1

15-16 March 2017Philippine Social Science Center AuditoriumDiliman, Quezon City

Beyond politics and spectaclestudies on crime and punishment

2

In the past several months, the spate of killings of suspected drug lords, dealers and drug dependents at the hands of either the police or unknown assailants has triggered considerable public reaction and even raised an outcry among international human rights organizations. Two amendments to existing laws have also been put into motion: one to return the death penalty and another to lower criminal responsibility to childhood: the age of nine. Different and often contradictory views on these anti-criminality measures have sparked heated and even vicious exchanges between supporters and critics of the Duterte administration. Political party differences have colored the debates, and media reports—both from traditional print and broadcast channels and from social media—have sensationalized so-called extra-judicial killings, on the one hand, and public protests posed against the “war on drugs” and the proposed amendments to criminal justice, on the other.

The Philippine Social Science Council has always striven to engage the state and the public in constructive dialogue on issues critical to the life of the Filipino nation and its citizens. For this reason, we are proud to be a principal sponsor of this conference. Through the presentation of rigorous research and evidence-based proposals for constructive programs and modes of action, we aim to separate the political “noise” from the legitimate issues concerning criminality and social justice, and elevate the discourse to the level of systematic, scholarly, and multidisciplinary discussion.

We thank our various partners in this undertaking, principally the Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society (PCJRS), International Alert Philippines, and the Quezon City Mayor’s Office. Their participation in planning and supporting this Conference have enabled us to reach out to a broader cross-section of social science researchers, faculty, students, the media, social advocates, direct practitioners, government officials and representatives of the justice system.

We are confident that the rich trove of information and knowledge from the various papers in this Conference will result in valuable insights for future programs on criminal justice. This unique opportunity for interaction with different stakeholders also aims to stimulate better understanding and encourage closer interaction between different sectors of society interested in promoting human rights and the rule of law.

Together, let us ensure that changes in Philippine society are propelled towards humane, just and sustainable well-being for all.

Amaryllis T. TorresExecutive DirectorPhilippine Social Science Council

Message

3

Message

It is with distinct pleasure that I welcome the participants to the conference, “Beyond Politics and Spectacle: Studies on Crime and Punishment.”

With our country currently going through a period of divisiveness over emotionally and politically charged social issues of criminality, justice, human rights, and public safety, the social science community faces a challenge. That challenge is to bring to the conversation table, insights that go beyond the “politics” and “spectacle,” which typically attend discussions on crime and justice.

The goal of this conference is for the social science community to join and inform the controversial and contentious conversations on criminality, punishment and justice. But that the community brings to the dialogue, its rigorous methods, empirical data, and theoretical acumen applied to areas of research expertise.

This conference gathers together social science experts and researchers here and abroad, with their respective work on various topics that incise social reality, institutions and networks where criminality and its control are situated. Also invited to the conference are criminal justice practitioners and government officials whose work and mandate include safeguarding the interest of Philippine society and public where crime and justice are concerned.

The generosity of the presentors to share their work and the support of our conference partners—the Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society (PCJRS), International Alert Philippines, and the Quezon City Government—made this conference possible. Most notably, the enthusiasm of participants to come and join this conversation at the PSSC affirms a hopeful note, that social science knowledge should play a part in public discourse at this crucial point in our nation’s life.

I welcome you all to this conference.

Filomin Candaliza-GutierrezConference Chair and Vice Chairperson, Philippine Social Science Council

4

It is with great pride and honor for us to co-organize the conference Beyond Politics and Spectacle: Studies on Crime and Punishment. And in behalf of PCJRS, I am extending my warmest welcome to all the delegates.

I firmly believe that this conference will be able to provide a common ground for criminologists, psychologists, sociologists and other allied discipline to discuss major issues besetting our country in a scholarly manner and at the same time providing an avenue for us to exchange knowledge, ideas and learned experiences through our research work.

I pray that this conference will be the start of a beautiful and long term partnership between PCJRS and PSSC.

Wishing everyone a fabulous conference experience.

Susan G. TanPresidentPhilippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society, Inc.

Message

5

15 MARCH 2016 (WEDNESDAY)

7:30 – 8:30 REGISTRATION

8:30 – 8:45

OPENING CEREMONY

National Anthem

Welcome RemarksAmaryllis T. TorresExecutive Director Philippine Social Science Council

Susan G. TanPresident Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society, Inc.

