BGCSE BIOLOGY 2015Grade 12 13/04/2014

ATLANTIC INTERACTIVE SCHOOL OF LEARNING.

• TOPIC: Graph of growth vs Temperature

• For healthy growth and development humans require a balanced diet.

• The major food groups that make up a balanced diet are carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

• Carbohydrates Fruit, vegetables, bread, pasta, riceProvide energy for cell activities

• Fats Butter, cream, cheese, meat Energy storage and insulation

• Proteins Beans, eggs, meat, milk Provide building materials for growth and repair

• BALANCES DIET.

• BALANCES DIET.

BALANCES DIET. • A healthy diet also includes vitamins and minerals. The lack of a certain vitamin or mineral in the diet can result in a deficiency disease.

• Vitamins A - Dairy products and oily fish Healthy skin, good vision in low light and strong immune system Night blindness: difficult seeing in low light conditions

• Vitamin C - Wide variety of fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruits like oranges. Helps maintain cells that give support and structure to the body and helps injuries to heal. Scurvy: tiredness, joint pain, bleeding and swollen gums

• Vitamin D - Oily fish and eggs Helps body to absorb calcium - Rickets (in children): weakening of the bones

Vitamins A Dairy products and oily

fish

Healthy skin, good vision in low light and strong immune system

Night blindness: difficult seeing in low light conditions

CWide variety of fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruits like oranges

Helps maintain cells that give support and structure to the body and helps injuries to heal

Scurvy: tiredness, joint pain, bleeding and swollen gums

D Oily fish and eggs Helps body to absorb calcium

Rickets (in children): weakening of the bones

DEFICIENCE DESEASESC

alcium

Dairy products, green leafy vegetables like spinach, and nuts

Needed for formation of strong bones and teeth, blood clotting and control of muscle contractions

Rickets (in children): softening and weakening of the bones

Iodine

Sea fish, cows’ milk and cereals

Needed by thyroid gland to make hormones that regulate energy release and growth in cells

Goitre: swelling of thyroid gland to create a lump in the throat

Iron

Meat, dried fruit and nuts, dark-green leafy vegetables

Needed to make a protein that allows red blood cells to transport oxygen

Anaemia: a decrease in the number of red blood cells means that body cells receive less oxygen and are less able to release energy from food. This results in tiredness and pale skin.

Vitamins

A Dairy products and oily fish Night blindness: difficult seeing in low light conditions

C Wide variety of fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruits like oranges Scurvy: tiredness, joint pain, bleeding and swollen gums

D Oily fish and eggs Rickets (in children): weakening of the bones

• Water is also vital for healthy growth and development. All cell reactions happen in solution, and water is used to transport dissolved nutrients and waste products around the body in the blood.

GENETIC INFLUENCES.• Genetic influences• An individual’s growth and development is

affected by the genes they inherit from their parents.

• Chromosome mutations in animals and plants

• Sometimes chromosomes can change. These changes are called mutations and can occur quite naturally. A mutation can cause changes in an organism’s characteristics and alter its growth and development.

• An example of a human chromosome mutation is when a child inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21. Each cell has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two. This causes a condition called Down's syndrome. People with Down's syndrome have a characteristic appearance and may have reduced mental abilities.

• Not all chromosome mutations are harmful. In many crop plants, for example in wheat and barley, the cells have complete extra sets of chromosomes due to a chromosome mutation. This gives them a higher yield, extra disease resistance and hardiness.

• The frequency with which mutations happen can increase if the chromosomes are exposed to certain factors, called mutagenic agents. Mutagenic agents include:

• x-rays • ultra violet (UV) light • various types of chemicals such as

bromine

balanced diet A diet that contains the correct amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity. growth The process of increasing in physical size e.g. increase in mass or height.

minerals Naturally occurring, inorganic chemical substances. Minerals are necessary for both plant and animal health.

GLOSSERY

• balanced diet- A diet that contains the correct amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity.

• growth -The process of increasing in physical size e.g. increase in mass or height.

• minerals -Naturally occurring, inorganic chemical substances. Minerals are necessary for both plant and animal health.

GLOSSARY

• Mutation - A random and spontaneous change in the structure of a gene, chromosome or number of chromosomes.

• vitamins - Organic substances which are essential in small amounts to regulate the metabolism and maintain the immune system.

TEST: Growth and development of different organisms

1. Which graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the

germination of a seed?

2. What will happen at the optimum temperature for germination?

(a) No seeds will germinate(b) All seeds will germinate( c ) The highest percentage of

seeds will germinate

• 3. Which soil nutrient do plants require for making protein?

(a) Magnesium(b) Nitrate( c ) Potassium

2. What will happen at the optimum temperature for germination?

(a) No seeds will germinate(b) All seeds will germinate( c ) The highest percentage of seeds will

germinate

4. Which line below correctly describes the function of fats and proteins in the body?

(a) Fats provide building materials for growth. Proteins are a source of stored energy.

(b) Fats are a source of stored energy. Proteins provide building materials for growth.

( c ) Fats and proteins are a source of stored energy

2. What will happen at the optimum temperature for germination?

(a) No seeds will germinate(b) All seeds will germinate( c ) The highest percentage of seeds will

germinate

5. Which vitamin is required to help strong bones to form?

(a) Vitamin A(b) Vitamin C( c ) Vitamin D

2. What will happen at the optimum temperature for germination?

(a) No seeds will germinate(b) All seeds will germinate( c ) The highest percentage of seeds will

germinate

6. For which purpose does the human body use carbohydrates?

(a) Building materials(b) Energy release( c ) Insulation

7. Which deficiency disease can be caused by a lack of iron in a person’s diet?

(a) Anaemia(b) Goitre( c ) Rickets

ANSWERS TO TESRT QUESTIONS.

• Below is the set of correct answers.

• Check your answers only after completing the test above.

1 Which graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the germination of a seed?

If you said: Correct

• B correctly shows the effect of temperature on the percentage of seeds germinating.

2 What will happen at the optimum temperature for germination?

If you said: The highest percentage of seeds will germinate Correct At the optimum temperature for germination the

highest percentage of seeds will germinate.3. Which soil nutrient do plants require for

making protein? If you said: Nitrate Correct Plants require nitrate for making protein.

4. Which line below correctly describes the function of fats and proteins in the body?

• If you said: Fats are a source of stored energy. Proteins

provide building materials for growth. • Correct • Fats are a source of stored energy. Proteins provide

building materials for growth. 5. Which vitamin is required to help strong bones to

form? If you said: • Vitamin D• Correct • Vitamin D is required to help strong bones to form.

6. For which purpose does the human body use carbohydrates?

If you said: Energy release Correct • The human body uses carbohydrates for energy

release.7. Which deficiency disease can be caused by a

lack of iron in a person’s diet? You said: Anaemia Correct • Anaemia is the deficiency disease that can be

caused by lack of iron in a person’s diet.

GROWTH & TEMPERATURE• Plant growth• Plants need water,

oxygen and warmth to grow and develop properly. If the temperature of the environment is too hot or too cold, few seeds will germinate. The temperature at which the greatest percentage of seeds in a sample will germinate is called the optimum temperature.