- 81 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abraham, T.J., J. Natarajan, and S.A. Shanmugam, 2002. Antimicrobial substance of

potential biomedical importance from holothurian species. Indian J.Mar.Sci., 31(2):

161-164.

Adele Cutiganano, Daniela Blihoghe, Angelo Fontana, Guida villai, Giuliana d “Ippolito and

Guido Cimino, 2007. Fusari pyrones, novel polypropionates from the Mediterranean

mollusc Haminoea fusari. Tetrahedron, 63:12935-12939.

Ajmalkhan, S. and R. Natarajan, 1981. Salinity tolerance of hermit crabs. Indian J. Mar. Sci.

10: 393 – 395.

Akah, P.A. and A.L. Nwambie, 1994. Evaluation of Nigerian traditional medicines; plants

used in rheumatic disorder. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 42:179-182.

Alfred, J.R.,B.A.K.Das and A.K.Saryal,1998. Faunal diversity in India. Zoological survey of

India, Calcutta, pp: 104-117.

All Sop, A.E., 1998. New antibiotic discovery, novel targets, and impacts of microbial

genomics. Current opinion in microbiology, 1:530-534.

Amiruddin,Z., HK. Gopalan, H. Zainal,N.H. Mohd Pojan, N.A.Morsid, A.Aris and

M.R.Sulaiman, 2006. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of

Solanum nigrum chloroform extracts in animal models. The pharmaceuticals society

of Japan, 126(11): 1171-1178.

Anand, T.P. and J.K.Patterson Edward, 2001. Screening for antibacterial activity in the

opercula of gastropods. Phuket Mar. Biol.Centre Spl.Pub., 25:215-217.

Anand, P.T., and J.K.P. Edward, 2002. Antibacterial activity in the tissue extracts of five

species of cowries Cyprea sp. (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and an ascidian Didemnum

psammathodes (Tunicita:Didemnidae). Indian J.Mar.Sci., 25:239-242.

- 82 -

Anand, T.P., J.Rajaganapathi and J.K. Patterson Edward, 1997. Antibacterial activity of

marine molluscs from Portonovo region. Indian J.Mar.Sci., 26:206-208.

Ananthan, G. 1994. Plankton ecology and heavy metal studies in the marine environments of

Pondicherry, India, Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, India, 125 pp.

Anbuselvi, S., C. Chellaram., S. Jonesh and J. K. P. Edward, 2009. Bioactive potential of

coral associated gastropod, Trochus tentorium of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India.

J. Med. Sci., 9 (5): 240-244.

Anderson,R.S.and A.E.Beaven, 2001. Antibacterial activities of oyster (Crassostrea

virginica) and mussel (Mytilus edulis and Geukensia demissa) plasma. Aquat. Living

Res., 14: 343-349.

Annamalai, N., R.Anburaj, S.Jayalakshmi and R.Thavasi 2007. Antibacterial activities of

green mussel (Perna viridis) and edible oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis). Research

Journal of microbiology, 2(12): 978-982.

Arenas, G., F.Guzman, C.Cardenas, L.Mercado S.H.Marshall, 2009. A novel antifungal

peptide designed from the primary structure of a natural antimicrobial peptide

purified from Argopecten purpuratus haemocytes. Peptides ,30: 1405-1411.

Bai,R., G.R. Pettit, E. Hamel, 1990. Dolastatin 10, a powerful cytostatic peptide derived from

a marine animal: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization mediated through the vinca

alkaloid binding domain. J.Biochemcal pharmacology, 39 (12): 1941-1949.

Bai, R., Pascal Verdier-Pinard ,Sanjeev Gangwar,Chad C. Stessman,Kelly J.Clure,Edward

A. Sausville,George R. Pettit, Robert B. Bates and Ernest Hamel , 2001.Dolastatin 11,

a marine Depsipeptide, arrests cells at cytokinesis and induces hyperpolymerization

of purified actin.Molecular Pharmacology, 59 ( 3): 462-469.

- 83 -

Bailey, C. 2004. Lamellarins, from A to Z: a family of anticancer marine pyrrole alkaloids

Curr.Med.Chem.-Anit-cancer Agents, 4:363-78.

Balcazar, J.L., I.D. Blas, I. Ruiz ZarZuela, D.Cunningham, D. Ventrell and J.L. Muzquiz,

2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Vet.microbiol., 114: 173-186.

Balasubramanian, R. and L.Kannan, 2005. Physico-chemical characteristics of the coral reef

environs of the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve, India Int. J.Ecol. Environ. Sci.,

31:265-271.

Bansemir.A., M.Blume,S.Schroder, V.Lindequist, 2006. Screening of cultivated sea weeds

for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. Aquaculture, 252: 79-84.

Baslow, M.H., 1969. A Study of toxins and other biological active substances as marine

origin. In Marine Pharmacology. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

Maryland. pp:286.

Bauer, A.W., W.M.M. Kirby, J.C. Sherris and M.Turck, 1996. Antibiotic susceptibility

testing by a standardized single disc methods. Am.J. Clin. Patol., 45:493-496.

Benkendorff, K., J. B. Bremner, and A.R. Davis, 2000. Tyrian purple in precursors on the

egg masses of the Australian muricid, Dicathais orbita. A possible defensive role,

J. Chemical ecology, 26: 41037-1050.

Benkendorff K., J.B. Bremner and A.R.Davis, 2001a. Indole derivatives from the egg masses

of muricid molluscs. Molecules, 6: 70-8.

Benkendorff, K., A.R. Davis, and J.Bremner, 2001. Chemical defense in the egg masses of

benthic invertebrates: An assessment of antibacterial activity in 39 molluscs and 4

polychaetes. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 78:109-118.

Berkholder,P.R and L.M Burkholder, 1958. Antimicrobial activity of horny corals. Science,

pp: 127 (3307):1174- 1175.

- 84 -

Beukes,D.R., M.T,Davies-Coleman, M. Kelly-Baorges. M.K.Harper and D.J. Faulkner,

1998. Dilemmanoes A-C, Unusual indole alkaloids from a mixed collections of South

African sponges. J.Nat.prod., 61: 699-701.

Bhosale, S.H., T.G.Jagtap and C.G. Naik, 1999. Antifungal activity of some marine

organisms from India, against food spoilage Aspergillus strains. Mycopathologia,

147: 133-138.

Blunt,J.W., B.R.Copp, M.H.G.Munro, P.T. Nothcote, M.R. Prinsep, 2006. Natural products

from marine organisms and their associated microbes. Nat . Prod.Rep., 23: 26-78 .

Bulet, P.,R.Stocklin and L.Menin,2004. Anti-microbial peptides from invertebrates to

vertebrates. Immunol. Rev.,198:169-184.

Cannel R.J.P., 1998. How to approach the isolation of a natural product, in Methods in

biotechnology, Vol. 4: Natural products isolation, edited by R.J.P. Cannel, Humana

Press Inc., New Jersey, USA), pp 1-51.

