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Bi 1 Week 8 Symbiosis / Ecology

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Page 1: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Bi  1  Week  8  

Symbiosis  /  Ecology  

Page 2: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Symbiotic  Relationships  of  Plants  and  their  Microbiome  

Recall  Ann  Hirsh’s  lecture  at  the  beginning  of  the  term.      

Today’s  Topic  

Page 3: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogen  Fixation  

Do  you  know  how  much  of  our  atmosphere  is  made  of  nitrogen?      

Nitrogen  is  a  building  block  of  life.  

Page 4: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogen  Fixation  

The  Atmosphere:    78  percent  N2  But…    Plants  need  NH3  

Page 5: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogen  Fixation  

The  Atmosphere:    78  percent  N2  But…    Plants  need  NH3  

ΔG0  =  -­‐45.2  kJ  /  mol  NH3  

EA  =  420  kJ  /  mol  (without  catalysis)  

Luckily…    Life  uses  proteins  (enzymes)  to  catalyze  reactions  like  this!  

thermodynamics  vs.  kinetics  

Page 6: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogenase  N2  +  8  e–  +  8  H+  +  16  ATP  →  16  ADP  +  16  Pi  +  2  NH3  +  H2  

EA  ~  400  kJ  /  mol  NH3  

Page 7: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogenase  N2  +  8  e–  +  8  H+  +  16  ATP  →  16  ADP  +  16  Pi  +  2  NH3  +  H2  

EA  ~  400  kJ  /  mol  NH3  

Stepwise  Catalytic  Conversion  (steps  have  lower  EA)  

Page 8: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogenase  Structure  

Back  to  relating  protein  structure  and  function:      

Amino  acid  sequence  encoded  by  nif  genes  (Primary  Structure)  

Alpha  Helices  (Secondary  Structure)  

Β-­‐Sheets  (Secondary  Structure)    

Protein  Molecule  (Tertiary  Structure)  

Protein  Complex  (Quaternary  Structure)  

Page 9: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogenase  Structure  +  Function  

Back  to  relating  protein  structure  and  function:      

The  different  metal  centers  enable  essential  ET  throughout  the  protein  in  this  process.      

FeMo cofactor

Page 10: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogenase  Structure  +  Function  

Back  to  relating  protein  structure  and  function:      

The  different  metal  centers  enable  essential  ET  throughout  the  protein  in  this  process.      

FeMo cofactor

J. Peters (CCE) D. Rees (CCE)

Page 11: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Nitrogenase  in  Rhizobia  

 Rhizobia  are  soil  bacteria  that  _ix  nitrogen  (actively  express  nitrogenases)  after  becoming  established  inside  the  root  nodules  of  legumes.      

Page 12: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Establishing  the  Partnership  

Rhizobia    

Legume  

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Rhizobia    

Legume  

Establishing  the  Partnership  

Flavonoids  are  given  off  by  legume  roots  when  they  need  more  nitrogen  _ixing  partners  

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Rhizobia    

Legume  

Establishing  the  Partnership  

Rhizobia  secrete  Nod  factors  

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Establishing  the  Partnership  

Rhizobia    

Legume   Bacteria  enter  the  plant  through  root  hairs.  A  nodule  then  forms  around  the  infection.  

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Plant  Controls  O2  Supply  to  Bacteria  

LEGUME   BACTERIA  

O2  control  

leghemoglobin  

PDB  2DGM    

Page 17: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Plant  Provides  Energy  for  Bacteria  

LEGUME   BACTERIA  

O2  control  

Energy  

Page 18: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Bacteria  provides  Fixed  Nitrogen  for  Plant  

LEGUME   BACTERIA  

O2  control  

Energy  

Fixed  Nitrogen  

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Symbiosis  has  Checks  and  Balances  

LEGUME   BACTERIA  

O2  control  

Energy  

Fixed  Nitrogen  

Signaling  Pathways  (Think  about  Ann  Hirsh’s  lecture)  

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N2  Fixing  Symbiosis  in  the  Deep  Ocean  

Caltech  Lab  Link  hBp://www.gps.caltech.edu/people/vorphan/research/Nitrogen_FixaOon  

Page 21: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

FISH  Fluorescence  in-­‐situ  Hybridization  

Used  to  localize  the  presence  and  absence  of  speci_ic  RNA  or  DNA  sequences  on  chromosomes.        

Dekas  et  al.  used  two  different  probes:  Red:    ANME-­‐2  (target:    Eel932)  Green:    Desulfobateraceae  (target:  DSS658)      

NanoSIMS  single-­‐cell-­‐resolution  nanometer  secondary  ion  mass  spectrometry  

Ion  beam  

Target  Surface  

Method:    _luorescent  probes  that  bind  to  certain  RNA  or  DNA  sequences  

Page 22: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Used  to  localize  the  presence  and  absence  of  speci_ic  RNA  or  DNA  sequences  on  chromosomes.        

Dekas  et  al.  used  two  different  probes:  Red:    ANME-­‐2  (target:    Eel932)  Green:    Desulfobateraceae  (target:  DSS658)      

Method:    _luorescent  probes  that  bind  to  certain  RNA  or  DNA  sequences  

FISH  Fluorescence  in-­‐situ  Hybridization  

NanoSIMS  single-­‐cell-­‐resolution  nanometer  secondary  ion  mass  spectrometry  

Page 23: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

rRNA  Trees  

Page 24: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Trees  not  Ladders  

Fish   Mouse   Human  Gorilla  

Fish  

Mouse  

Gorilla  

Human  

Page 25: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

PhylogeneOc  trees  are  like  family  trees  

cousin   you  brother  

mother  

grandmother  

uncle  

Page 26: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Tree  Terminology  

A   B   C   D  

Root  

Node  

Leaf  

MonophyleOc  clade  

Page 27: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Different  ways  to  display  trees  

Unrooted  

Rooted   Rooted  

A  

A  

B  

B  

C  

C  

D  

A  

B  

C  

D  

Rooted  A  

B  

C  

D  

D  

Page 28: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

Are  these  trees  different?  

A   B   C   D   A   B   C  D  

A   B  C  D   A  B  C  D  

Page 29: Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation 7 - its.caltech.edubi1/Bi1__Micro-_to_Macro... · Bi 1 Week 8 Recitation Presentation_7.pptx Author: Molly Phillips Created Date: 5/26/2012 2:43:36

How  to  make  a  tree  

Alignment   Tree  DNA   rRNA  sequence  PCR,  Sequencing   ClustalW   PhyML  

Seq  1    A    G    T    G    T  Seq  2    A    G    T    A    T  Seq  3    C    G    C    T    G  Seq  4    C    G    T    C    A  

3   4   1   2  1  

2  

3  

4  

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Phylip!  

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