Overview of the ConferenceFilomin Candaliza-GutierrezConference Chair and Vice Chairperson, Philippine Social Science Council

8:45 – 10:00

Hon. Ana Theresia Hontiveros-Baraquel Senator of the Republic of the Philippines

Mr. Jesus A. FajardoDeputy Director General for Administration, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

Open ForumMario J. Aguja (moderator)Professor, Department of Sociology, Mindanao State University-General Santos City

10:00 – 10:15 COFFEE BREAK

Conference Program

6

10:15 – 12:30

Developing Katatagan Kontra Droga Sa Komunidad: A Community-Based Relapse Prevention Program

Ma. Regina M. HechanovaChair, Dept. of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila UniversityHead, Taskforce on Drug Recovery Support, Psychological Association of the Philippines

Designing Evidence-based Community Intervention Program for Drug Users: Towards a Restorative Justice and Behavioral Health Approach

Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr.Dean, College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines-Manila

Addressing the Illegal Drug Problem through Health InformaticsFrancisco A. MagnoDirector, Jesse M. Robredo Institute of Governance, De La Salle University President, Philippine Political Science Association

Barangay Aktibo Tungo sa Alternatibong Solusyon (BATAS): A Drug Dependency Supervision, Support and Mentoring Program

Famela Iza C. MaticDean, College of Criminal Justice, Cavite State University Member, Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society Inc.

Open ForumAaron Abel T. Mallari (moderator) Department of History, University of the Philippines Diliman

12:30-1:30 LUNCH

1:30 – 2:30

Managing the Quezon City Jail: A Warden’s PerspectiveRandel Latoza Warden, Quezon City Jail Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

The Legitimacy and Perils of Self-Governance: Inmate Gangs at the Bilibid Maximum

Filomin Candaliza-GutierrezProfessor, Department of Sociology, University of the Philippines-Diliman

Open ForumSusan G. Tan (moderator) President, Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society, Inc.

7

2:30 – 3:30

An Ethnography of Young Drug Users’ Experiences with Law Enforcement

Gideon LascoUniversity of Amsterdam

Negotiating Culpability and Blamelessness: Narratives of Women Formerly on Death Row

Diana Therese M. VelosoAssistant Professor, Behavioral Sciences Department, De La Salle University

Open ForumDan Jerome Barrera (moderator)Faculty, College of Criminal Justice Education, Negros Oriental State University

3:30 – 3:45 COFFEE BREAK

3:45 – 5:15

The Death Penalty in the Philippines: Historical Currents and ContextsAaron Abel T. Mallari Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of the Philippines-Diliman

The Legislation that Ended the Death Penalty in 2006: Data, Debates and Alliances that Led to the Passage of RA 9346

Mario J. AgujaProfessor, Department of Sociology, Mindanao State University-General Santos CityParty List Representative, 12th and 13th Congress

Criminalizing 9-Year Olds: Arguments against Lowering the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility

Elizabeth Protacio-De CastroProfessor, Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines-Diliman President, Board of Trustees, Child Rights Coalition Asia

Open ForumDennis Lagumen (moderator) Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society

8

16 MARCH 2017 (THURSDAY)8:00 – 8:30 REGISTRATION

8:30 – 10:15

Visioning a Drug-free Quezon CityHon. Ma. Josefina G. Belmonte Vice Mayor, Quezon City Head, QC Anti-Drug Abuse Advisory Council

Transnational and Organised Crime in Asia: Criminal Innovation and Illicit Global Markets

Roderic Broadhurst Professor of Criminology, Research School of Social Science, Australian National University

Drug Trends and Drug Policy in South East Asia Post UN General Assembly Special Session on Drugs (UNGASS) 2016

Olivier LermetRegional Adviser, UN Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Open ForumLourdes M. Portus (moderator)Professor, College of Mass CommunicationUniversity of the Philippines Diliman

10:15 – 10:30 COFFEE BREAK

10:30 – 12:30

Public Opinion on Criminality, the War on Illegal Drugs, and the Death Penalty

Ana Maria L. TabundaExecutive Director, Pulse Asia Research Inc.

Monitoring Crime and Public Safety in the Philippines from the Public’s Lens

Gerardo A. SandovalDirector, Data Processing and Sampling Group, Social Weather Stations

Urban Violence in ARMM and Davao Region: Common Crimes and Shadow Economy in Areas in Transition

Nikki Philline C. de la RosaDeputy Country Manager and Head of Mindanao Operations, International Alert Philippines

Economics of Crime and Punishment: What We Need to Know & LearnLaarni C. EscresaProfessor, School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Open ForumJayeel Cornelio (moderator) Director, Philippine Studies Program, Ateneo De Manila University

12:30 – 1:30 LUNCH

9

1:30 – 3:30

Interface between Transnational Organized Crime and Security Policy: Cocaine Trafficking from Latin America to West Africa, An Emerging Crime-Terror Nexus?

Matthias KennertFellow, International Alert Philippines

Drug War Stories and the Philippine PresidentDan Jerome S. Barrera Faculty Member, College of Criminal Justice Education, Negros Oriental State University Member, Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society Inc.

