beyond the low cost carrier model
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© 1 BlueHorizon Group 2014 | PROPRIETARY INFORMATION | All Rights Reserved Beyond the Low Cost Carrier Model - The Blue Ocean strategy applied to the airline industryTRANSCRIPT
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
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BLUE PAPER
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
BEYOND THE LCC MODELTHE BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY APPLIED TO THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY
Comfort
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March 2014
The ‘ idea factory ’ th ink ing ahead st rategies www.1bluehorizon.com
Comfort
Pricing
X
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Foreword to think ‘1BlueHorizon’…
� ‘How does a Billionaire become a Millionaire? He starts an Airline…’ is not just an old and famous
joke within the Aviation industry, it need to be considered very carefully by anybody thinking to
create an airline…
� Crisis in the airline industry led to the emergence of LCC´s (Low Cost Carriers) – The crisis has
not been caused, but deepened by terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Originally, the root
cause was the decline of the historically unequalled high yield level in the late 90s and, in parallel,
considerable cost increase…
� If almost everybody is talking about Low Cost Carrier it is probably because it is law fairs.
Unfortunately for common people low cost is also associate to poor quality and safety. Of course
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Unfortunately for common people low cost is also associate to poor quality and safety. Of course
it is not true…
� I’ve heard a number of times that this business model sounds a little simplistic… Maybe that’s
true at face value, but executing and carrying out such an approach requires great discipline,
consistent communication with the employees base and an inspirational leadership model…
� Summarized, what the heck does low-cost mean? From my opinion the LCC Model is more a spirit on how we are able to develop uncontested market space using different recipes from a ‘Low Cost Carrier Cookbook’: Welcome ‘Beyond the Low Cost Carrier model’ by thinking ‘1BlueHorizon’…
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
1 B l u e H o r i z o n creation concept is an evolution of the ‘Blue Ocean’ Strategy from INSEAD dedicated to Aviation and related businesses
Blue Ocean StrategyRed Ocean Strategy
Make the Value / Cost Trade-off
Align the whole system of a player’s activities with its strategic choice of differentiation OR low cost
Break the Value / Cost Trade-off Throughout Value Innovation
Align the whole system of a player’s activities with its strategic choice of differentiation AND low cost
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Compete in Existing Market Space
Beat the Competition
Exploit Existing Demand
Create Uncontested Market Space
Make the Competition Irrelevant
Create and Capture New Demand
Source: The Blue Ocean Strategy (INSEAD 2005) from Professors W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne - http://www.insead.edu/home
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Rather than competing with the confines of existing markets, the approach suggests developing uncontested market space - making the competition irrelevant
� Value innovation is a strategic move that allows a market player to create a blue ocean and helps companies make giant leaps in the value provided to customers through the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost
� In blue oceans, demand is created rather than fought over
� There are two ways to create blue oceans: to launch completely new industries or to create a blue ocean from within a red ocean when players expand the boundaries of an existing industry
Create and Capture New
Break the Value / Cost Trade-off Throughout Value
Innovation
Align Players System with Strategic Choice
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Source: The Blue Ocean Strategy (INSEAD 2005) from Professors W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne - http://www.insead.edu/home
� Competing in overcrowded industries does not sustain high performance
� The real opportunity is to create blue oceans of uncontested market space
� By focusing on competition and “competitive advantage”, players will ignore the two lucrative aspects of strategy: To find and develop blue oceans and to exploit and protect blue oceans
� In blue oceans, demand is created rather than fought over
Create Uncontested Market Space
Make the Competition Irrelevant
Create and Capture New Demand
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Value creation is a strategic ‘move’ that allows a market player to create a ‘Blue Ocean’, and can be archived through the ‘four actions framework’
Definition
�Value innovation helps companies make giant leaps in the value provided to customers through the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost
�Value innovation offers buyers a huge leap in value, and that will give rise to new markets
Create a new value leap
that crosses
Reduce
Which Factors / Costs should be reduced
well below the industry’s standard
Eliminate
What of the
Factors that the
Create
Which Factors
should be
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Source::The Blue Ocean Strategy (INSEAD 2005) from Professors W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne - http://www.insead.edu/home
give rise to new markets
�Value innovation balances costs of delivering the value proposition with what the buyer values, to resolve the trade-off dilemma
� In Value Innovation, instead of compromising the value wanted by the customer because of the high costs associated with delivering it, costs are eliminated or reduced
that crosses conventional
marketsegmentation
Raise
Which Factors should be raised well
above the industry’s standard
Factors that the
industry takes for
granted should be
Eliminated?
should be
created that the
industry has
never offered?
