Good Governance Good Governance GenderGender

&&MDG Need Assessment MDG Need Assessment

and Costing and Costing

Bhutanese ExperienceBhutanese Experienceby Toshihiro Tanakaby Toshihiro Tanaka

Development ContextDevelopment Context

Bhutan’s transition to parliamentary democracy under constitutional monarchy in 2008

New 10th Five Year Plan (2008-2013) under preparation Focuses on poverty reduction and MDGs Further decentralization (financial and administrative) Introduction of Multi-year Rolling Budget Moving towards results based management

ODA dependency (50% of 9th Plan outlay of US$1.6 billion) HDI ranking 135 in 2006 31.7% of population under national poverty line

MDG Needs Assessment and MDG Needs Assessment and Costing ExerciseCosting Exercise

MDG NA and Costing exercise started June 2006 linked to planning cycle – coming 10th Plan (2008-13)

MDG NA initiative owned by the government (Planning Commission as the focal point)

MDG NA and Costing undertaken by government staffs Adopted UN Millennium Project interventions-based

approach but also covered non-MDG sectors 4 Thematic Task Forces (TTFs) constituted by themes:

1. Agriculture, rural development and farm roads, macroeconomics, and infrastructure (transport, energy and ICT)

2. Education3. Health4. Environment, good governance/capacity development and Gender

MDG Needs Assessment and MDG Needs Assessment and Costing ExerciseCosting Exercise Inter-TTF consultative process built in to address cross

sectoral issues, gaps and overlap Representation from Planning Commission & Bureau of

Statistics UNDP RCC/RCB (Gender, HIV/AIDS, Energy and

Environment, Trade, and Governance), UNICEF, UNFPA, and WHO instrumental in identification of interventions, getting base line information, setting targets, and costing

Millennium Project costing tools customized to capture special intervention needs (like rural development, special education, ICT, capacity development, etc)

Graph 1a: Trend of Total MDG Investment Requirement

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Year

Mill

ion

Nu

Total MDG

Recurrent

Capital

Annual MDG Investment Requirement ( in million US $)

•  Sectors 2006 2009 2012 2015

Health 30 45 61 71

Education 40 51 67 87

Agriculture 26 34 46 64

Energy 23 24 26 27

Road 30 38 46 56

WSS 14 15 17 19

Others 7 12 9 10

Total 168 219 272 335

Sectoral Shares in MDG Investments Sectoral Shares in MDG Investments 2006-15 (in % shares)2006-15 (in % shares)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Health 17.8

21.0

19.3

20.5

23.8

26.6

22.5

20.7

23.2

21.2

Education 23.7

23.8

24.7

23.5

23.2

22.6

24.6

25.5

25.2

26.0

Agriculture 15.2

14.4

16.0

15.5

15.5

15.3

16.8

17.7

17.8

19.1

Water S. & Sanitation

8.0

7.2

7.6

7.0

6.5

6.1

6.3

6.2

5.8

5.7

Energy 13.4

12.0

6.0

11.0

10.1

9.7

9.6

9.9

8.2

8.0

Environment 0.0

0.1

2.0

1.3

0.7

0.4

0.1

0.04

0.03

0.03

Roads 17.8

17.0

18.3

17.2

16.7

15.9

16.9

17.1

16.5

16.8

Capacity Dev 2.9

3.4

4.9

3.0

2.6

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

Gender 1.1

1.0

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.5

1.4

Grand Total 100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Sectoral Shares in MDG Investments Sectoral Shares in MDG Investments 2006-15 2006-15

Education

24.4%Agri

16.6 %

Road

16.9 %Energy 9.6 %

WS & S 6.5 %

Health

21.9%

Good Governance and Capacity Good Governance and Capacity DevelopmentDevelopment

NA and Costing for capacity development of seven institutions that have a bearing on good governance and democracy.1. Royal Civil Service Commission2. Anti-Corruption Commission3. Election Commission4. Office of the Attorney General5. Local Development Division, Planning Commission6. Cabinet Secretariat7. Royal Institute of Management - Royal Audit Authority (not included as it is already well established)- Pay Commission (not yet established)

Good governance and Good governance and capacity development capacity development

Nu. 2,816 million (2006-15) = 2.5% of total MDG NA Major interventions

- Recurrent costs (55.2%)- HRD: Upgrading qualifications/skill level of staff- Equipment (computers, copy machines, Printers, digital cameras,

LCD projectors, etc.)- Manuals, handbooks- Networking- Publications, documentations- Facilties

Gender Equity and Women’s Gender Equity and Women’s EmpowermentEmpowerment

Nu. 1,344 million (2006-15) = 1.2% of total MDGs NA Major Interventions

– Helping transition of girls to work/employment• Female enrolment in vocational training institutes• National graduates’ orientation programmes

– Encouraging political participation and representation of women

• Mass media campaign, Support to women’s candidates, Training for female parliamentarians

– Ending violence against women• Prevention through awareness campaign, protection through police and

court services and shelters– Systemic issues

• NCWC capacity building, sensitization of judges, polices, bureaucrats..– Research on gender

Next StepsNext Steps

1. Developing MDG consistent macroeconomic framework –particularly projecting GDP, inflation, revenue, and external sector indicators; and formulating MDG consistent macro policies. (Introduction and capacity building of Simplified Macroeconomic Framework with RCC )

2. Developing MDG financing strategy – household, domestic revenue, and external aid; estimating financing gap and analyzing fiscal space for scaling up MDG investment.

3. Institutionalizing the MDGs NA and Costing into national process <10th Five Year Plan>

4. MDG NA report to be used for resource mobilization for the achievement of MDG in Bhutan (Circulation at the Round Table Meeting in early 2008)

Lessons LearnedLessons Learnedo Strong commitment, ownership and leadership of the

government/Planning Commissiono Consensus building for inclusion of cross cutting

sectors (gender, governance, environment)o Importance of timing to link with national development

processes and ensure effective utilization of the results

Credible knowledge/expertise/regional experiences Needs for a clear coordination mechanism at the

national and regional levels Lack of standard methodologies in some areas Lack of indicators on non-MDG areas How to address the financing=>challenge to UNDP

Gross National Happiness (GNH) Indicators => Bhutan Development Index (BDI)

1. Time Use and Balance2. Psychological wellbeing3. Community vitality and resilience4. Eco-system diversity and resilience5. Cultural resilience and capacity6. Health7. Education8. Good Governance9. Living standards

Sub Domains of Good Governance

1. Participation2. Effective Government3. Fair and Equal Law4. Freedom and Quality of Media5. Transparency, Accountability and

Honesty

TASHI DELEK!TASHI DELEK!

Thank You !Thank You !