Not the Humanity: Dispatches from the Frontlines of the War on Drugs

Patricia C. Evangelista Journalist, Rappler Philippines

The Challenges Facing the Philippine Commission on Human Rights Today

Jacqueline Anne C. de Guia Head, Public Affairs and Strategic Communication Office, Commission on Human Rights

Open ForumJean E. Franco (moderator) Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines Diliman

3:30 – 3:45 COFFEE BREAK

3:45 – 5:15

Life After Tokhang: Voluntary Submission for Reformation Persons (VSRP) in Davao City

Mervin GasconUniversity of Southeastern University

Tigian: Consensual Power in Customary Dispute Settlement of the Iraya Mangyan

Christian A. RosalesProject Assistant, D’Aboville Foundation

Tiyawan: Teduray and Lambangian Conflict Settlement ProcessAlim M. BandaraMember, Supreme Council of Chieftains of the Timuay Justice and Governance

Open ForumDiane Therese Veloso (moderator) Behavioral Sciences Department, De La Salle University

5:15 – 5:30

CLOSING CEREMONY

SynthesisLourdes M. PortusChair, Philippine Social Science Council

10

Abstracts

Developing Katatagan Kontra Droga sa Komunidad: A Community-Based Relapse Prevention Program

In July 2016, the Philippine government waged a “war” against illegal drugs. A consequence of this drive was the surrender of over 700,000 drug users and pushers. Results of preliminary assessment suggest that only 10 percent of drug users require in-house rehabilitation and majority could be treated at the community level. However, there was a lack of preparation and capability at the community level to provide drug recovery services.

This paper describes efforts by members of the Psychological Association of the Philippine Taskforce on Drug Recovery Support to develop an evidence-informed community-based drug recovery intervention. A needs analysis was first conducted among drug surrenderees and their families to inform the design of the intervention. Results suggest that although drug use has an economic component, it is primarily a psychosocial issue. Majority of users report adverse childhood experiences, strong peer influence, family dysfunctions, and poor coping skills. Based on these findings, a relapse prevention program was made using the CDC Map of Adaptation Process.

The Katatagan Kontra Droga sa Komunidad program consists of 12 modules for drug-users that focus on drug recovery skills including motivation to change, managing cravings, drug refusal skills etc. The intervention also includes three modules for families of drug users to educate them on how to best support their family member. This paper describes the steps taken in designing validating, writing and pilot-testing the modules.

DR. MA. REGINA M. HECHANOVA is Full Professor and former Chair of the Department of Psychology in Ateneo de Manila University. She was the past President of the Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) and is currently the head of the PAP Taskforce on Drug Recovery Support. Gina has a Ph.D. in Psychology from the Central Michigan University and obtained her M.A. in Psychology and B.S. degrees from the University of the Philippines (UP) Diliman. In 1996, she received the UP Chancellor’s Award for Most Outstanding Faculty in 1996. In 2005, Gina was also named Outstanding Young Scientist in 2005 by the National Academy of Science and Technology. In 2010, she was

named one of the Ten Outstanding Women in Nation’s Service for her work as an organizational psychologist. [Email: rhechanova@ateneo.edu]

11

Designing Evidence-based Community Intervention Program for Drug Users: Towards A Restorative Justice and Behavioral Health Approach

What best treatment response can be provided to drug users that have “voluntarily surrendered” through the “Operation Tokhang” (a “war on drugs” campaign) in the Philippines? This paper addresses this crucial question in response to the need for a culturally fit and social justice driven intervention program for “voluntary surrenderers”. Using primary and secondary data derived from literature and from studies conducted among drug users undergoing treatment from selected treatment and rehabilitation centers and among “voluntary surrenders” in a selected community in Metro-Manila, this paper argues that current response to treatment of “voluntary surrenderers” such as zumba, sports, jogging, “simba” and the like lacks evidence-based and evidence-informed programming and thus, not responsive to the treatment needs of the “voluntary surrenderers”. Using the same data, the paper argues for a treatment response framed under a balanced approach of restorative justice and behavioral health.