Carte, B.K., 1996. Biomedical potential of marine natural products, Bioscience,

46:271-286.

Chandran.B., G.Rameshkumar and S. Ravichandran, 2009. Antimicrobial activity from the

gill extraction of Perna virdis (Linnaeus, 1758). Global Journal of Biotechnology and

Biochemistry, 4(2):88-92.

Charlet, M., S. Chernysh, H. Philippe, C.Hetru, J.A. Hoffmann and P.Bulet, 1996. Innate

immunity: isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of

a mollusc, Mytilus edulis. J.Biol.Chem., 271 : 21808 - 21813.

Chatterji,A.Z., A.Ansar and B.S.Ingale,1999.Antiviral drugs from marine mussels.Sci.and

Tech., Jan.21-25.

- 85 -

Chattopadhyay, D.G., L. Arunachalam A.Ghosh,B. Rajendran and S.K.Bhattacharya, 2005.

Antipyretic activity of Alstonia macrophylla wall exa.Dc.An. ethnomedicine of

Andaman Islands. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals Science, 8: 558-564.

Chellaram C. and J.K.P. Edward, 2009. Anti nociceptive assets of coral associated gastropod

Drupa magariticola. Int. J. pharmacol., 5: 236-239.

Chellaram, C. and J.K.P. Edward, 2009a. Anti-inflammatory potential of coral reef

associated gastropod, Drupa margaritula. Indian J. Sci. Tech., 2: 75-76.

Chellaram,C., K.Mary Elizabeth Gnanambal and J.K. Patterson Edward, 2004. Antimicrobial

activity of winged oyster Pteria chinensis (Pterioda pteriodae). Indian Journal of

marine sciences, 33 (4): 369-372.

Chopra, R.N., S.L.Nayar and I.C.Chopra, 1996. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants, Niscom

Publishers New Delhi, 55-60.

Clin Rheumatol, 2006.Systematic review of a marine nutriceutical supplement in clinical

trials for arthiritis: the effectiveness of the New Zealand green- lipped mussel Perna

canaliculus, May: 25(3): 275-84.

Colwell, R.R., 2002. Fulfilling the promise of biotechnology. Biotechnology Adv., 20 (3-4):

215-228.

Darias, J., M.Cuetio and A.R.Diaz., 2006. Molluscs. From chemo-ecological study to

biotechnological application. Cimino G.Gavagnin, M.eds: Springer: Berlin,

Heidelberg, 2006. 43: 105-131.

D`Auria., M.V., Sepe, V., D`orsi R.Bellotta, F.Debitus and C. A.Zampella, 2007. Isolation

and structural eludication of callipeltins J-M: antifungal peptides from the marine

sponge Latrunculia sp., Tetrahedron 631: 131-140.

- 86 -

Deepak, S.V. and J. Patterson, 2004. Reef associated mollusc of Gulf of Mannar Marine

Biosphere Reserve, Southeast coast of India-Diversity, threats and management

practices. Paper presented in the 10th International coral reef, Symposium, Okinawa,

Japan, 28 June- 02 July- 2004.

De Lucca, AJ, 2000. Antifungal peptides potential candidates for the treatment of fungal

infections. Expert opinion on Investigational drugs, 9(2): 273-299.

De Vries, D.J. and Beart, P.M, 1995. Fishing for drugs from sea status and strategies tips,

16: 275-279.

Dhar, S., AJ.Kanwar, S. Kaur , P. Sharma, N.K.Ganguly , 1992.Role of bacterial flora in the

pathogenesis & management of atopic dermatitis. Indian J Med Res., 95:234-8.

Dyrynda E.A., R.K. Pipe and N.A. Ratcliffe, 1995. Host defence mechanisms in marine

invertebrate larvae Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 5( 8): 569-580.

Elayaraja, S., P.Murugesan, S.Vijayalakshmi and T.Balasubramanian, 2010. Antibacterial

and antifungal activities of Polychacte Perinereis cultrifera. Indian Journal of Marine

Sciences, 39(2): 257-261.

Emiliano Manzo, Margherita Gavagnin, Giuseppe Bifulco, Paola Cimino, Simone Di Micco

M.Letizia CiavattaYue Wei Guo and Guido Cimino 2007. Aplysiols A and B,

Squalene derived polythers from mantle of the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela

.Tetrahedron, 63: 9970-9978.

Essawi, T. and M..Srour, 2000. Screening of some Palestinian medicinal plant for

antibacterial activity, J.Ethnopharmacol., 70: 343-349.

Faulkner, D.J, 1995. Chemical riches from the ocean. Chemistry in Britain, 31: 680-684.

Faulkner, D.J., 2000. Marine natural products. Nat.Prod.Rep., 17:7-55.

Faulkner, D.J., 2002 Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep., 19:1-48.

- 87 -

Faulkner, U., 1977. Interesting aspects of marine natural products chemistry. Tetrahedron,

28: 1421-1443.

Felipe Javier, Lopez Chavez, Patricia Rios Chavez, Ken Oyama, 2009. Brominated

precursors of Tyrian purple (C.I.Naturael violet 1) from Plicopurpura panda,

Plicopurupura columellaris and Plicopurpura patula. Dye and pigment 83: 7-13.

Fenical, W., 1997. New pharmaceuticals from Marine organisms. Trend., Biotechnol.,

15: 339-342.

Fisher, W.S. A.R. DiNuzzo ,1991. Agglutination of bacteria and erythrocytes by serum of six

species of marine molluscs. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 57:380-94.

Fouquet, H. and H.J. Bielig, 1971. Biological precursors and genesis of Tyrian purple .

Argew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 10: 816-817.

Fujimoto, K, I. ,Y.Yasuda Kamatani, H.Minakata, K. Nomoto, M.Yoshida, A.M,Harada

Y..Muneola and M. Kobayashi, 1991. Purification of achatin-I form from the atria of

African giant snail, Achatina fulica, and its possible function. Biochem. Biophysics.

Res.Commun. 177, 847-853.

Gerwick ,W.H., 1987. Drugs from the sea. J.Pharm . Technol. 136-141.

Gilberto Schwartsmann, , Adriana Brondani da Rocha, Postgraduate Course in Medicine

(HCPA-UFRGS), Roberto GS Berlinck, and Jose Jimeno,,2001. Marine organisms as

a source of new anticancer agents . The Lancet Oncology, 2 (4): 221-225.

Giorgio Della Sala, Adele Cutignano, Angelo Fontana, Aldo Spinella, Gianpiero Callabrese,

Anna Domenech Coll, Giuliana d’ Ippolito, Carmela Della Monica and Guido

Cimino. 2007. Towards the biosynthesis of the aromatic products of the

Mediterranean mollusc Scaphander lignarius: isolation and synthesis of analogous of

lignarenous.

- 88 -

Gnanambal, K.M.E., C.Chellaram and J. Petterson, 2005. Antibacterial activity of whole

body extracts of Trochus radiatus ( Mollusca: Gastropoda). Proceedings of the

National seminar on Reef Ecosystem Remediations (NERER’05), SDMRI Research

Publication no. 9 :182-186.

