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241

Index

Note: All entries in bold refer to concepts employed in a unique manner in the political thought of Antonio Gramsci.

Action Party (in Risorgimento), 21, 44Adbusters, 168–70agency (and social change), 5, 27–8,

47, 63–4, 82, 87, 145, 199–200, 204–5, 207–8, 221–2, 224n. 4

Althusser, Louis, 202–3, 211n. 5Amendola, Giovanni, 41Anderson, Perry, 11–12, 196Arab Spring, 168Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia, 78, 80

Badiou, Alain, 111Bartoli, Matteo, 80–3Bergson, Henri-Louis, 100Berlusconi, Silvio, 183Bernstein, Eduard, 65, 196biennio rosso (1919–20), 2, 39, 163,

189, see also Factory Council Movement

Bobbio, Norberto, 11, 91n. 4, 179, 196–7

Bolshevik Revolution, 2–3, 11–13, 26, 31, 37, 39, 72, 102, 125

Bordiga, Amadeo, 3–4, 16, 18–19, 30–1n. 36, 31n. 42

bourgeoisie, see class and classesBrandist, Craig, 83Bray, Mark, 171Bréal, Michel, 80Britain, 38, 149Bruno, Giordano, 102Buci-Glucksmann, Christine, 179Bukharin, Nikolay, 14–15, 18, 26,

30n. 23, 83, 100, 105–8Buttigieg, Joseph, 119–20, 217

Cammett, John, 2capitalism, 12–13, 15–17, 26–7, 34,

40, 42, 48, 65–6, 87, 138, 149–50, 161, 163, 169–73, 181, 189,

196, 198, 200, 202, 204–5, 208, 214–16, 219

global/transnational, 138–40, 144–5, 152, 216

late, 196, 221uneven development of, 12, 66,

131, 140–5, 158, 191, 216see also class and classes; crisis;

neoliberalismcivil society, 12, 19, 22, 24–5, 27,

35, 42, 44, 47, 71, 82, 88, 126–7, 142–3, 157, 167, 174, 179, 182, 184, 186–8, 190, 196–8, 200, 209, 215, 222

liberal interpretation, 42, 88parties and, 27, 157, 222site of struggle for hegemony/

consent, 12, 71, 82, 88, 127, 198, 200

state and, 22, 44, 47, 88, 126–7, 167, 174, 184, 186, 188, 190, 196–8, 200, 209

see also hegemony; state (conceptions of)

class and classes, 14–15, 17–19, 21–5, 29n. 15, 30n. 35, 31n. 42, 34–6, 38–41, 43–8, 59, 64–7, 70–2, 77–8, 81, 84, 88, 102, 110, 118–21, 123–30, 132n. 6, 138, 140–2, 144–6, 148, 150, 157–60, 161–5, 167, 169, 171, 180–1, 185, 188, 191, 196–200, 202–4, 211n. 5, 216–17, 219, 221

capitalist (bourgeoisie), 21, 35, 38–9, 43–5, 48, 138, 141–2, 144, 146, 148, 163, 169, 171, 181, 216

consciousness (working-class), 41, 64–6, 72, 164–5

fundamental social, 78, 127, 197, 200, 203–4

242 Index

class and classes – continuedleadership in alliance/society, 15,

17, 29n. 15, 31n. 42, 43, 157, 164, 167, 171, 198

organic intellectuals and, 24–5, 59

peasantry, 15, 17–18, 21, 23, 30n. 35, 40, 44, 81, 123–5, 130, 158–60, 165, 219

reductionism/essentialism, class, 77–8, 110, 130, 180, 185, 196–7, 199–200, 202–4, 221

ruling/leading, 34–5, 39, 41, 43–4, 48, 67, 88, 126, 181, 197

sectarianism, 19subaltern, 22, 47, 81, 110, 118–21,

123–30, 157, 181working (proletariat), 15, 17, 23,

29n. 15, 31n. 42, 38–9, 41, 45, 84, 102, 118, 120, 124, 126, 129, 145–6, 150, 161–5, 198, 217

see also capitalism; crisis; hegemony; neoliberalism; state (conceptions of); subalterns and subalternity