DR. LEONARDO R. ESTACIO JR., anthropologist, social development and public health expert, is a professor at the Department of Behavioral Sciences and currently the dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines- Manila. He completed his PhD in anthropology and master in community development degrees at UP Diliman and his master in public health degree at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and did post-doctoral research on drug abuse at University of Washington in Seattle.He trained in drug abuse research at Johns Hopkins University as a Hubert Humphrey Fellow and was a visiting scientist at the Department

of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington in Seattle. Prof. Estacio has provided technical advice and training services to various UN agencies such as the UNODC, ILO, UNICEF, UNESCAP as consultant in social development and community-based drug demand reduction. In 2000, he and his colleagues established Addictus Research and Intervention Center Inc., to assist the Philippine government in drug demand reduction work by working with families and communities and local and international partners in reducing drug use among young people in urban communities.Currently, he leads a group of behavioral scientists and community volunteer workers in community-based treatment interventions in two selected communities in Metro-Manila in response to the surge of voluntary surrender of thousands of drug users and street pushers. His research interests include drug abuse and behavioral health among young populations, social health insurance benefit packages, community-managed health programs, delivery of health services to geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas, violence against children, sexual exploitation of children online, among others. [Email: junestacio2@yahoo.com]

12

Addressing the Illegal Drug Problem through Health Informatics

The literature indicates that criminal justice instruments alone cannot address the criminal, health, and social problems arising from the use and trade of illegal drugs (Buxton, Haden and Mathias 2008). In countries where war-centered drug control strategies were undertaken, the tide of public opinion had shifted from criminal justice approaches towards prevention and treatment measures (Lock, Timberlake and Rasinski 2002). One of the key mechanisms for combating the illegal drug problem is through health informatics. This paper will build on studies that show how health database systems can be utilized in setting up prescription drug monitoring programs that benefit both law enforcement and health care delivery systems (Deyo, Irvine, Millet, Beran, O’Kane, Wight and McCarty 2013). It will consider how investments in health information systems can contribute to efforts at controlling the drug menace.

DR. FRANCISCO A. MAGNO teaches at De La Salle University where he is the Director of the JMR Institute of Governance. He has conducted teaching and research in various academic institutions, including University of Hawaii, Florida State University, Waseda University, Hiroshima University, University of Reading, and University of the Philippines. He received an Outstanding Young Scientist Award from the National Academy of Science and Technology in 2000. He is the President of the Philippine Political Science Association from 2015 to 2017. [Email: francisco.magno@dlsu.edu.ph]

MR. TYRONE HODGES is a graduate student in the Masters of Science in International Development and Masters in Business Administration programs at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York. He is currently in the Philippines as an exchange student at De La Salle University. He has over 16 years of experience in the Healthcare and Business Consulting profession.

13

Barangay Aktibo Tungo sa Alternatibong Solusyon (BATAS): A Drug Dependency Supervision, Support and Mentoring Program

The Kababayan Kong Kaagapay sa Kaalaman at Kasanayan Kontra Krimen (7K) Research and Extension Advocacy of the College of Criminal Justice, Cavite State University launched a program in early 2017 designed to offer alternative drug dependency rehabilitation approach anchored on supervision, support and mentoring of drug dependents at the barangay level.

Recognizing that pathways in which individuals become drug dependents are unique, the program offers interventions that match the individual needs of participants. At the individual level, drug use can be due to a belief that drug use is acceptable or serve as coping mechanism for lack of self-esteem and self-control, and limited capacities to overcome life stresses. At the family level, there are factors of family poverty, lack of parental control and attachment, child abused, and practices that normalizes drug use. At the school level, a permissive atmosphere, lack of pro-social activities available to students, uncaring teachers, and unchecked and unsupervised delinquent student groups are risk factors. At the community level, drug use can prevail when neighbors are inattentive, barangay officials do not exercise supervision and control, and drug dealing is seen as an alternative form of generating income.

These individual, family, school, and community factors, contribute to the frequency, intensity and quality of drug dependency problems. Thus, drug dependents vary on their level of needs with some individuals exhibiting multiple problem areas. Thus interventions must address specific factors, must be multi-level, and have multiple components of supervision, support, and mentoring. Barangays are in the best position to implement sustainable programs as they have contacts with individuals, families, schools, and community. The barangays have also links with external agencies whose resources, personnel, and expertise can be tapped, and thus source the sharing of costs to run the program.

Dr. FAMELA IZA CABE-MATIC is Dean of the College of Criminal Justice, Cavite State University-Main Campus. She finished her PhD in Criminology (2016) from Philippine College of Criminology where she was the recipient of the Outstanding Dissertation award. She earned her Master of Science in Criminology major in Security and Safety Management from Emilio Aguinaldo College-Manila (2011) and Bachelor of Science in Criminology from Emilio Aguinaldo College-Cavite (2006) where she received best thesis and leadership awards. She also took series of Military Science Courses of the Philippine Army

on top of her class and further earned a National Certificate for Security Services.She is among the founding members of the Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society (PCJRS). Her research and extension interests include criminal justice, theories of crime, restorative justice, gender and development, and alternative approaches and community based programs. Her methods extend from basic survey to impact studies for policy intervention, knowledge generation and inputs to instruction. [Email: famiza_matic@yahoo.com]

14

Managing The Quezon City Jail: A Warden’s Perspective

The Quezon City Jail is the main detention facility in the most populous urban center in the Philippines. Currently, it houses approximately 2800 detainees in a 9144 square meters of floor space. In these conditions, each detainee is allotted 0.40 square meters of living space, manned by a handful of BJMP staff on rotational basis at a ratio of 1:107 jail officer to Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL) ratio. At the height of President Duterte’s all-out war on drugs, the detainee population has spiked-up to 4100 in August 2016 compounding even more the already depressing insufficiencies, manpower, and basic living necessities.