Gonzalez, M.,Y. Guliguen,G. Deeserre,J. De Lorgeril, B. Romesstand, E. Bachere, 2007.

Molecular characterization of two isoforms of defensin from haemocytes of the oyster

Crassostrea gigas. Dev.Comp.Immunol. 31:332-339.

Gray C.A, M.T.Davies Coleman and M.H. Schleyer, 2000. Lembrane diterpenes from the

southern African soft coral Cladiella kachmani. J. Nat. Prod., 63: 1551-1553.

Grein, A. and S.P. Meyers, 1958 Growth characteristics and antibiotic production of

actinomycetes isolated from littoral sediments and materials suspended in sea water.

J. Bacteriol., 76: 457-463.

Gueguen,Y.,A.Herpin,A,Aumelas,J.Garnier,J,Fievet,J.Fievet,Escoubas,2006.Characterization

of a defensin from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Recombinant production, folding,

solution structure anti microbial activities, and gene expression. J.Biol chem.: 28 :

313 - 323.

Gueguen, Y.A. Herpin,A. Aumelas,J. Garnier ,J.Fievet, J.M.Escoubas et al 2007.

Characterization of a defensin from the oyster Crassostea gigas. Recombinant

production, floding, solution structure, antimicrobial activities, and gene expression.

J. Biol. Chem. 281: 313-3323, 2007.

Gustafson, K. and R.J. Anderson, 1985. Chemical studies of British Columbia nudibranchs.

Tetrahedron, 41(94): 39-43.

Gustafson,K.R., N.Oku, D.Milanowski, 2004. Antiviral marine natural

products.J.Curr.Med.Chem., 3:233- 249.

Guyton and Hall, 1998, Text book of Medical physiology 11th

edition (2007) US.

- 89 -

Haefner, B. 2003. Drugs from the Deep. Drug Discov. Today., 8:536-544.

Hajore, Sw., SK. Suresh Chandra, J. Tandan, J. Sarma, and AG. Lal , 2000. Analgesic and

antipyretic activities of Dalbergia sissoo leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmacology,

32: 357-360.

Halpem G.M., 2000, Anti inflammatory effects of a stabilized lipid extract of Perna

canaliculus (Lyprinol), Allerg. Immunol.,(Paris), 32(7):272-278.

Hamann, MT.,P.JScheuer,.F. Kahalide,1993. A Bioactive Depsipeptide from the Sacoglossan

Mollusc Elisia refescens and the Green Alga Bryopsis sp. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115,

5825-5826.

Hancock, R.E.W., 2000. Cationic antimicrobial peptides towards clinical applications. Expert

opinion on Investigational drugs.9: 1723-1729.

Hancock, R.E.W and R. Lehrer, 1998. Cationic peptides a new source of antibiotics. Trends

in biotechnology, 16:82-88.

Hang, T. K. Stensvag, O.Olsen,M. E. Sandsdalen, O.B. Stryvold, 2004. Antibacterial

activities in various tissues of the horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus J. Invertebr.

Pathol. 85,112-119.

Harbone,J.B.,1973. Phytochemical methods. London,Chapman and Hall, Ltd .49-188.

Hochster, H., R. Oratz ,D.S. Ettinger , !998. A phase II study of Didemnin B (NSC 325319)

in advanced malignant melanoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study

(PB687). Invest New Drugs 16:259-263.

Hooper G.J and M.T. Davies Coleman, 1995. Sesquiterpene hydroquinernes from the South

African soft coral Alcyonium fauri. Tetrohedron, 36: 3265-3268.

Hooper, G.J.,M.T. Davies-Coleman, and M. Schleyer, 1997. New disterpenes from the South

African soft coral Eleutherobia aurea .J. Nat Prodi., 60: 889-893.

- 90 -

Hua, H.M.,J. Peng, Dc Dunbar, R.E. Schinazi, A.G. De Castro Andrews, E. Cuevas,

L.F. Garcia-Fernandez, M.Kelley, M.T. Hamann, 2007. Batzelladine alkaloids from

the Caribbean sponge Monanchora unguifera and the significant activities against

HIV-1 and AIDS opportunistic infections pathogens. Tetrahedron 653: 11179-11188.

Hubert, F., W.Knaap,T.Noel and P.Roch,1996. Cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of

Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas (bivalve molluscs)

haemolymoh. Aquat. Living Resour., 9:115-124.

Hyun-Sun Kim, Young-Hee Lee, Young-Ran Lee, Sun-A Im, Jae-Kwon Lee1, Yeong Shik

Kim2, Joon-Soo Sim2, Hyung Seok Choi2, and Chong-Kil Lee, 2007.Activation of

professional antigen presenting cells by acharan sulfate isolated from giant African

snail, Achatina fulica. Arch. Pharm. Res. 30 (7): 866-870.

Iguchi, S.M.M., T.Aikawa and J.J. Matsumoto, 1982. Antibacterial activity of snail mucus

mucin. Comp. Biochem.Physiol. A, 72:571-574.

Iijima, R.,J. Kisugi and M. Yamazaki, 2003. A novel antimicrobial peptide from the sea hare

Dolabella auricularia. Dev.Comp. Immunol., 27: 305-311.

Ireland, C., B.Copp, M Foster, L. Mc Donald , D.Radisky and J. Swersey 1993. Biomedical

potential of marine natural products, Mar.Biotechnol., 1-43.

Ireland.C and C.J.Faulkner 1978. The defensive secretion of the Opisthobranch mollusc

Onchidella binneyi. Bioorg. Chem., 7:125:131.

James, D.B., 2001. Twenty sea cucumbers from seas of India. NAGA, 24: 1&2, Jan-Jun

2001.

Jang, J.H.R.W. Van Soest,M. Fudetani, S.Matsunaga, 2007. Pseudoceratins A and B.

antifungal bicyclic bromotyrosine derived metabolites from the marine sponge

Pseudoceratina purpurea. J.Org.chem., 72: 1211-1217.

- 91 -

Jayabaskaran, R and S. Ajmal Khan, 1998. Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere

Reserve-Proceedings of the technical workshop held at Chennai, 10-11 February

1998: 150-155.

Juana Rovirosa and San-Martin Aurelio , 2006. A novel metabolite from the Chilean mollusc

Siphonaria lessoni. Quimica Nova, 29(1): 52-53.

Jayapaul Azariah and Nalini Jayakumar, 1992. Bioactive compounds of the marine

hemichordate Pyychodera flava of the Madras coast. J.Mar. Boil. Ass. India,

34 (1 & 2): 70-73.

Jayaraj,S.S., R.Thiagarajan, M. Arumugam and P..Mullainadhan, 2008. Isolation,

purification and characterization of (beta)-1, 3-gulcan binding protein from the

plasma of marine mussel Perna virdis. Fish shell fish Immunology. 24: 715-725.

Jayaseeli, A. A. Prem Anand T and A.Murugan, 2001.Antibacterial activity of 4 bivalves

from Gulf of Mannar, Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spl. Publ., 25:215-217.