Clinton, Mary, 174Clover, Joshua, 170collective will, 47, 152, 158, 170–1,

198–9Comintern (Third International),

3–4, 5, 7–8n. 11, 11–15, 18, 21–2, 26–7, 28–9n. 8, 29n. 10, 30nn. 30, 35, 100, 222, see also United Front

common sense and good sense, 20, 59, 62, 107, 124, 126, 157–8, 166–7, 169, 182, 187, 198, 205

communist party, see Modern Prince (communist party); partito communista d’Italia (PCd’I/PCI)

Connolly, William, 205Coutinho, Carlos Nelson, 164Cox, Robert, 6, 137–9, 216crisis, 5–6, 13, 34–6, 42–4, 47–8, 138,

147–50, 169, 181, 186, 204, 214, 216, 219–20, 223n. 1

Italian liberal, 5, 34–6, 42–4, 47, 220legitimation, 186–93Marxist-Leninist theory of, 13

neoliberal capitalist (2007–), 6, 138, 144, 147–50, 169, 214, 216, 219, 223n. 1

organic and conjunctural, 44, 204social democracy, of, 48, 220

Crispi, Francesco, 159Croce, Benedetto, 11, 35, 38, 41, 45–6,

61, 71, 78, 80, 83, 87, 98–100, 105–9, 113n. 3, 118, 121, 215

Dahl, Robert, 69–71Dean, Jodi, 170–1deconstructionism, 6, 119, 132n. 6,

195, 200, 206, see also Derrida, Jacques

Deleuze, Giles, 220democracy, 6, 11–14, 16, 20–4, 26–8,

37, 39, 47, 57, 67, 68–71, 76–8, 84–5, 86–8, 109, 111, 129, 143, 149, 157, 161, 167, 170, 174, 180, 187, 190, 200, 204, 219–22

democratic philosopher, 59, 66, 73, 86, 157, 174n. 3, 218

democratic strategy, 5, 11–13, 16, 21–7, 222

liberal, 6, 76, 78, 86–8, 143, 180, 206

parliamentary, 37, 39, 87, 183, 185, 187

radical, 170, 200, 206–7, 219workers’, 39, 161–2, 189–90see also Factory Council Movement;

hegemony; social democracy; subaltern and subalternity

Derrida, Jacques, 6, 119, 131n. 6, see also deconstructionism

Deseriis, Marco, 170dialectics, 20, 23, 58, 65–6, 68, 105,

116n. 37, 124, 130, 180, 185, 190, 193, 209, 218, see also relations of forces

discourse (analysis), 193n. 6, 195, 200–1, 203–9, see also poststructuralism

economism, 65, 196–7, 202–3, 214, 221, see also class and classes; structure (economic base) and superstructure

Index 243

education and knowledge (in Gramsci), 2, 5, 26, 38, 55–60, 62, 66–8, 71, 83, 85, 104–5, 111, 126, 157–8, 161–2, 165, 167, 181, 208, 218–19

effective truth, 60, 62, 218Machiavelli and political

knowledge, 55–8elitism, 19, 69–71, 157, 167, 219Engels, Friedrich, 102–3, 115n. 25,

199Eurocommunism, 77, 179, 196,

211n. 5

Factory Council Movement, 2–3, 39–40, 41–2, 50n. 24, 127, 161–2, 189–91, see also biennio rosso (1919–20); Ordine Nuovo

Fascism (Italian), 4, 11, 23, 40–1, 45, 72, 101, 124, 143–4, 181–2, 186–7, see also Mussolini, Benito

Femia, Joseph, 7n. 11, 179Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 98First World War (1914–18), 2, 72, 82,

144Fordism, 47, 130, 139, 144, see also

TaylorismFoucault, Michel, 119, 131n. 6, 184,

193, 215Francioni, Gianni, 98, 113n. 6Frank, Thomas, 169French Revolution, 44, 104, 125,

