, 1, pp. 15-33.

Levitt, T., (1983) 'The Globalisation of Markets', Harvard Business Review, 61, 3, pp. 92-102.

Lithwick, N. H., (1969) Canada's Science Policy and the Economy, (Toronto: Methuen).

Malecki, E. J., (1980) 'Corporate Organisation of R&D and the Location of Technological Activities', Regional Studies, 14, pp. 219-34.

Mansfield, E., Teece, D. and Romeo, A., (1979) 'Overseas Research and Development by US-Based Firms', Economica, 46, 182, pp. 187-96.

McGuinness, N. W., (1983) 'The Influence of Research and Development on Foreign Sales Performance' in A. M. Rugman (ed.) Multinationals and Technology Transfer - The Canadian Experience, (New York: Praeger) pp. 126-41.

McGuinness, N. W.and Conway, H. A., (1986) 'World Product Mandates: The Need for Directed Search Strategies' in H. Etemad and L. Seguin Dulude (eds.), Managing the Multinational Subsidiary, (London: Croom Helm) pp. 136-58.

Moses, F. A. and Pugel, T. A., (1986) 'Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: The Electronics Industries', in H. P. Gray (ed.), Uncle Sam as Host, Research in International Business and Finance, vol. 5, (Greenwich: JAI Press).

Ondrack, D. A., (1983) 'Responses to Government Industrial Research Policy: A Comparison of Foreign-Owned and Canadian­Owned Firms', in Government and Multinationals. The Policy of

Bibliography 203

Control Versus Autonomy, edited by W. H. Goldberg in cooperation with A.R. Negandhi. (Cambridge, Mass: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain) pp. 177-200.

Parry, T. G. and Watson, J. F., (1979) 'Technology Flows and Foreign Investment in the Australian Manufacturing Sector', Australian Economic Papers, 18, pp. 103-18.

Pearce, RD., (1989) 'Multinational Enterprises and Less Developed Countries', in M. Z. Brooke and P. J. Buckley (eds.), International Business: A Comprehensive Survey, (Oxford: Blackwell).

Porter, M. E., (1986a) 'Changing Patterns of International Competition', California Management Review, XXVIII, 2, pp. 9-40.

Porter, M. E., (1986b) 'Competition in Global Industries: A Conceptual Framework', in M. E. Porter (ed.), Competition in Global Industries, (Boston: Harvard Business School Press) pp. 15-60.

Poynter, T. A. and Rugman, A. M., (1982) 'World Product Mandates: How Will Multinationals Respond?', Business Quarterly, 47,3, pp. 54-61.

Ranga Chand, U. K., (1981) 'Characteristics of Research and Development Performing Firms in Canadian Manufacturing', Research Policy, 11, pp. 193-203.

Robinson, H. J. and Smith, T. G., (1976) The Impact of Foreign Private Investment on the Mexican Economy, Report prepared for The American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico, (Menlo Park, California: Stanford Research Institute).

Ronstadt, R. C., (1977) Research and Development Abroad by US Multinationals, (New York: Praeger).

Ronstadt, R. c., (1978) 'International R&D: The Establishment and Evolution of R&D Abroad by Seven US Multinationals', Journal of International Business Studies, 9, 1, pp. 7-24.

Ronstadt, R. C. and Kramer, R. J., (1983) 'Internationalising Industrial Innovation', Journal of Business Strategy, 3, 3, pp. 3-15.

Rugman, A. M., (1981a) Inside the Multinationals. The Economics of Internal Markets, (London: Croom Helm).

Rugman, A. M., (1981b) 'Research and Development by Multinational and Domestic Firms in Canada', Canadian Public Policy, 7, 4, pp. 604-16.

Rugman, A. M., (1983) 'Multinational Enterprises and World Product Mandates', in A. M. Rugman (ed.) Multinationals and Technology Transfer - The Canadian Experience, (New York: Praeger), pp. 73-90.

204 Internationalisation of R&D in MNEs

Rugman, A. M. and Bennett, J., (1982) 'Technology Transfer and World Product Mandating in Canada' Colombia Journal of World Business, 17,4, pp. 58-62.