Jha.R.K.and X. Zirong, 2004. Biomedical compounds from marine organisms. Mar. Drugs

2:123-146.

Jimeno, J., G. Faircloth, J.M. Fernandez Sousa- Faro, P. Scheuer and K.R.nehart, 2004. New

marine derived anticancer Therapeutics- A journey from the sea clinical trials. Mar.

Drugs, 2:14-29.

Kagoo, I.K and K.Ayyakumar, 1992. Bio active compounds from Chicoreus ramosus

antibacterial activity in vivo, phunket Mar.Biol.Cent. Spec.Publ.,11:147-150.

Kaliaperumal, 1998. Seaweed resources and Biodiversity. In: Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar

Marine Biosphere Reserve-Proceedings of the technical workshop held at Chennai.

10-11. February 1998: 92-97.

- 92 -

Kamiya, H., Muramoto, K., Yamazaki, M., 1986. Aplysianin-A, an antimicrobial and

antineoplastic glycoprotein in the albumen gland of the sea hare, Aplysia kurodai.

Experientia ,42: 1065-1067.

Kamiya, H. K.Muromoto, G.K.Sakai, Y.M.Endo and M.Yamamzaki, 1989. Purification and

characterization of an antibacterial and anticoplastic protein secretion of a sea hare

Aplysia juliana. Toxicon., 27:11269-1277.

Karande, A.A., 1991. Use of epifaunal communities in pollution monitoring. J. Environ.

Biol., 191 – 200.

Karthikeyan,M., M.,G.Ananthan and T.Balasubramanian, 2009. Antimicrobial activity of

crude extracts of some Ascidian (Urochordata Ascidiacea), from Palk Strait, (South

East Coast of India, World Journal of fish and Marine Sciences 1(4):262-267.

Kayaalp, S.O.,1998. Medical pharmacology, in terms of rational treatment (Rasyonel tedavi

yonunden tibbi farakoloji), Ankara: Hacettepe Tas Ltd.Sti.

Kelecom, A.,2002. Secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms. Anais da Academia

Brasileira de Ciências, 74: 151–170.

Kelman, D., Y.Kashma, E.Roserberg, M.Ilan, I.Ifrach and Y.Loya, 2001. Antimicrobial

activity of reef sponge Amphimedon viridis from the Red sea: evidence for selective

toxicity. Aquat.Microb.Ecol., 24:9-16.

Kerry L. McPhial.,T.Davies Coleman and John Starmer,2001. Sequestered chemistry of the

Arminacean Nudibranch Leminda millecra in Algoa Bay, South Africa. J. Nat. Prod.,

64(9): 1183-1190.

Kijjoa.A and P. Swangwong, 2004. Drugs and Cosmetics from the sea, Mar.Drugs. 2:73-82.

Kisugi,J..etal.,1992.Biopolymers from marine invertebrate’s characterization of Antibacterial

proteins. Dolabellanin from the albumen gland of the sea hare Dolabella auricularia.

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 40(6): 1537-1539.

- 93 -

Kokate.C.K., 1996. Practical pharmacognosy, 4th

edn.(Vallabh Prakashan Pune), pp.107.

Krishnaiah,P.,VLN.Reddy, G.Venkataramana, K.Ravider, M.Srinivasulu, T.V.Raja,

Ravikumar,D. Chandrasekar,S. Ramakrishna, S. and Y.Venkteswarlu, 2004. New

Lamellarin alkaloids from the Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum and their

antioxidant properties J.Nat.Prod., 67 :1168-71.

Kubota,Y.W.,Y. Otsuka, H.Tamiya,T.Tsuchiya,and J.J. Matsumoto,1985. Purification and

characterization of an antibacterial factor from snail mucus. Comp. Biochem.

Physiol., 82: 345-349.

Kumar,S.S, 2003.Studies on the cowries (Mollusca”,Gastropoda:Cypraeidea) of Gulf of

Mannar, Southeast coast of India,Ph.D.Thesis submitted to Manomaniam Sundaranar

University, Tirunelveli .PP:1-186.

Kumar, R., A.K. Chaturvedi, P.K. Shuka, V. Lakshmi,2007. Antifungal activity in

tritertpeneglycosides from the sea cucumber Actinopyga lecanora. Bioorg. Med.

Chem. Lett., 17: 4387-4391.

Kunze, B., B. Bohlendorf, H. Reichenbach, G. Hofle, 2008. Pedein A and B: production,

isolation, structure, elucidation and biological properties of new antifungal

cyclopeptides from Chondromyces pediculatus(Myco bacteria) J.Antibiot. (Tokyo).

61: 18-26.

Lijima,R., J. Kisugi, and M. Yamazaki,1995. Antifungal activity of Aplysianin E,

A cytotoxic protein of sea hare (Aplysia kurodai) eggs. Developmental and

Comparative Immunology, 19 (1):13-19.3.

Lijima, R.,J.Kisugi and M.Yamazaki, 2003. A novel antimicrobial peptide from the sea hare

Dolabella auricularia. Dev.comp. Immunol., 27:305-311.

Lindquist N, Fenical W., 1990. Polycarpamines A-E, antifungal disulfides from the marine

ascidian Polycarpa auzata. Tetrahedron letters, 31:2389- 2392.

- 94 -

Lguchi,S.M.M.,T.Aikawa and J.J.Malsumoto, 1982. Antibacterial activity of snail mucus

mucin.Comp Biochem. Physiol., 72:571-574.

Lopez CLópez Chávez, F.L., Patricia Ríos Chávez, and Ken Oyama, 2009.Brominated

precursors of Tyrian purple from Plicopurpura pansa, Plicopurpura columellaris

and Plicopurpura patula. Dyes and pigments, 83(1): 7-13.

Loukaci, A., V. Bultel-Ponce,A. Lomgeon, and M.Guyot, 2000. New lipids from the

tunicate Cytodytes cf. dellechiafei, as PLA2 inhibitors. J.Nat. Prod., 63: 799-802.

Madden, T., HT. Tran, D. Beck, R. Huies, RA.Newman, L.Pusztai, JJ.Wright, and JL.

Abbruzzeses, 2000. Novel marine-derived anticancer agents: a phase I clinical,

pharmacological, and pharmacodynamic study of dolastatin 10 (NSC 376128) in

patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res., 6: 1293–1301.

Malsunaga, S., N. Fusetani, K. Hashimoto, 1986. Kabiramide C, a novel antifungal

macrolide from nudibranch egg masses, J. Am.Chem.Soc., 108: 847-849.

Maktoob, A., H.T.Ronald, 1997. Hand book of natural products from marine invertebrates

Phylum mollusca Part. 1. Harwood Academic publishers, 1-288.

Manik Lal HEMBRAM, Yttam Datta and Raju D.A.S.Gupta, 2009. Goat sperm surface

alteration during epididymal maturation. An evaluation by marine bio active

compound from Telescopium telescopium. J. Fac. Vet. Med. Istanbul. Univ., 35(2):

1-12.