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Furthermore, six other strategic ‘moves’ are required to re-establish market boundaries and create ‘Blue Oceans’ - The Six Paths Framework
Red Ocean Strategy (Head to Head Competition)
� Focuses on rivals within its industry
� Focuses on competitive position within strategic group
Blue Ocean Strategy
� Looks across alternative industries
� Looks across strategic groups within industry
Industry
Strategic Group
Conventional Boundaries of Competition
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Source: The Blue Ocean Strategy (INSEAD 2005) from Professors W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne - http://www.insead.edu/home
� Focuses on buyer serving the buyer group
� Focuses on maximizing the value of product and service offerings within the bounds of its industry
� Focuses on improving price performance within the functional –emotional orientation of the industry
� Focuses on adapting to external trends as they occur
� Redefines the industry buyer group
� Looks across complementary product and services offerings
� Rethinks the functional – emotional orientation of the industry
� Participates in shaping external trends over time
Buyer Group
Scope of Product or Service Offering
Functional –Emotional Orientation
Time
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Rather than competing with the confines of existing markets, the Low Cost Carrier (LCC) approach suggests developing uncontested market space
� Crisis has not been caused, but deepened by terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Originally,
the root cause was the decline of the historically unequalled high yield level in the late 90s and, in
parallel, considerable cost increase
� For the ‘classic’ network carriers, the critical situation has also deteriorated due to the current
boom of low cost carriers (LCCs), the only players in the market to gain money despite the crisis
� LCCs capitalize on their simple and efficient business model and their extremely lean cost
structure (up to 60% lower unit costs in comparison with network carriers)
� Wherever LCCs have entered the markets successfully, they gain considerable market share, stir
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� Wherever LCCs have entered the markets successfully, they gain considerable market share, stir
additional demand and cause a declining yield level. In theory, LCCs can attack 70% of all
domestic/continental traffic markets
� Southwest Airlines traces its roots to the March 15, 1967 incorporation of Air Southwest Co.. On
March 29, 1971, Air Southwest Co. changed its name to Southwest Airlines Co.. The rest of 1971
and 1972 saw operating losses. Southwest entered a terrible marketplace that a Porter five
forces analysis would have said was a blood bath…
Undoubtedly Southwest Airlines was the LCC forerunner in the airline industry
Source: 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Analysis – The Low Cost Carrier (LCC) model is born
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
The strategy canvas of the ‘Short Haul’ airline industry: The criteria / rules / boundaries of the airline industry are listed along the x-axis
High
Relative offering
level
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Source: 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Analysis – Low Cost Carriers Value Curve
Low
•Price
•Meals
•Lounges
•Seatingchoices
•Hub
Connectivity
•FriendlyService
•Speed
•Frequent
departures
Low Cost Carriers Other Airlines Car
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Actually, the airline industry growth is mainly driven by price-sensitive as well as new air passengers not able to afford in the past air tickets
40%
“Poached price-sensitive Passengers”
"Additional Travelers"
20%
“New Air Passengers“ Business/
Weekend-trips
- Flight plan
- Flexibility
- Service
- Miles program
Package tour
- Convenience
- All incl. price
- Local service
offering
Full Service(FSC)
Charter
Holiday trips(flight only)
Businessflights1)
Leisure/Visit
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� Strong LCC-growth results from origin of LCC passengers
– Price-sensitive passengers poached from other airlines
– Demand stimulation towards additional travellers due to introduction of new routes (mainly secondary airports)
– Demand stimulation towards new air passengers having chosen another medium of transport before
� Price-related passenger poaching from other airlines is driven by overlap in customer segments
Travelers"
Price-sensitive Leisure/
Business flights
- Price
- Destinations
- Minimum comfort
Low Cost(LCC)
(flight only)flights1)
Source: 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Analysis
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
The budget carrier emergence was clearly (one) 1 B l u e H o r i z o n creation to survive and/or to develop uncontested market space…
� The first low cost carrier is generally considered to be the American company Southwest Airlines which launched in 1971, with the then revolutionary concept that you could lower the cost of ticket prices by eliminating some of the extras and therefore save
� Ryanair Ltd. (FR) is an Irish low-cost airline established in 1985 (by Christopher Ryan, Liam Lonergan) with is head office in Dublin Airport and its primary operational bases at Dublin Airport and London Stansted Airport.