142–3, 189, 191Frosini, Fabio, 91n. 5, 114n. 10

Gentile, Giovanni, 40–1, 98, 100, 113n. 3, 115n. 24

Germain, Randall, 139Gerratana, Valentino, 32n. 71, 98,

132n. 9Giolitti, Giovanni, 2, 37–8, 41, 182,

185, 187globalization, 138–9, 144–6, 151,

186, 205, 215, 224n. 8, see also neoliberalism

Gobetti, Piero, 35, 41–2, 45, 194n. 17Graeber, David, 168, 170Guattari, Félix, 220Guha, Ranajit, 119–20, 217

Habermas, Jurgen, 78, 186, 192, 208, 215

Hall, Stuart, 11, 90, 149, 221Hegel, Georg, 37, 40–1, 46, 98–9, 102,

104, 108, 114n. 11, 186, 191–3, 202

hegemony, 5–6, 12, 16–17, 21–8, 32n. 71, 33n. 74, 43–5, 48, 61, 64, 67, 71, 73, 77–8, 85–6, 88–9, 93n. 62, 102, 110, 115n. 23, 120, 126, 129, 138–9, 167, 180, 182, 184, 188, 195–7, 199–209, 211n. 5, 221–2

coercion and consent, 88democratic strategy of, 5, 16, 23,

26–7, 222education and, 64, 67, 71, 85equilibrium and, 25, 27–8general theory of political

and ideological struggle, 27, 32n. 71

intellectuals role in, 24, 45, 71, 198, 205

international/global, 138–9Laclau and Mouffe’s account,

33n. 74, 78, 131–2n. 6, 195–6, 199–209, 221–2

language and, 78–9, 82, 85–6, 93n. 62

leadership of a fundamental class, 17, 23, 43, 64, 77–8, 126, 129, 197–8, 200, 203–4

Modern Prince, role of, 27, 45, 157, 174, 222

neoliberal, 6, 36, 48organic crisis and, 43–4origins of concept, 12, 21–2, 26, 35,

78, 102, 115n. 23, 220struggle for consent in civil

society, 12, 23, 44, 71see also civil society; ideology

and ideological strategy; intellectuals; mass politics and empowerment; subaltern and subalternity

historical bloc, 6, 179–83, 186, 190–1, 193, 197, 200, 209, 215

Hobsbawm, Eric, 90, 130Humbert-Droz, Jules, 18

244 Index

ideology and ideological strategy, 14, 17, 19–20, 22–7, 35, 37, 42, 44, 46, 72, 74n. 26, 78, 91n. 5, 98, 106, 108, 116n. 35, 124, 126, 130, 165, 170, 179, 195–9, 202–4, 209

economic-corporate (ideologies), 19, 27, 198

false consciousness, 44, 197material force of, 198–9national-popular, 20–2, 25non-determinist account

(Gramsci’s), 202philosophy and, 108, 116n. 35universal, 27see also class and classes;

hegemony; intellectuals; intellectual and moral reform/unity/leadership; Marxism; mass politics and empowerment; philosophy of praxis (Gramscian Marxism)

intellectual and moral reform/unity/leadership, 17, 20, 46, 62, 66, 116n. 35, 138, 198

intellectuals, 5, 19, 24–5, 32n. 61, 36, 38, 42–3, 45, 57–61, 63, 66, 68–9, 71, 73, 85, 121, 157, 169, 171, 180–1, 183–5, 188–92, 194n. 17, 198, 200, 205, 218

masses and, 5, 19, 24, 57–9, 61, 63, 68–9, 71, 121, 218

Modern Prince and, 24–5, 32n. 61, 171

national-popular, 19, 25, 59, 66, 73, 218

organic, 19, 24–5, 59–60, 66, 157, 184, 190, 198, 200, 205

political organizers of hegemony, 69, 71

traditional, 24–5, 60–1, 68, 180–1, 183–5, 188–9, 200

see also class and classes; democracy; hegemony; Modern Prince (communist party)

international political economy (IPE), 137–9, 147, 216

international relations (IR), 137–9, 147, 216

internationalism (Gramsci’s), 137–52Italy, 2–4, 12–13, 16–19, 21, 24–5,

34, 36–8, 40–5, 47–8, 67, 72, 80–1, 83, 98–9, 114n. 11, 118–19, 122–4, 130, 140 143–4, 158–60, 165, 179–80, 183, 185, 187, 191, 216, 220