Marianna Carbone, Margherita Gavagnin, Carlo A. Mattia, Cinzia Lotti, Francesco

Castelluccio, Bruno Pagano,Ernesto Mollo, Yue-Wei Guo and Guido Cimino, 2009.

Structure of onchidione, a bis-γ-pyrone polypropionate from a marine pulmonate

mollusc. Tetrahedron, 65(22): 4404 - 4409.

- 95 -

Mary Elezabeth, K.G.,C.Chellaram and P.Jamila, 2003. Antimicrobial activity of reef

associated gastropod, Trochus radiatus. National Semianr on Ecosystem,

Remediation, pp: 68.

Mausumi Adhya, Biswajit Singha, Bishnu P., Chatterjee, 2009. Purification and

characterization of an N-acetyl glucosamine specific lectin from marine bivalve

Macoma birmanica, Fish and Shell fish Immunology, 27:1-8.

Mayer, A.M.S and V.K.B. Lehmann, 2000. Marine pharmacology. The Pharmacologis, 42:

62–69.

Mayer, A.M.S and V.KB. Lehmann, 2001. Marine pharmacology in 1999: Antitumour and

cytotoxic compounds. Anticancer Res., 21: 2489-2500.

Mayer AMS and M.T. Hamann, 2005 Marine pharmacology in 2001-2002: marine

compounds with antihelminthic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antidiabetic, antifungal

and anti viral activities: affecting the cardio vascular, immune and nervous system

and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action .Comp.Biochem.Physiol.Toxicol.

pharmacol.,140:265-286.

Mayer,A.M.S., A.D.Rodriguez, R.G.Berlinck and M.T.Hamann, 2007. Marine pharmacology

in 2003-4 : marine compounds with antihelmintic antibacterial, anticoagulant,

antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antiprotozoan,

antituberculosis and antiviral activities affecting the cardiovascular immune &

nervous systems and other miscellaneous mechanism of action Comp.Biochem.

Physist. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 145: 553-581.

Mc Phail K., M.T. Davies-Coleman , and P.S.Coetzee, 1998. A new furano sesquitertpene

from the South African nudibranch Hypselodoris capensis and a Dictyloceratida

sponge. J.Nat.Prod.,61: 961-964.

- 96 -

Mc Phail, K. L., M.T. Davies-Coleman, R.C.B. Copley, and D.S.Eggleston, 1999. New

Halogenated Sesquiterpenes from South African Specimens of the Circumtropical

Sea Hare Aplysia dactylomela .Journal of Natural Products, 62: 1618 - 1623.

Meijer. L.A.,A.K. Skaltsounis,P. Magiatis, P. Polychronopoulos, M. Knockaert, M. Leost, et

al., 2003. GSK-3-Selective inhibitors derived from Tyrian purple indirabins.

Chem.Biol.,10:1255-66.

Melo, V.M.M., A.B.G Duarte. A.F.F.U Carvalho, E.A.Siebra and I.M,Vasconcclos, 2000.

Purification of a novel antibacterial and haemoagglutinating protein from the purple

gland of the sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela Rang,1828 Toxicon.,38:1415-1427.

Mitra, A., K.c.Patra and R.C.Panigraty 1990. Seasonal variations of some hydrographical

parameters in tidal creek opening into the Bay of Bengal. Mahasagar Bull.

Natl.Inst.Oceanogr., 23:55-62.

Mitta, G., F.Vandenbuleke and P.Roch, 2000. Original involvement of antimicrobial peptides

in mussel innate immunity. FEBS lett., 486:185-190.

Mitta, C., F. Hubert, T.Noe and, P. Roch,1999. Myticin, a novel cysteine-rich antimicrobial

peptide isolated from haemocytes and plasma of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis,

Eur.J.Biochem., 265:71-78.

Mitta, G., F. Vandenbulcke., F.Hubert, M.Salzeet and P.Roch, 2000. Involvement of mytilins

in mussel antimicrobial defense. J. Biol. Chem., 275:12954-12962.

Miyamoto,T., Y.Ebisawa, and R.Higuchi,1995. Aplyparvunin. A bioactive acetogenin from

the sea hare Aplysia parvula. Tetrahdron Letters 36(34): 6073-6074.

Miyamoto,T., K.Sakaloto,H.Amano, Y.Arakawa and Y. Nagarekawa 1999. New cytotoxic

sesterterpenoids from the nudibranch Chromodoris inornata. Tetrahedran Lett., 55

(30): 9133-9142.

- 97 -

Miyamoto, T., K.Yamada, N. Ikeda, T.Komori and R.Higuchi,1994. Bioactive terpenoids

from octocorallia,I. Bioactive diterpenoids:Litophynols A and B from the mucus of

the soft coral Litophyton sp. J. Nat. Prod.,57: 1212-1219.

Mohammed Hussain. S and G.Ananthan, 2009. Anti microbial activity of the crude extracts

of compound Ascidian, Didemnum candidum and Didemnum psammathodes

(Tunicata: Didemnidae from Mandapam (South east coast of India). Current Research

Journal of Biological sciences, 1(3): 168-171.

Mohammed Meeran, M., I. Joseph Antonym Jerland, S.Ajmal Khan, P.S. Lyla and M. Ashiq

ur Rahman, 2011. Seasonal variations of Physico- Chemical Properties off Thondi

Coast (Palk Bay), Southeast Coast of India. International Journal of Current Research,

2(1): 170-177.

Moore , R.E., A.J. Blackman,C.E. Cheuk, J.S. Mynderse, G.K. Matsumoto, J. Clardy,

R.W.Woodard and J.C. Craig, 1984. Absolute stereochemistries of the aplysiatoxins

and oscillatoxin A, J.Org.Chem.,49 (13): 2484-2489.

Morris, S.A., E.D. De Silva,R.J. Anderson, 1990. Chromodorane diterpenes from the tropical

dorid nudibranch Chromosis cavae.Can. J.Chem.,69: 768-771.

Murugan.A and K.Ayyakannu,1991. Opercular of Chicoreus ramosus and Pleuroploca

trapezium a possible sources of bioactive substances. Phuket Mar.Biol.Centre spl.,

pub., 179:207-209.

Murugan, A., J. K. Patterson Edward and K. Ayyankannu. 1991. Ecological, biochemical and

antibacterial data from India. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Publ. No. 9:108-110.

- 98 -

Muthuchelvi, M., 2008. Antibacterial compounds of potential biomedical importance from

Lambis lambis and Chichoriuus ramosus of Thoothukudi coastal water of South

eastern India. M.Phil dissertation, Annamalai University.

Nakamura, T., H. Furunaka, T. Miyata, F. Tokunaaga ,T. Muta, S. Iwanaga,M. Niwa,

T. Takao and Y. Shimonishi, 1998. Tachyplesin, a class of antimicrobial peptide

from the haemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridenatatus). Isolation and

chemical structure. J. Biol. Chem., 263: 16709-13713.