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eliminating some of the extras and therefore save passengers money
� (1)Southwest is the largest airline in the United States, based in Dallas (Texas), mainly for domestic passengers carried who operates more than 3,300 flights a day and utilizing a fleet of 88 B717 and 613 B737 aircrafts.
� The baton was picked up in the UK by Ryanair, in 1990, still the biggest contender in the field. Ryanair is often viewed as the lowest of the low cost, both for its cheap prices, its service and the fact that many airports are quite some distance from the town they claim to land in.
The LCC is a model for airlines with different recipes that lead to success…
and London Stansted Airport.
� Making losses, by 1991, Ryanair was in need of restructuring. Michael O'Leary was charged with the task of making the airline profitable. He quickly decided that the key to low fares was to implement quick turn-around times for aircraft, "no frills" and no business class, as well as operating a single model of aircraft (went public in 1997).
� Ryanair operates over 290 Boeing 737-800 aircraft. The airline has been characterized by rapid expansion as a result of the deregulation of the aviation industry in Europe in 1997.
Note: (1)In May 2011 the airline acquired Orlando-based AirTran Airways, with a single AOC since March 1st 2012 and full integration of the carriers taking place over several years.Source: Companies websites, 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Research & Analysis
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
The low cost carriers(1) are following different operational model – different LCC recipes(2) from the ‘1BlueHorizon Cookbook’(2)
Lessons learnedAirline industry
case study
� Only an up front specified market segment is addressed (-> targeted value proposition)
Principally doable for the legacy Air Carrier?
�
�
�
� LCCs need to achieve significant cost differences along all cost categories (at 40% of incumbent)
� Wherever LCCs enter markets successfully, they gain considerable market share and create additional demand
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Note: (1)Also known as low cost airlines or no-frills, discount or budget carriers(2) ‘LCC recipes’ are available upon request from ‘1BlueHorizon Cookbook’
Source: 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Framework
�
�
�
�
considerable market share and create additional demand
� With superior cost position, extreme pricing is possible which is hardly to be beaten through incumbents
� Market volume and market share are increased by penetration and usage increase
� Successful models have often been developed from scratch –downsizing existing models is questionable
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Looking briefly at the economics of European carriers, the LCCs benefits from big cost differences (up to 60% lower unit costs than network carriers)
Adjusted Cost Difference
� Productivity gain through higher utilization in LCC Business Model� Different tariffs/work rules (e.g. performance-based remuneration)� Reduced service concept (e.g. minimum crew complement, check-in process)
Labor Costs
33%
� Innovative direct sales (e.g. internet bookings, call centers, no travel agents/commissions)
� Lower GDS charges
Sales &Reservations
15%
� Young homogeneous fleet� Aggressive negotiation of maintenance contractsMaintenance 13%
Share of Total Costs
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Note: (1)ASM = Available Seat MileSource: 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting – Overview of the share of total costs 2012
Difference
(8.41 C/ASM(1))
(European carriers)
� Aggressive negotiation of maintenance contracts� Subcontracting
Maintenance 13%
� Dense airport schedule/rapid gate turnaround and no-frills service concept� Partly favorable contracts at secondary airports
GroundHandling
12%
� Reduced charges due to less value added by the airport� Secondary airports
Landing Fees
9%
� Fuel: Purchasing and fleet efficiency� Ownership Costs: Financing Conditions� Onboard Services: No frills service concept
Others 18%
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Beyond the Low Cost Carrier model: definitely the LCC spirit can be used in an infinite number of ways to support 1 B l u e H o r i z o n creation
� The Low Cost Carrier business model as ‘ 1 B l u e H o r i z o n ’ outcome give us four
questions to which we can start thinking about during the airline business plan development process to create uncontested market space (niches):
� Which of the factors that the Aviation & Aerospace
industry takes for granted should be eliminated?
� Which factors should be reduced well below the Aviation
& Aerospace industry's standard (safety & security
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excluded)?
� Which factors should be raised well above the Aviation
& Aerospace industry's standard?
� Which factors should be created that the Aviation
& Aerospace industry has never offered?