The presentation discusses the dynamics of these insufficiencies and how these ameliorate to the production of a distinctive jail culture. More importantly, it also attempts to put into perspective the various coping mechanisms that officers and the administration need to negotiate everyday to bring about order while preserving the institutional mandates of the bureau. The presentation will delve on the dynamics of the essential components of coping mechanism of jail staff and PDL. These components include the structure, organization and culture that characterize the coping mechanism brought about by resource insufficiencies.

In dealing with the conundrum that besets attainment of the bureau’s mandate of humane safekeeping and development of persons deprived of liberty, the Quezon City Jail management has been refocusing on enhancing and sustaining four essential elements towards effective and efficient jail management: classification, housing, programming and documentation. Seemingly, the refocus on these critical domains and whole of justice sector approach (law enforcement, prosecution, courts, jail/prison, and community) will strengthen the overarching theme of effective offender intervention that shall constitute and produce a public value account.

MR. RANDEL H. LATOZA, is Jail Superintendent and Warden of Quezon City Jail. He obtained the degree of Master of National Security Administration from the National Defense College of the Philippines in 2013, and Master in Management, Public Administration from the Philippine Christian University in 2012. Since joining the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) 22 years ago, he has been a recipient of service awards such as the 2008 BJMPRO 4A Best District Jail Warden of Calabarzon Region, Best District Jail Warden for the years 2006 and 2007, and Best Municipal Warden in 2003, among other distinctions. In 2007, the Philippine Civil Service Commission

conferred to him the Dangal ng Bayan Award. Supt. Latoza has a B.S. Engineering degree from Notre Dame of Marbel University and a B.A. Public Safety degree from the Philippine National Police Academy. [Email: randel.latoza@yahoo.com]

15

The Legitimacy and Perils of Self-Governance: Inmate Gangs at the Bilibid Maximum

Based on a 2012 study using focused group discussions of inmates, documents review, and field observations, the Maximum Security Prison Compound at the New Bilibid Prison holds 12 inmates gangs that managed 95 percent of its population.

The pangkat or system of inmate gangs originally served as defense and combat grouping in the 1950s to survive riots rising from regional and ethno-linguistic conflicts between the Tagalog-speaking Sigue-Sigue and the non-Tagalog-speaking OXO gangs. Over the years, major changes have taken place in the pangkat system. The pangkat legitimized itself as inmate self-governance by producing social capital upon the pivotal entry of visiting families and friends (dalaw) and civil society groups in the 1970s. Social barriers broke down to reduce riots and increase cooperation among gangs for the collective well being of the community. Conjugal and family visits and incursions of tagalaya into the compound reduced inmate isolation, supported masculine roles and status for inmates to resume, created a local economy, and revitalized rehabilitation programs.

Given the inadequacy of state services, inmates gravitated towards a social order that fills the political vacuum needed to arbitrate disputes, ameliorate provisions, bargain for visitation rights, and partner with civil society groups for rehabilitation activities. However, the permeability of prison walls combined with the demand to maintain governance costs, limited transparency of the pangkat also opened gaps for illegal networks to exploit the its social capital. Money laundering, continued drug trade operations from inside prison, unequal privileges, and physical violence as discipline are some of the illegal activities that have allegedly found its way into the compound. Finding a right balance between inmate rights to self-order and connect with the outside world while insulating it from corruption and illegal opportunities remains a crucial challenge that inmate self-governance must surmount if it should remain as a viable form of prison management.

DR. FILOMIN C. GUTIERREZ, Professor at the Department of Sociology at the University of the Philippines Diliman, is currently Vice-Chair of the Philippine Social Science Council and Executive Committee Member of the International Sociological Association. She has served as former President of Philippine Sociological Society and Editor of the Philippine Sociological Review. She finished her Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of the Philippines Diliman working on a dissertation on intersections of gender and social class in Philippine history. She has published journal articles on issues such as youth delinquency, history of criminology, and prison gangs. Her research interests include social

deviance, masculine organizations, and fraternity violence. Dr. Gutierrez was the former Chair of the UP Diliman Department of Sociology. [Email: fc.gutierrez09@gmail.com]

16

An Ethnography of Young Drug Users’ Experiences with Law Enforcement

Long before “Oplan Tokhang”, there has been an ongoing, decades-long war on drugs and there are belligerents: on one hand, the police and the government; and on the other hand, the drug users who carry the trilemma of being seen as immoral, criminal, and anti-social. Yet in their own world, many youths see drugs as useful in their everyday lives, and in response to how the outside world perceives them, they reciprocate the hostility and prejudice against them, particularly towards the police who they call “kalaban” (enemy).