Nigrelli, R.F., (editor), 1960. Biochemistry and Pharmacology of compounds derived from

marine organisms. Ann.N.Y.Acad sci., 90: 615-949.

Nigreli, R.F., M.F. Stempien, E.D.Ruggieri., V.R. Liguori, and J. T. Cecil, 1967. Substances

of potential biomedical importance from marine organisms, Fed.Proc.26: 1197-1205.

Nilsen, I.W., K.Overbo, E.Sandadalen, E. Sudaker, K. Sletten and B. Myrnes, 1999. Protein

purification and gene isolation of chlamysin, a cold active lysozyme-like enzyme with

antibacterial activity. FEBS Lett. 464: 153-158.

Novak,R.,B.Henriques,E. Charpentier, S. Normark,E. and Tuomanen, 1999. Emergence of

vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nature.399 (6736): 590-591.

Nuijen, B., M. Bouma, R.E. Henrar,C. Manada ,A. Bult and J.H.Beijnen,1999. Compatibility

and stability of aplidine, a novel marine derived depsipeptide antitumor agent, in

infusion devices, and itshemolytic and precipitation potential upon i.v.

administration.Anti-Cancer Drugs 10: 879–887.

Ocete, M.A., S. Risco, A .Zarzuelo, and J.Jimenez , 1989. Pharmacological activity of E.coli

of Bupleurum gibraltaricum. Anti inflammatory activity and effects on isolated rat

Uteri. Journal of Ethnophamacology, 25: 305-313.

Odum.E.P.,Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd Ed, 1971. W.B.Sandeers company, Philadelphia

London, Toronto, 574.

- 99 -

Ogawa, M.S.,T.Nakamura,T.Atsuchi, T.Tamiya, T.Tsuchiya and S.Nakai, 1999.

Macromolecular antimicrobial glycoprotein, achacin, expressed in a methylotrophic

yeast Pichia pastoris. FEBS., 448(1): 41-44.

Ohta, N.I., T.Kubota,Y.Takao,Y. Shimonishi, H.Yasuda-Kamatani,K.Minakata, K.Nomoto,

Y. Muneoka, and M.Kobayashi,1991. Biochem.Biophys.Res commun., 178:486-493.

Ojika, M., Y.Yoshida, Y.Nakayama,andK. Yamada, 1990. Aplydilactone, a novel fatty acid

metabolite from the marine mollusc Aplysia kurodai. Tetrahedron Letters 34:4907.

Okuda R.K. and P.J.Shever, 1985. Lautrunchlin-a, ichthyotoxic constituents of the

nudibranchs Chromodorsis elisabethina. Experimenta, 41:279-281.

Olafsen, J.A., T.C. Fletcher and P.T. Grant, 1992. Agglutinin activity in pacific oyster

(Crassostrea gigas) haemolmph following invivo Vibrio anguillarum challenge,

Dev.Comp.Immunol., 16(2-3),123-138.

Olafsen JA., TC. Fletcher and PT. Grant, 1998 a. Agglutinin activity in pacific oyster

(Crassostrea gigas) haemolymph following in vivo Vibrio anguillarum challenge.

Dev. .mmunol., 22:139-50.

Olicard, C.,T.Renaultt, C.Torhy, A.Benmansour, N. A.Bourgougnon, 2005, Putative antiviral

activity of haemaomph from adult pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Antiviral Res.,

66:147-152.

Padmakumar, K. and K.Ayyakannu, 1997. Seasonal variation of antibacterial and antifungal

activities of the extracts of marine algae from Southern coasts of India. Bot.Mar.,

40: 507-515.

Pakrashi, A., 2001. Antimicrobial effect of proteins isolated from the marine mollusc

Telescopium telescopium. Indian J.Physiol.Pharmacol., 45: 249-252.

- 100 -

Palanichamy S. and A. Rajendran, 2000. Heavy metal concentration in seawater and

sediments of Gulf of manner and Palk Bay, southeast coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci.,

29: 116 – 119.

Pan, W., X. Liu, F. Ge, J.Han, T. Zheng, 2004. Perinerin, a novel antimicrobial peptide

purified from the clamworm Perinereis aibuhitensis grube and its partial

characterization. J. Biochem., (Tokyo) 135 : 297 – 304.

Pawlik, J.P., 1992. The Spanish dancer nudibranch,Oceanus, Spring., 35:85 - 86.

Pettit, G.R.,J.A.Rideout and J.A.Hasler,1981. J.Nat.Prod.44: 588.

Pettit, G.R., Y.Kamano, C.L.Hurald, A.A. Tuinman and F.E.X. Boethner, 1987. The isolation

and structure of a remarkable marine animal antineoplastic constituent: Dolastain

10.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,109:6883-6885.

Pettit R.K., G.R.Pettit K.C. Hazen, 1998. Specific activities of dolastatin 10 and peptide

derivatives against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,

42:2961-2965.

Pisut D.P. and J.R. Pawlik, 2002. Anti-predatory chemical defenses of ascidians secondary

metabolites or inorganic acids. J.Exp. Mar.Biol.Ecol .,270:203-214.

Plaisted Philip,H. Contributors from Boyee Thompron Institute 1958. 9: 00.231-44.34.Sethi,

P.D., HPTLC Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations, 1st ed.CBS

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. 1996 pp. 3-73.

Pomponi, S.A., 1999. The bioprocess technological potential of the sea. Journal of

Biotechnology, 70:5-13.

Potts, BCM and Faulkner D.J., 1992. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors from marine organism.

J. Nat.Prod., 55:1701-1717.

Pouliquen, H.,D.Gouelo,M.Larhantee,N.Pilet and L.Pinault,1997.Rapid and simple

determination of oxolinic acid and Oxyteracycline in the shell of the blue mussel

- 101 -

(Mytilus edulis) by high performance liquid chromatography,

J.Chrom.B.Biomed.Sci.Applic., 702 (1-2): 157-162.

Prem Anand, T and J.K. Patterson Edward, 2002. Antimicrobial activity in the tissue extracts

of five species of cowries, Cypraea spp. (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and an ascidian,

Didemnum psammathodes (Tunicata: Didemnidae), Indian J.Mar. Sci., 31: 239-242.

Prem Anand, T., J.Rajaganapathy and J.K. Patterson Edward, 1997. Antibacterial activity of

Marine molluscs from Portonovo region. Indian J.Mar. Sc., 26:206-208.

Proksch, P., R.A. Edrada and R.Ebel, 2002. Drugs from the sea-current status and

microbiological Implications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnology., 59: 125-134.

Proksch.P and W.E.G.Muller, 2006. Frontiers in Marine Biotechnology. Horizon

Bioscience. Norfolk, UK.

Prota, G. 1980. In Marine Natural products chemical and biological perspectives; Scheuer

P.J. Ed: Academic press: Newyork.3: 141-178.

Raja, A.R.E and Mustafa M.R. 2005. Anti-inflammatory property of Mitragyna speciosa,

Malasian J.Sci, .24: 191-194.