Liberal, 36–7, 41, 43, 47, 72, 220Mezzogiorno (southern region), 2,

17, 21, 36–7, 44–5, 81, 130, 140, 158–9, 185, 191

Risorgimento and unification, 21, 36, 43, 99, 119, 124, 140, 143, 158–9, 180, 185, 187

Jacobinism, 21, 44–5, 47, 51n. 47

Kant, Immanuel, 100, 110Kautsky, Karl, 65, 196Kenny, Michael, 139Korsch, Karl, 100, 179

Labriola, Antonio, 45, 100–1, 105, 114n. 17

Lacan, Jacques, 6, 27, 33n. 74, 200, 202, 222

Laclau, Ernesto, 6, 11–13, 27, 33n. 74, 78, 82, 90, 91n. 5, 111, 131n. 6, 195–6, 199–209, 219–22, 224n. 9

language and linguistics, 6, 78–91, 91n. 13, 93nn. 38, 45, 102, 201, 206, 208, 220–1

Soviet influence on Gramsci, 6, 79, 82–4, 89, 221

Lazzaretti, David, 122leadership (political), 14–15, 17,

20–5, 32n. 61, 43–5, 67–8, 88, 124, 156–8, 160, 162–4, 167, 171, 173, 182, 197–8, 218–19, 222

coercion and consent and, 88conscious leadership and

subalternity, 124, 156–8, 160, 162–4, 167, 173

see also class and classes; hegemony; intellectual and moral reform/unity/leadership; mass power and empowerment; subalterns and subalternity

Index 245

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 4, 7n. 11, 12–13, 15, 19, 22, 26, 29n. 15, 30n. 36, 35, 40, 42, 47, 64–8, 72, 76–8, 82–3, 93n. 38, 115n. 23, 124, 132n. 20, 179, 196, 198, 211n. 5

liberal democracy, see democracyliberalism, 5, 35–48, 72, 77–9, 82,

87–9, 139, 143, 148, 220, see also civil society; crisis; democracy; Italy; neoliberalism; state (conceptions of)

Lo Piparo, Franco, 78–80, 82–3, 89–90, 220

Lombardo Radice, Giuseppe, 83Lukacs, Georg, 179, 211n. 5Luporini, Cesare, 118

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 5, 11, 55–8, 60–2, 67, 71–2, 101, 110, 218

force and consent in, 61leaders and led (the people) in, 57,

60–2, 67, 72, 218political reality and, 55–6, 62progenitor of philosophy of

praxis, 101see also education and knowledge

(in Gramsci)Marom, Yotam, 173–4Martino, Ernesto, 118Marx, Karl, 64–6, 102–3, 105, 109,

115n. 25, 116n. 41, 186, 191–3, 196–7, 220

Marxism, 3, 6, 11–12, 20, 26, 28n. 1, 45–7, 78–9, 82, 90, 97–112, 117n. 45, 128, 130–1, 179–80, 196–7, 199, 202, 208, 211n. 5, 214–16

classical, 78, 130, 196–7, 199contemporary, 90, 112, 173,

214–16, 223n. 1Gramsci’s, 3, 6, 97–112, 114n. 17,

117n. 45, 130, 200, 211n. 5, 217Second International, 82, 99–100,

107, 196, 199, 221Western, 11–12, 26, 28n. 1, 179–80,

188, 222see also philosophy of praxis

(Gramscian Marxism)

mass politics and empowerment, 3, 5, 12–15, 17–24, 26, 28, 29n. 15, 30–1n. 36, 32n. 61, 43, 46, 55, 57, 59–61, 68, 70–3, 81, 106–7, 109, 123–4, 128, 141–2, 151–2, 160–2, 164–7, 169, 218–19, 222–3