This paper draws from an ethnography of urban poor youths in a Philippine port community from 2012-2013 to examine how their drug use is embedded in their everyday lives and intersects with the government and law enforcement apparatus, which they view with hostility. The study compares their insights with the perspectives of law enforcers and judges, drawing from key informants and secondary sources to reveal a fuller picture of the broader “war on drugs” as it is viewed by different actors.

Policy recommendations are presented based on the insights of my overall study. If indeed some young people find drugs “useful”, then they need to be moved away from a social and economic environment that engenders such usefulness in the first place.

DR. GIDEON LASCO is a physician, medical anthropologist, and writer. He received his medical degree (MD) from the UP College of Medicine as part of the INTARMED program. From the same college he received a master’s degree in Medical Anthropology (MSc), and proceeded to take up his PhD in Medical Anthropology at the University of Amsterdam, where he is due to defend his dissertation in May 2017. Lasco’s research work ranges from indigenous medicine to hospital care, from young people’s illicit drug use to their use of herbal supplements. For his PhD dissertation he studied the meanings of height in the Philippines. [Email: glasco@gmail.com]

17

Negotiating Culpability and Blamelessness: Narratives of Women Formerly on Death Row

This study exposes the experiences and social worlds of women who were once sentenced to capital punishment in the Philippines. The study delved into the women’s pathways to prison, focusing on how they framed the circumstances that brought them in contact with the criminal justice system, based on their perspectives on their identities, relationships, and social worlds. The study analyzed the link between the women’s prior experiences of victimization, social and economic marginalization, and substance abuse issues and their crimes. This research also examined how deception and betrayal in close relationships, compounded by corruption in the criminal justice system, led the majority of the women to death row.

The women in this study largely occupied marginalized positions in their families and relationships, at work, and in society in general, on account of their gender, social class, and race and ethnicity, compounded by institutional corruption in a postcolonial nation. Convicted of crimes resulting from their efforts to survive and cope with their circumstances, their narratives reflect many facets and social realities of low-income and working class culture in Philippine society. Their accounts of victimization, violence against specific men and even women and children, drug abuse and/or drug dealing, and cooperation with illegal activities reflect the burden of their relational responsibilities and their social and economic marginalization. While negotiating culpability and blamelessness for their criminal conviction, the women’s narratives of fatalism and passivity illuminate the dynamics of their conflict-ridden world amidst corruption in government and law enforcement agencies and in the face of injustice.

DR. DIANA THERESE M. VELOSO is Assistant Professor and the Graduate Studies Program Coordinator at the Behavioral Science Department, La Salle University. She completed her Ph.D. in Sociology at Loyola University Chicago. She has conducted research on the life histories and issues of women formerly on death row in the Philippines and the reentry experiences and challenges of formerly incarcerated women in Chicago, Illinois. She served as the lead researcher in two studies on serious and organized crime threats in the Philippines, as commissioned by the National Law Enforcement Coordinating

Committee-Subcommittee on Organized Crime (NALECC-SCOC). She was a consultant in a nationwide evaluation of the interventions and rehabilitation programs for children in conflict with the law (CICL) in the Philippines. She has also conducted research on gender-based violence among internally displaced people (IDPs) in Zamboanga City. [Email: dianaveloso@yahoo.com]

18

The Death Penalty in the Philippines: Historical Currents and Contexts

In the immediate months after Rodrigo Duterte became Philippine President, a crescendo of policies and pronouncements about criminality brought front and center the need for reflexive discussions on the fundamental notions about justice, crime, and human rights. The commitment of the administration in supporting the reinstitution of capital punishment, once again, divides the nation. While the super majority administration in Congress is poised to pass legislation that would revive the death penalty, the powerful Catholic Church and other civil society groups, on the other hand, are mobilizing and intensifying campaigns to stop this from happening.