I sincerely wish that the airline venture will change the trend of air travel…Time will only tell us…
Note: MENA stands for "Middle East & North Africa / EMENA stands for Europe, Middle East & North Africa
‘from R e d to B l u e Horizon’
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Non exhaustive
The airline Puzzle (the venture is tough!) ‘Prepare to Takeoff’ (the target)
Launching an airline is very challenging and similar to a puzzle where the success depend on how each pieces fit each other
1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting
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Illustrative
1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting
The project expands in scope, typically seven main streams
Source: © 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consul ‘Prepare for takeoff’ Framework
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
AOC Certification Date
BusinessPlan
Commercial Operation
AOC Approval Process1
Aircraft Registration
Human Resources
Infrastructure
Continuous HR Recruitment
Continuous Infrastructure
Pro
jec
t o
wn
er
aim
/ F
ea
sib
ilit
y S
tud
y
3
4
5
6
EnterIntro
Service
Typical comprehensive high level framework for processing of an Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC) including its subordinate permissions
Fin
an
ce &
A
ircra
ft s
ou
rcin
g
2
Air
lin
e M
an
ag
em
en
t A
dvis
ory
Su
pp
ort
1109
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National Civil Aviation Authority / Ministery in charge of transportation
Approved Training Organisation
Infrastructure
Maintenance Organizational Approval
Continuous InfrastructureExpansion
Pro
jec
t o
wn
er
aim
/ F
ea
sib
ilit
y S
tud
y
7
8
6
Fin
an
ce &
A
ircra
ft s
ou
rcin
g
Air
lin
e M
an
ag
em
en
t A
dvis
ory
Su
pp
ort
Source: © 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Framework - IATA http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/audit/iosa/Pages/index.aspx
The IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) programme is an internationally recognized and accepted evaluation system designed to assess the operational management and control systems of an airline. It should be a prerequisite for any start-up airline willing to access once the European airspace to be build on the IOSA guidelines, and then to be certified IOSA.
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Keep in mind a few advises before to open the Airline venture door because even you have the best operational model or an unique market opportunity (niche), only once the operations start you will know the truth…
As within the Aviation & Aerospace industry you will find a
lot of ‘sharks’ looking to make money, be extremely careful
and don’t take everything for granted…
As the Aviation is a very competitive industry, keep
everything confidential and avoid talking about your project
until you are very close to start operations…
I f you are giving the right kind of segmentation strategy
and good execution, there will be enough room in the
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and good execution, there will be enough room in the
market for multiple service offering….
The future performance of your project will depend on the
strength of the selected business model and the focus
going forward…
Finally, don’t copy/paste an existing airline. Benchmark
them, learn from them and find out where is a niche, where
is potentially (one) ‘1 B l u e H o r i z o n ‘…
A maxim never to be forgotten before to start an airline venture: ‘How does a Billionaire become a Millionaire? Start an Airline…’
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
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We generate 1B l ueHo r i z on ® out of the Rough... www.1bluehorizon.com
March 2014Updated
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting (MC) from business plan to first flight, or through the transformation of becoming more competitiveEvery month 1BlueHorizon Group senior personnel are invited to look at new airline start up projects or to solve a wide range of critical issues within the airline & Aerospace industry by entrepreneurs, investors and Senior management and board members. In our experience, concepts which look great on paper don’t reflect the reality of taking the business to market, the reason why our turnkey solutions have continuously an implementation focus.
HOW WE CAN HELP – GENERETING THRUST TO PROPEL YOUR BUSINESS FURTHER...
If you want a feasibility study, a business plan or a Due Dilligence to assess the case for an airline start-up or existing burning cash and running into trouble, an airport our MRO facility, or are burning cash, we draw on our experience of assisting the airline & Aerospace industry in Africa, Middle East and Europe, to provide focused analysis and results-oriented decision support. Our team members have worked on the airline start-up of MaximusAir, Fly Dubai, MTMKN (all U.A.E.), Silkroad Cargo (Uzbekistan), Wataniya Airways (Kuwait), Blue Airways (Nepal), Saba Airlines (Yemen), JetGreen (Pakistan), Punto Azul (Guinea Equatorial), for various airlines aiming to
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Source: © 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting
Saba Airlines (Yemen), JetGreen (Pakistan), Punto Azul (Guinea Equatorial), for various airlines aiming to restructure a poorly performing business or for airports in need of a strategic business review like N’djili International Airport in Kinshasa (RDC) or technical support for Al Najaf International Airport (Iraq).