Rajaganapathi, J., S.P. Thyagarajan and J.K.P. Edward, 2000. Study on Cephalopod ink for

anti retroviral activity. J.Exp.Biol., 38:519-520.

Rajeswari and Anand, 1998. Structural and functional aspects of sea grass communities In:

Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve-Proceedings of the

technical workshop held at Chennai, 10-11 February 102-105.

Rajasegar, M., 2003. Physico-chemical characteristics of the vellar estuary in relation to

shrimp farming. J.Environ.Biol., 24:95-101.

Ramaiyan, V.,R. Kasinathan,S.Ajmal Khan, J.K. Patterson Edward and S. Rajagopal, 1996.

Studies on the biodiversity of invertebrates (Annelids, turbellarians, bivalves,

- 102 -

gastropods and crustaceans) and vertebrate (fishes) in the Gulf of Mannar.

A monograph submitted to MoEn, Govt. of India, p 133.

Reanmongkol,W.,S.Subhadhirasakul, P and Bouking, 2003. Antinociceptive and antipyretic

activities of extracts and fractions from Dracena loureiri in experimental animals.

Songklanakarin. Journal of Science and Technology, 25(4): 467-476.

Riguera, R. 1997. Isolating bioactive compound from marine organisms. J. Mar. Biotechnol.,

5: 187-193.

Roch,P., Y.Yang., M. Toubiana, and A. Aumalas 2008. NMR Structure of mussel mytilin

and antiviral-antibacterial activities of derived synthetic peptides Dev.Comp

Immunol., 32:227-238.

Roder, B.L., D.A. Wandall, N. Frimodt Moller, F.Espersen, P. Skinhoj, and V.J.Rosdahl,

1999. Clinical features of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis a 10 year experience

in Denmark- Archives Internal Medicine, 159(5): 462-469.

Rorsener, J.A., P.J Scheuer, 1986. Ulapualids A and B,extraordinary antitumor macrolides

from nudibranch egg masses.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,108: 846-847.

Ruchirawat, S. and T.Mutarapat, 2001.An efficient synthesis of lamellarin alkaloids.

Synthesis of lamellarin G.trimethylether. Tetrohedron Lett, 42: 1205-8.

Ryosuke Iijima, Jun Kisugi and Masatoshi Yamazaki ,2003. -Amino acid oxidase activity

of an antineoplastic factor of a marine mollusc and its relationship to cytotoxicity.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 27(6-7) 505-512.

Sanduja, R., A.J. Weinheimer, K.L.Euler, Alam, M., 1985. Unusual occurrence of

fulvoplumierin an antibacterial pigment in the marine mollusc Nrita albicilla.

J.Nat.Prod., 48 : 335-336.

- 103 -

San-Martín, A., Elías Quezada, Pilar Soto, Juana Rovirosa, Yolanda Palacios, 1996. Labdane

diterpenes from the marine pulmonate gastropod Trimusculus peruvianus .Canadian

Journal of Chemistry, 74(12): 2471-2475.

Santhana Ramasamy, M. and A. Murugan, 2003. Chemical defense in ascidian Eudistoma

vividue and Didemnum psammathodes in Tuticorin, southeast coast of India. Indian

J.Mar.sci.,32 (4):337-339.

Santhana Ramasamy, M and A.Murugan, 2005. Potential antimicrobial activity of marine

molluscs from Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India against 40 biofilm bacteria. J.Shell

Fish Res., 24(1):243-252.

Santhosh Kumar, C.S and P.Perumal, 2011. Hydrobiological investigations in

Ayyampattinam Coast (South east coast of India) with special references to

phytoplakton. Asian Journal of Biological sciences, 4:25-34.

Schmitz, F .J., B.F.Bowden and S.I. Toth ,1993. Antitumor and cytotoxic compounds from

marine organisms, Mar.Biotechnol, 1:197-208.

Schupp,P.C.Eder, V.Paul and P.Proksch, 1999. Distribution of secondary metabolites in the

sponge Oceanapia sp. and its ecological implications. Marine Biology, 135 (4) :

573 - 580.

Seenivasan, R., 1998. Spectral reflectance properties of the Vellar estuarine environment,

southeast coast of India, M.Phil., Thesis, Annamalai University. India. pp.35.

Selitrennikoff C.P., 2001. Antifungal proteins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,

67(7): 2883-2894.

Seo, J.K., J.M. Crawford, K.L. Stone, E.J. Noga, 2005. Purification of a novel arthropod

defensin from the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Biochem. Biophys.

Res,Commun.338:1998-2004.

- 104 -

Shanmugam, A.T.S., A. Mahalakshmi and A.B.Vino, 2008. Antimicrobial activity of

Polysaccharide isolated from the cuttle bone of Sepia aculeata (Orbingy, 1848) and

Sepia brevimana (Steenstrup, 1875). An approach to selected antimicrobial activity

for human pathogenic microorganisms J.Fish, Aquatytic Sci., 3:268-274.

Shenoy, A.S., 1998. Octopus a delicacy in Japan. Sea Food Exp. J., 20:21-25.

Shilabin A.G.,N.Kasanah.,D.E.Wedge and M.T.Hamann,2007. Lyosome and HER3 (ErbB3)

selective anticancer agent kahalalide F.Semisynthetic modifications and antifungal

lead-exploration studies. J.Med. Chem., 50:4340-4350.

Sieradzki, K., RB. Robert,SW. Haber and A. Tomasz ,1999. The development of vanomycin

resistance in patient with methicillin resistant S.aureus, N.Engl.J.Med., 340:517-523.

Silvestri I, Albonici L, Ciotti M, Lombardi MP, Sinibaldi P, Manzari V, Orlando P, Carretta

F, Strazzullo G, Grippo , 1995.. Antimitotic and antiviral activities of Kelletinin A in

HTLV-1 infected MT2 cells. Experientia, 51(11):1076-80.

Sosa, S., MT.Balick,R. Arvigo ,RG. Esposito,C. Pizza and G. Altinier, et al., 2002.

A screening of the topical Anti inflammatory activity of some Central American

plants. J.Ethanopharmacol., 8:211-215.

Soundarapandian, P., Premkumar, T., and Dinakaran, G.K., 2009. Studies on the Physico-

chemical Characteristics and Nutrients in the Uppanar Estuary of Cuddalore, South

East Coast of India. Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 1(3): 102 – 105.

Stallard, M.O.and D.J. Faulkner, 1974. Marine natural products from molluscs,

J.Comp.Biochem Physical., 499: 25-32.

Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R.Parsons, 1972. A Practical Handbook of Sea Water Analysis, 2nd

Edn., Bull. No: 167. Fisheries Research Board, Canada, Ottawa, onto, pp.331.

- 105 -

Sudaramanickam, A., T.Sivakumar, R. Kumaran, V. Ammaiappan and R.Velappan, 2008.

A comparative study of physico-chemical investigation along Parangipettai and

Cuddalore coast. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 1(1): 1-10.

Sulochana, B. and Muniyandi, K., 2005. Hydrographic parameters off Gulf of Manner and

Palk Bay during a year of abnormal rainfall. J.Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 47(2): 198 – 200.