This paper takes stock of this renewed debate about the death penalty in the Philippines by reflecting on the experience of the Philippines with this policy across history. This piece looks at the death penalty within particular historical contexts in the Philippines that brought currents that influenced the institution, maintenance, and episodic abolition and revival of the policy. Three periods are considered: (1) the pre-colonial Philippines when the barangays can be viewed in the context of maritime Southeast Asian polities; (2) the colonial period that placed the Philippines in the wider circuit of empires; and (3) the post-Pacific War context that witnessed vacillations in policy as Filipinos grappled with the challenges of dictatorship and democratization. Ultimately, the paper argues that a more nuanced and historically contextualized discourse should inform discussions about the death penalty.

MR. AARON ABEL T. MALLARI is assistant professor at the Department of History and concurrently assistant college secretary of the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman. He obtained his BA in History cum laude and his MA in History from UP Diliman. For his master’s thesis, he worked on the history of the prison system in the Philippines during the American colonial period. Among his research interests are: crime, punishment, and social control in historical and sociological perspectives; intellectual history and sociology of knowledge; social history; history of science, medicine, and technology; and Southeast Asian studies. [Email: aaron.mallari@ymail.com]

19

The Legislation that Ended the Death Penalty in 2006: Data, Debates and Alliances That Led to the Passage of RA 9346

The passage of RA 9346 in 2006 effectively abolished the death penalty in the Philippines through the repeal of RA 7659 and RA 8177. This paper analyzes the crucial circumstances surrounding the debates during the 13th Congress (2004-2007) that led to this legislation. It examines the data on the implementation of the death penalty prior to the abolition, the debates for and against its abolition, and the specific social and political contexts at the time when the debates unfolded. It also discusses the role of the key players in the debate, and their alliances and conflicts inside and outside of congress. Finally, the paper briefly tackles the current debates surrounding the re-imposition of the death penalty the attending social and political contexts.

The study utilizes secondary data such as congressional records, materials from campaign groups and published news articles. Supplementing the data are the author’s personal reflections based on his experience as member of the House of Representatives 13th congress and one of the principal authors of RA 9346. The paper argues that the sad state of the implementation of the death penalty during the years it was in place, the strong alliances that emerged for its abolition, and the social context borne out of the crisis of the unpopular Arroyo presidency made the passage of RA 9346 possible. While the players for the abolition of the death penalty are still much around, the recent call for the re-imposition of the death penalty by the populist Duterte administration is currently attended by a social political context that is far different than when it was abolished in 2006.

DR. MARIO J. AGUJA is Professor at the Department of Sociology, Mindanao State University-General Santos City where he teaches undergraduate sociology courses on social change and development, sociological theory, and community organizing. He likewise teaches public policy at the graduate school. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Congress representing Akbayan Party during the 12th and 13th Congress from2002 to 2007. He is one of the principal authors of the law abolishing the death penalty and the Juvenile Justice Welfare Act of 2006. [Email: mayong.aguja@gmail.com]

20

Criminalizing 9-Year Olds: Arguments against Lowering the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility

The current Juvenile Justice Law of the Philippines is recognized as landmark legislation, but several bills have been filed to revise it since its enactment in 2006. The salient feature of the law that has always been subjected for revision pertains to the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) or the lowest age at which children can be prosecuted in court. The current law sets the MACR at 15 years old, but the pending bill at the 17th Congress seeks to lower it to 9 years old.

This paper presents the arguments against lowering the MACR based on evidences indicating that child and adolescent brains are underdeveloped; punitive approaches to children are ineffective; and detaining children is not cost-effective. This paper also presents data on the effectiveness of restorative justice in preventing recidivism, as well as the history of the MACR in the Philippines.

DR. ELIZABETH PROTACIO-DE CASTRO is a Professor of Psychology at the University of the Philippines Diliman. She is currently the Director of Psychosocial Support and Children’s Rights Resource Center (PST CRRC), a regional institution that engages in research, training and publication on children’s rights and welfare issues, child protection and psychosocial support. She also worked for UNICEF East Asia and the Pacific Regional Office in Bangkok, Thailand as a child protection specialist. At present, she serves as Advisory Board Member of the Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Network and as the President of the Board of Trustees of Child Rights Coalition Asia (CRC Asia). Dr. De

Castro has publications a on a number of issues affecting children’s rights and childhood. She has received several national and international awards, including The Outstanding Women in the Nations Service Award (TOWNS) in the Philippines, and the Leo and Liesl Eitinger Human Rights Award in Oslo, Norway. [Email: beth_pst@yahoo.com]

Co-authorsAMIHAN ABUEVA is Regional Executive Director of Child Rights Coalition Asia (CRC Asia). She co-founded ECPAT International, a network that covers more than 70 countries to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children. From 2012 to 2014, Amihan served as the Philippine Representative on Children’s Rights to the ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children (ACWC). She is the first recipient of the Wilberforce Leadership Award given by the US-based organization Free the Slaves.