Safari an, A. E., (1966) Foreign Ownership of Canadian Industry, (Toronto: McGraw Hill of Canada).

Safarian, A. E., (1968) 'Country of Ownership and Performance of the Firm' The Economic Record, 44, pp. 82-96.

Safarian, A. E., (1969) The Performance of Foreign-Owned Firms in Canada, (Montreal/Washington: Canadian-American Committee).

Safarian, A. E., (1979) 'Foreign Ownership and Industrial Behaviour: A Comment on "The Weakest Link"', Canadian Public Policy, 5, 3, pp. 318-35.

Samuelsson, H-F., (1975) National Scientific and Technological Potential and the Activities of Multinational Corporations - The Case of Sweden, OECD, mimeo.

Shepherd, D., Silberston, A. and Strange, R., (1985) British Manufacturing Investment Overseas, (London: Methuen).

Steele, L. W., (1975) Innovation In Big Business, (New York: Elsevier).

Steuer, M. D., et. aI., (1973) The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the United Kingdom, (London: Department of Trade and Industry).

Stopford, J. M. and Wells, L. T., Jr., (1972} Managing The Multinational Enterprise: Organisation of the Firm and Ownership of the Subsidiaries, (New York: Basic Books).

Stubenitsky, F., (1970) American Direct Investment in the Netherlands Industry, (Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press).

Task Force on the Structure of Canadian Industry (The Watkins Report) (1968) Foreign Ownership and the Structure of Canadian Industry, (Ottowa: Information Canada).

Terpstra, Y., (1977) 'International Product Policy: The Role of Foreign R&D', Colombia Journal of World Business, 12,4, pp. 24-32.

Thomas, L. J., (1983) The Centralised Research Organisation', in J. K. Brown and L. M. Elvers (eds.), Research and Development: Key Issues for Management, Conference Board Report, No. 842, (New York: The Conference Board).

US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, (1985) US Direct Investment Abroad: 1982 Benchmark Survey Data, (Washington: US Department of Commerce).

US Tariff Commission, (1973) Implications of Multinational Firms for World Trade and Investment and for us Trade and Labor, Report of the US Senate, Committee on Finance, Subcommittee on

Bibliography 205

on International Trade, (Washington: US Government Printing Office).

Van Den Bulcke, D., (1985) 'Belgium', in J. H. Dunning (ed.), Multinational Enterprises, Economic Structure and International Competitiveness, Wiley/IRM Series on Multinationals, (Chichester: Wiley).

Van Rumker, R, (1971) 'Multinational R&D in Practice - Chemagro Corporation', Research Management, 14, pp.50-4.

Vernon, R, (1966) 'International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88, pp. 190-207.

Vernon, R, (1979) 'The Product Cycle Hypothesis in a New International Environment', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41, 4, pp. 255-67.

Wex, S., (1984) Instead of FIRA: Autonomy for Canadian Subsidiaries?, (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy).

White, R E. and Poynter, J. A., (1984) 'Strategies for Foreign­Owned Subsidiaries in Canada', Business Quarterly, 49,2, pp. 59-69.

Wolf, B. M., (1983) 'World Product Mandates and Freer Canada­United States Trade', in A. M. Rugman (ed.) Multinationals and Technology Transfer - The Canadian Experience, (New York: Praeger), pp. 91-107.

Young, S., Hood. N. and Hamill, J., (1987) Foreign Multinationals and the British Economy, (London: Croom Helm).

INDEX

acquired R&D facilities, 21-3, 25-6, 35-6,94-5, 105, 167

age of subsidiary, 58,77-8, 149, 159, 164-5, 167, 171

agglomeration, 43-4, 49, 67 Ahlburg, D. A., 170-1 Alexander, I. A., 146 applied research, 26, 28-30, 32-3,