ideology and, 106–7, 165leadership/hegemony over the

masses, 19, 21–4, 26, 28, 29n. 15, 30–1n. 36, 32n. 61, 43, 59, 72, 128, 164, 167, 219, 222

passivity/disempowerment of masses, 19, 36, 45, 58, 141–2

popular power opposed to coercion of elites, 160

sporadic and spontaneous action of masses, 160–2

vanguardism and, 17–18see also democracy; intellectuals;

national-popularMeillet, Antoine, 80Michels, Robert, 69–71Moderate Party (in Risorgimento), 21,

44–5Modern Prince (communist party),

17–21, 47, 61–2, 67–8, 126, 152, 219, see also civil society; hegemony; intellectuals

Modonesi, Massimo, 120Mosca, Gaetano, 37, 69–71Mouffe, Chantal, 6, 11–13, 27, 78,

82, 90, 91n. 5, 111, 131n. 6, 179, 195–6, 199–202, 204, 206–9, 219–22, 224n. 9

Mussolini, Benito, 4, 11, 40–1, 182, 185–7, see also Fascism (Italian)

national-popular, 19–20, 25, 35, 47, 59–60, 66, 68–9, 141, 167, 199–200, 216, 218, 220, 224n. 8, see also ideology and ideological strategy; intellectuals

neoliberalism, 6, 36, 47–8, 112, 138, 145, 147–52, 205, 214, 216

authoritarian, 147–52, 216see also capitalism; crisis;

hegemony; state (conceptions of)New Deal, 181

246 Index

New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts (NYABC), 168

Occupy Wall Street Movement (OWS), 6, 158, 167–74, 218–19

Ordine Nuovo, 2, 39, 41, 83, 161–3, 189, see also biennio rosso (1919–20); Factory Council Movement

organic crisis, see crisis

Pareto, Vilfredo, 37, 70parliamentary democracy, see

democracypartito communista d’Italia (PCd’I/

PCI), 3–4, 7n. 8, 12, 16, 18–20, 23–4, 30n. 35, 72, 76–7, 189, see also Modern Prince (communist party)

partito socialista d’Italia (PSI), 2–3, 30n. 35, 72, 76, 162–4

passive revolution, 45, 138, 141–4, 150, 181–3, 186, 192, 216

peasantry, see class and classesphilosophy, 35–8, 45–6, 56, 60–1,

78, 82–3, 87, 90, 97–100, 102–9, 111–12, 114n. 10, 115n. 24, 116nn. 35, 37, 137, 167, 196, 199, 207–8, 214–15

idealism, 38, 46, 78, 82–3, 87, 97–9, 103, 105–9, 111, 114n. 10, 115n. 24, 208, 215

Marxist critique of, 103–5materialism, 98, 100, 102–9,

111, 116n. 37, 137, 199, 208, 214–15

philosophy of praxis (Gramscian Marxism), 6, 20, 45–6, 97–110, 115n. 23, 116n. 41, 126, 128, 215, 220

autonomy of, 105conception of the world

(Weltanschuuang), 99, 108–10, 215

historicism and, 108–10humanism and, 101, 108–10immanent critique, 101–2, 108–10,

116n. 41, 220praxis and, 102

see also Machiavelli, Niccolò; Marxism; ideology and ideological strategy

Piccone, Paul, 77, 89Plekhanov, Giorgi, 65, 196pluralism, 6, 16, 22, 25, 42, 69, 71,

76–91, 200, 204, 219–22post-Marxism, 6, 27, 79, 100, 120,

131–2n. 6, 195–209, 219–22, see also Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal

post-Occupy Movement, 6, 167, 172–4, 219

poststructuralism, 4, 6, 27, 32n. 73, 112, 199–201, 204, 208, 211n. 5, 221–2, see also discourse (analysis)

Poulantzas, Nicos, 203, 211n. 5Preobrazhensky, Evgenii, 83proletariat, see class and classes