Our core team and associates have management expertise in strategy, operations revitalization and restructuring, commercial, asset management, finance, maintenance & engineering across over twenty airlines. As example, we can advise on planning an airline start-up and provide an interim team to launch the business – from AOC through fleet acquisition, negotiations support with financiers, required due diligence, branding & marketing, recruitment, pilot training, IT infrastructure etc. – a full turnkey solution.
We are used to generate 1BlueHorizon® out of the Rough...
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
‘Big Four’Law firm
Management
1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting (MC) is providing clients a comprehensive approach, no matter how complex the issues
Innovative – Hands-on Knowleadge transferconsulting
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OperationalImprovement
Creating 1 B l u e H o r i z o n ® to solve a wide range of critical issues
BUSINESSDEVELOPMENT
IMPLEMENTATIONProject Management Office
Source: © 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Business model
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
� Do you need help starting a new venture?
� Is it time for a Due Diligence as next step?
� Are you in need of a strategic business review?
� Looking for ways to differentiate from competitors?
� Aiming to restructure a poorly performing business?
� Are you in need of a sound Project Management office?
Illus
trativ
eA
via
tio
n
1BlueHorizon Group|MC senior personnel core competencies lie in Airlines, General Aviation, Airports, Aerospace and Defense and are deployed on-sites
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� Are you in need of a sound Project Management office?
In today’s Aviation & Aerospace business environment, the margin of error is thin; clients need and expect seasoned advisors. With their respective disciplines,
1BlueHorizon Group senior personnel have experience in various corner of the world.
1BlueHorizon Group |MC is ready to field a team of relevant aviation and aerospace experts whenever and wherever they are needed
Airlines Air Cargo Corporate Jet Airports MRO GCAA
Source: © 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting Industries & Capabilities – Core competencies Aviation
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Project Management Office
According to recent studies, 68% of projects do not meet time/cost/scope targets.The PMO strives to introduce
economies of repetition in the execution of your projects and
Providing innovative solutions, hands-on and knowledge transfer are our difference to maximized value creation - continuously ahead of strategies
Operational Improvement
Our understanding of operational improvement is
quite simple: Whereas restructuring is about
stabilizing a company and fixing how it does things,
operational improvement is
Interim ManagementManagement trainer
Finding talent is difficult even at the best of time. Finding
resources to assist for a short-term assignment of a proven
heavyweight interim executive manager to manage a period
1BlueHorizon Group |MC senior personnel assists - ahead of strategies - stakeholders and management of companies in a variety of sectors who are faced with operating challenges, support of a project management office and/or requesting senior executive interim management support.
Ahead of Strategies
If you want a feasibility study or business plan to assess the case or are burning cash and running into trouble as you approach launch or help the executive teams assess the case for entering immunized
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execution of your projects and we participate actively
in Strategic project management as facilitator…
1BlueHorizon Group |MCcan help give comfort and control through our hands-on experience to maximize
value creation…
operational improvement is about seeing a company
through the transformation of becoming more competitive.
1BlueHorizon Group |MCworks side by side with you to maximize the potential of
your people…
manager to manage a period of transition, crisis or change within an organization or to take on critical projects or
senior positions for a limited time is even more difficult.
1BlueHorizon Group |MCquickly understand what you need, with interactive
mentoring if more suitable…
… and our clients well recognize this!
case for entering immunized joint ventures…
1BlueHorizon Group |MCsenior personnel helping to
maximize your potential, thinking ahead of
strategies…
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Published books and decisive management theories that facilitate critical dialogue and support 1 B l u e H o r i z o n creation
A short selection of inescapable aviation related books
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“Baseline”(Philosophy)
“Low Cost Carriers”
“Courier services”“Various”
Airlines’ Turnaround
“Air Transport Management”
Partners network - Aviation
Source: © 1BlueHorizon Group | Management Consulting recommended bibliography (non exhaustive)
P R O P R I E TA R Y I N F O R M AT I O N
Contact: LEONARD FAVREPartner, Managing Director
Email: [email protected]
1 BlueHorizon Group| Ma n a g e m ent Co n s u l t i n g |P.O. Box 34154
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
M: +971 50 6164 007 (U.A.E.)
M: +41 79 2080 256 (Switzerland)
S: leof007
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