47-50, 69,75-6, 81, 135, 165, 188-91, 194

Australia, 2, 108, 169-74, 183-4

Bartlett, C. A., 7, 10 basic research, 28-30, 32-3, 48-50,

66, 69, 72, 75-6, 81, 123, 135, 150, 165, 188-9, 191

Behrman, I. N., 4, 11-2,25-8, 30-1, 34, 36,46, 59, 68, 77, 92-6, 105

Belgium, 168-9 Bennett, I., 132 Berenbeirn, R. E., 97-104, 106-7 Berkova, Z., 159 Bones, H. P., 184 Bonin, B., 121, 128-9, 132 Bourgault, P. L., 132 Brada, I. C., 180 Brash, D. T., 2, 108, 169-71 Brasil, 177-8 Brech, M., 184 Britton, I, N. H., 184 Buckley, P. I., 159 Burstall, M., 9

206

Caliendo, I., 131 Canada, 2, 4, 9, 33, 108-9, 115,

122, 124-9, 131, 134-51, 178, 183-4

Caves, R. E., 40, 45-6, 51, 65, 69, 71-2, 76, 88, 137

Chen, E. K. Y., 174-5 Chenoy, K. M., 13, 185 Chung, W. K., 13 collaborative R&D, 33-4 communication and control

systems, 39, 96-7, 105 company-funded R&D, 32-3, 73 Connor, I. M., 177 Conway, H. A., 132 coordination of R&D, 30, 39, 47,

56,91-7, 105, 112, 120, 195 Cordell, A. 1.,53,83,87, 111,

131-2,178-9 corporate R&D, role of, 96-7, 105 corporate technology units, 24 cost structure ofR& D, 31-2 Creamer, D. B., 3-4, 12, 28-33,

72 Crookell, H., 131-2 customer-funded R&D, 73

Daly, D. I., 184 Davies, G., 185 D'Cruz, I., 132 development, 2,28-30,32-3,48,

75, 111-4, 135, 161, 163, 165, 188-91, 194

Index

direct placement of R&D units, 25-6,28,94-5

Duerr, M., 9, 105 Dunning, J, H., 2, 9, 72, 87,99,

108, 151-3, 155-9, 185, 196

economies of scale in R&D, 4, 38-43,45-6, 60, 65, 67, 69, 72-6,79-83

Etemad, H., 78, 124-8, 132 Evans, P., 87, 178 exports, 45-6, 54, 60-6, 68, 74-5,

79-83, 86-7, 113, 116, 121, 130, 167, 172, 175, 183-4, 187, 189, 194

Fairchild, L. G., 177 Fernlund, I., 105 finance of R&D, 29, 32-3, 153-4,

173 Fischer, W. A., 4, 11-2,25-8,30-

1, 34, 36, 46, 59, 68, 77, 92-6,105

Forsythe, D. J. C., 162-3 France, 5,21 Frankl, R., 138

Gannicott, K., 173 Germany, 21, 30 Ghoshal, S., 7, 10 Giddy, I. H., 7 Gilmore, J. M., 184 global technology units, 23-4 Globerman, S., 138, 146, 173,

184 Graham, M. B. W., 105 Grandstrand, 0.,105

HAkanson, L., 31, 36, 71, 88, 105, 166-8

Hamill, J., 131, 184 Hanson, W. T., 105 Harrigan, K. R., 10 Haug, P., 111, 165 Hewitt, G., 37-8, 40, 50, 53-9,

66, 71-2, 77, 82-3, 88, 147-9 Hirschey, R. C., 40, 45-6, 51, 65,

69, 71-2, 76, 88

207

home-market MNEs, 26-8, 46, 59, 77

Hong Kong, 175 Hood, N., 111, 131, 160-5, 184 HOrnell, E., 166-7 host-market MNEs, 26-8,77,

105, 110 Howe, J. D., 146-9 Hymer, S., 6, 10

India, 21,176-7, 185 indigenous technology units, 22-4 innovation, 2, 5-7,49-50,54-5,

69, 72, 78, 81, 110, 112-4, 118, 121, 130, 135, 150, 165, 178, 188, 194

international interdependent labs, 111-7, 120-1, 133, 163-5, 190-1, 195

intra-group trade, 46, 59-66, 88, 122, 129

Ireland, 160-2

Japan, 5,24, 30, 33,170 joint ventures, R&D in, 33-4, 98

Knickerbocker, F. T., 9 Kramer, R. J., 7, 36 Kumar, N., 176, 185

Lall, S., 43,47-52, 60-1, 63, 66-9,71,76,87-8, 176, 185

licensing, 22, 52-3, 66-8, 113-4, 172-3

Lecraw, D. J., 175-6 Levitt, T., 10 Lithwick, N. H., 136-7, 184 locally integrated labs, 111-5,