Susheela, C., 1993. Hand book on sea farming – Shrimp, lobster and mud crab, MPEDA, pp

47-54.

Swami,B.S,U.G.Suryawanshi and A.A.Karande, 2000. Water quality of Mumbai Harbour, an

update. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 29:111-115.

Tadesse,M., B.Gulliksen., M.B.Strom., O.B.Styrvold and T.Haug, 2008. Screening for

antibacterial and antifungal activities in marine benthic invertebrates from northern

Norway. J.Invertebr.Pathol., 99 : 286 - 293.

Thakur, N.L. 2001. Studies on some bioactivity of selected marine organisms. Ph.D Thesis,

Goa University, India.

Thakur N.L and WEG. Miller, 2004. Biotechnological potential of marine sponges, Curr.Sci.,

86: 1506-1512.

Thakur, N.L, U. Hentschel, A. Krasko, C.T. Pabel,A.C. Anil, and W.E.G. Muller, 2003.

Antibacterial activity of the sponge Suberites domuncula and its Primmorphs:

Potential basis for epibacterial chemical defense.Aquat. Microb.Ecol., 31: 83-87.

Thilaga. R.D, 2005, Studies on some ecological aspects of Babylonia spirata (Linn.) among

the Tuticorin Coast, Ph.D. Thesis. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,

Thirunelveli.

Tincur, J.A., and W. Taylor, 2004. Antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates.

Antimicrob. agents Chemother., 48:3645-3654.

- 106 -

Todd Barsby, 2006. Drug discovery and seahares bigger is better Aplysia californica Yuang

and co-workens have isolated a 60-kDa antibacterial proteins from the defensives

secretion of the sea hare Aplysia californica. The escaping has been characterized as

an L.amino acid oxidase with bacteriostatic D bacteririocidal activities/ trendis in

Biotechnology, 24(1): 1-3.

Tor Haug.,K. Anita, Kjuul, Olaf B. Styrvold, Erling Sandsdalen, Orjan M. Olsen and Klara

Stensvag, 2002. Antibacterial activity in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

(Echinoidea), Cucumaria frondosa(Holothuroidea), and Asterias rubens (Asteroidea)

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 81(2): 94-102.

Torres, Y.R., T.S. Bungi, R.G.S. Berlinck, C.M. Ireland, A. Magalhaes, A.G. Ferreira,

R.M.da Rocha,2002. Sebastianines A and B, novel biologically active pyridoacridind

alkaloids from Brazillian ascidian Lystodytes dellechiajei. J. Org. Chem., 67(15):

5429-32.

Tunkijjanukij ,S., and J.A. Olafsen, 1998. Sialic acid-binding lectin with antibacterial activity

from the horse mussel: further characterization and immunolocalization. Dev. Comp.

Immunol., 22:139-50.

Ulrich, N.P and J.K.Boon, 2001. The histological isolation of heparin in the northern quatog

clam Mercenarin mercenaria J.Invertebrate Pathol., 78:155-159.

Vemura, D., K. Takahashi, T.Yamamoto and A. Norhalichondrin, 1985. An antitumour

polyether macrolide from a marine sponge. J. AM. Chem. Soc., 107: 4796-8.

Vohera, SB., I. Kumar and M.S. Khan, 1984. Effect of alkaloids of Solanum melongena on

the Central nervous system. J. Ethnopharmacol., 11:331-6.

Wahi Sp., AK.Wahi, and R.Kapoor, 1974. Chemical study of the leaf of Justicia gendarussa

Burm.f., J.Res Indian Med., 9: 65-66.

- 107 -

Walker, R.P. and D.J.Faulkner, 1981. Chlorinated acetylenes from the nudibranchs Diaulula

sandiegensis. J.Org.Chem., 46: 1475-1478.

Wang, K.L., W.S. Huang and M. Yang et al., 2007. A male- specific expression gene,

encodes a novel anionic antimicrobial peptide, scygonadin, in Scylla serrata,

Molecular Immunology, 44: 1961-1968.

Wayan Mudianta, Peter, L. Katavic, K. Lybette and Lambert et al., 2010. Structure and

absolute configuration of Z-alkylpiperidine alkaloids from an Indonesian sponge of

the genus Halichondria. Tetrahedron, 66:2752-2760.

Wei, X., H. Rdriguez, A.D Rodriguez and C.L. Barnes, 2007. Caribenols A and B,

Sea whip derived norditerpenes with novel tricarbocyclic skeletons. J.Org.Chem., 72:

7386-7389.

Welling, M.M., A. Paulusma Annema, H.S. Balter, E.K. Pauwels and P.H. Nibbering, 2000.

Tenehtium-99m labelled antimicrobial peptide discriminate between bacterial

infection and sterile inflammations. European Journal of Nuclear medicine, 27(3):

292-301.

Wilsanand, V., A.B. Wagh and M.Bapuji, 2001.Antifoulingactivities of marine sedentary

invertebrates on some macrofoulers. Indian J.Mar Sci., 28:280-284.

Winters et al., 1962. Carrageenan Induced paw Oedema Hind Paw of Rats, As an Assay of

Anti inflammatory Drugs, Proc. Soc, Exp.bio.New york. 544-547.

Wright, A.E., 1998. Isolation of Marine Natural Products. In: Methods in Biotechnology.

Raja (Ed.), Natural Products Isolation. Cannel Publications, Humana Press Inc., NJ,

USA, pp: 365-407.

Xiang, Y.H., and L. Peng, 2004. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects alkaloids of

Toddalia asiantica, Zhong Y; Tie He Xue Bau., 2:450-452.

- 108 -

Xu, N., X. Fan, X.Yan, X. Li, R. Niu and C.K. Tseng, 2003. Antibacterial bromophenols

from the marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Phytochemistry, 62: 1221 – 1224.

Xue,S.,HT.Zhang, P.C.Wu,W.Zhang and Q.Yuvan,2004. Expt.Mar Biol.Scol., 298: 71.

Yamazaki,M., 1993. Antitumour and antimicrobial glycoproteins from sea hares. Comp.

Biochem.Physiol., 105(2):141-146.

Yoshiyasu Fukuyama, Chie Iwatsuki , Mitsuaki KodamaMasamitsu Ochi and Kumi

KataokaKozo Shibata ,1998. Antimicrobial indolequinones from the mid-intestinal

gland of the muricid gastropod Drupella fragum. Tetrahedron , 54 (34): 10007-10016.

Zhao, J., L, Song, C,Li, D.Ni, L .Wu, L. Zhu et al., 2007. Molecular cloning, expression of a

big defensin gene from bay scallop Argopecten irradians and the antimicrobial

activity of its recombinant protein. Mol. Immuno., 44:360-368.

Zasloff, M., 2002. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature, 415:389-395.

http://www.afri.biotech, 2006. Retrieved April, 2008.

http://www.inimaxpharma.com;

http://biotech.deep13.com//alpha/alpha.html