Rancière, Jacques, 111relations of force, 16–17, 23, 63, 89,

91n. 5, 118, 137, see also dialecticsRisorgimento, see ItalyRussia, 11–15, 26, 37, 39, 65–6, 68, 72,

81, 83, 102, 125New Economic Policy (NEP), 14–15Tsarist Russia (as ‘East’), 12, 15, 66,

68Russian Revolution, see Bolshevik

Revolution

Salvadori, Massimo, 179Salvemini, Gaetano, 38, 194n. 17Sartre, Jean Paul, 179Saussure, Ferdinand de, 78, 206Schattschneider, Elmer Eric, 69Schelling, Friedrich, 98Schmitt, Carl, 222Schucht, Giulia, 128, 131Schumpeter, Joseph, 70–1Self-Employed Women’s Association

(SEWA), 147Showstack-Sassoon, Anne, 179Skinner, Dan, 174social democracy, 3, 12–14, 16, 19, 23,

26, 48, 79, 87, 170, see also crisis; democracy; trade union(s)

Sorel, Georges, 100, 179–80, 193n. 2

Index 247

Soviet Union, see RussiaSpivak, Gayatri, 90, 119–20,

131–2n. 6, 217Sraffa, Piero, 23, 43, 99Stalin, Joseph, 4, 11–12, 16, 26–7,

30n. 30, 87state (conceptions of), 6, 17, 22, 25,

35, 37–42, 44–5, 47–8, 60–1, 64–5, 72, 82, 87–8, 99, 115n. 23, 126–7, 138–43, 147–50, 160–3, 167, 173–4, 179–93, 196–8, 200–2, 209, 211n. 5, 214–16, 222, 223n. 2

equilibrium and, 25ethical, 99integral, 22, 44, 127, 142, 197, 200international capitalism and,

138–43, 147–50, 216neoliberal, 148–50, 216strong, 184–6weak, 6, 17, 48, 72, 142–3, 179–93,

215welfare, 144, 147see also capitalism; civil society

structure (economic base) and superstructure, 17, 60, 63–5, 78, 91n. 5, 106, 124, 130, 143, 158, 161, 179, 181–2, 185–8, 190, 193n. 2, 196–200, 202, 208, 215, see also economism

subalterns and subalternity, 6, 22–3, 47, 61–5, 72–3, 87, 90, 107–8, 110, 112, 117n. 45, 118–31, 156–74, 181, 216–19

class analysis and, 118, 120, 127, 130–1, 217

conscious leadership/political organization and, 124, 156–8, 160, 166–7, 171, 173, 218–19

hegemony and, 62–5, 72–3, 157, 218

interpretive debates on, 118–21, 129–31, 157–8, 217

pre-prison writings and, 160–5

Prison Notebooks and, 121–9, 156–7, 166, 217

spontaneity and, 122, 124, 126, 156–7, 160, 166–7, 173, 218

see also class and classes; hegemony; leadership (political); Occupy Wall Street Movement (OWS); post-Occupy Movement

Taylor, Astra, 173Taylor, Charles, 208Taylorism, 127, see also FordismTogliatti, Palmiro, 23, 99trade union(s), 3, 38, 65–6, 146–7, 216

consciousness, 65–6see also social democracy

transformism (trasformismo), 36, 123, 182, 185, 209

Trotsky, Leon, 14, 26, 66, 87, 141

United Front, 5, 7–8n. 11, 12–28, 30nn. 26, 35, 222, see also Comintern (Third International)

United States of America (USA), 69, 130, 139, 144–5, 149–50, 167–71, 205–6, 219

Van der Pijl, Kees, 142–3Vico, Giambattista, 80

war of movement/manoeuvre, 22, 66, 198

war of position, 22, 24, 183, 187, 198Weber, Max, 70, 191Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 78worker-peasant alliance (smycka), 15workers’ democracy, see democracyworking class, see class and classesWright Mills, Charles, 69

Zinoviev, Grigory, 15, 18, 26Zizek, Slavoj, 111, 169, 206