117, 121, 133, 163, 165, 168, 188, 190-1, 194-5

MacCharles, D. C., 184 McFetridge, D. G., 146-9 McGuinness, N. W., 132, 146 Malecki, E. J., 10 Mansfield, E., 40, 42, 45-6, 51,

68, 71, 76, 87-8 Mendez, J. A., 180

208

Meredith, L., 184 Mexico, 177-8 Moses, F. A, 180 Mueller, W. F., 177

Netherlands, 3 Newbould, G. D., 159 New Zealand, 170

oligopoly and international R&D, 5

Ondrack, D. A., 131, 149-50 overseas production and R&D, 4,

20,44-8, 54, 60-1, 65, 68-9, 74-5, 78-83, 86-9, 190

Parry, T. G., 171-3 patents, 78, 124-8 Pearce, R. D., 72, 87, 196 Perron, B., 121, 128-9, 132 Philippines, 33 Porter, M. E., 7 Poynter, T. A, 131-2 process adaptation, 6, 27, 45, 51-

8,65,77,81-2,94, 111, 118, 120, 130, 159, 175

product adaptation, 6, 26-27, 44, 51-3,56,76-7,81-2, 111, 118, 120, 130, 159, 161, 163, 169, 175, 189-91, 194

product cycle, 5-8, 22, 54, 69, 82, 129, 189

Pugel, T. A, 180

Ranga Chand, U. K., 184 rationalised product subsidiary,

117, 119-22, 129, 132, 190 regional product mandate, 7, 122,

128-9, 167-8 R&D-intensity, 4, 20-1, 48-50,

58, 60, 66, 69, 75-6, 79-83, 86-9

Robinson, H. J., 177 Romeo, A, 40, 42, 45-6, 51, 68,

71,76,87-8 Ronstadt, R. C., 4, 7, 11-2, 21-6,

36,44,53-4,77,83, 131, 167, 185

royalties, 51-3, 60, 66-7 Rugman, AM., 132, 184

Index

Safarian, A E., 2, 108, 134-7, 184

Samuels son, H. F., 166, 185 Scotland, 162-6 security of technology, 2, 124 Seguin-Dulude, L., 78, 124-8,

132 Sharp, M., 184 Shepherd, D., 35 Silberston, A, 35 size of firm and overseas R&D,

74, 78, 82-3, 86-8, 136, 147 Smith, T. G., 177 South Africa, 170 Steele, L. W., 105 Steuer, M. D., 131 Stopford, J. M., 53-4, 83, 89 Strange, R., 35 Stubenitsky, F., 3 Sweden, 166-8, 183 Switzerland, 24, 30, 33 subsidised research, 32-3, 73, 116,

123, 131, 147, 149-50, 172-3, 183

support laboratory, 111-5, 117, 119-20, 133, 163, 165, 168, 188-90, 194-5

technological dependence, 109-10, 120, 133

technology transfer units,21-4, 44

teletext, 7 Terpstra, V., 9, 36 Thomas, I., 185 Thomas, L. J., 68 truncated miniature replica

subsidiary, 117-22, 190

UK, 2, 5, 7, 108, 151-66 USA, 5, 178-82

Vahlne, J. E., 166-7 Van Den Bulcke, D., 168-9 Van Rumker, R, 105

Index

Vernon, R., 5, 7, 54, 69, 81

wage costs in R&D, 31-2, 116, 153

Wales, 185 Watson, J. F., 171-3 Wells, L. T., 53-4, 83 Wex., S., 131-2 White, R. E., 131 Wolf, B. M., 132 world market MNE, 26-8 world product mandate, 7, 9, 59,

77, 109, 114-8, 121-32, 136, 149-50, 167, 190-1

Young, S., 111, 131, 160-5, 184

Zander, U., 36, 105

209