HAZELYN JOY BITAÑA is Advocacy and Communications Coordinator of Child Rights Coalition Asia (CRC Asia). She holds a Master of Statistics degree and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Broadcast Communication magna cum laude from the University of the Philippines Diliman. Hazel pursues her advocacy for children’s rights by being involved in organizations such as Asia Against Child Trafficking (Asia ACTs) and Plan International.

21

Transnational and Organised Crime in Asia: Criminal Innovation and Illicit Global Markets

The size and reach of the market in illicit products and services reflects patterns of globalization, economic growth, conflict as well as government and civil responses to the impacts of these markets. In Asia, these illicit markets have grown rapidly with the opening up and development of China and ASEAN boosted by infrastructure development and increased wealth. Traditional crime groups have been re-vitalized and new entrepreneurial crime groups have emerged to capitalise on the ‘market’ opportunities contributing to surge in the use of narcotics and other contraband in South East and East Asia. These developments have also triggered in some jurisdictions a radical response, such as Philippines President Duterte’s bloody ‘war on drugs’.

While illicit and dangerous drugs account for a substantial element of the estimated $USD100 billion illicit economy in Asia estimated by the UNODC, the overall effort of ASEAN and other regional actors has been ineffective and alternative approaches, including treatment and de-criminalisation have not developed apace. Policies such as ‘drug free zones’ and ‘war on drugs’ have historically been ineffective and have grave unintended consequences. This presentation outlines the scale of organised crime in Asia and how local responses can amplify, reshape the strategic response or diminish the hidden power of organised crime.

DR. RODERIC BROADHURST is Professor of Criminology, School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet), and Research School of Asian and the Pacific and Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University. He was formerly the Deputy Director of the Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, ANU. His recent books include Violence and the Civilizing Process in Cambodia, (Cambridge University Press 2015), Business and the Risk of Crime in China (ANU Press 2011), Policing in Context (Oxford 2009). His research interest includes crime and modernization, homicide, comparative studies of crime, recidivism, criminal behaviour, organized crime in China and Asia, and crime in cyberspace.[Email: roderic.broadhurst@annu.edu.au]

22

Public Opinion on Criminality, the War on Illegal Drugs, and the Death Penalty

Amidst the ongoing “war on illegal drugs” being waged by the Duterte administration, discussions and debates – both in and out of Congress – about the death penalty have resurfaced. This presentation looks into, among other things, Filipinos’ views and sentiments not only regarding the campaign against illegal drugs initiated by the incumbent administration but also about the proposal to restore the death penalty, the impact of this anti-illegal drugs campaign on the people’s sense of security, and public assessment of the Duterte administration’s performance in relation to its fight against criminality. On the whole, public opinion appears to support the move to reimpose the death penalty for certain heinous crimes, including drug pushing. Furthermore, survey data shows there is a general expression of support for the campaign against illegal drugs being implemented by the national administration despite the continuing expression of concern here and abroad toward the increasing number of extrajudicial killings as a result of the “war on illegal drugs”.

DR. MARIA L. TABUNDA is Professor and former Dean at the UP School of Statistics in Diliman. Dr. Tabunda completed her PhD, MA, and undergraduate degree in Statistics at the UP School of Statistics. Furthermore, she serves as Research Director in Pulse Asia Research, Inc. since 2013. Currently, she handles and supervises The 2016 Anti-Red Tape Act Report Card Survey (ARTA-RCS) for the Civil Service Commission (client satisfaction survey) and Pulse Asia Research Inc. In addition, she have written several papers on topics about electoral polling, governance and political issues, poverty measurement and analysis, education and academics policies, Econometrics, finance and forecasting, social stratification, and market research. [Email: amzl.tabunda@gmail.com]

23

Monitoring Crime and Public Safety in the Philippines from the Public’s Lens

For more than three decades, Social Weather Stations (SWS) has been monitoring crime and public safety in the Philippines from the public’s lens via scientific surveys involving at least 1,200 representative adults nationwide.

Crime victimization surveys from 1989-2016 show a general decline where respondents reported having about their or their family members’ actual experience of the following in the last 6 months: a) their home has been broken into, b) been robbed outside the home, c) motor vehicle has been stolen, and d) suffered physical violence.

Public safety surveys from 1986-2016 show a downward then an upward trend in fear of safety at home and in the street. It measured the respondents’ agreement or disagreement that in their neighborhood: a) people are usually afraid that robbers might break into their houses, b) people are usually afraid to walk in the street at night because it is not safe, and c) there are already very many people addicted to banned drugs. Measured since 2005, the visibility of drug addicts shows an upward trend.

The SWS 4th Quarter 2016 survey also shows that: a) 78 percent worried that they or anyone they know will be a victim of extra-judicial killing (EJK), b) 94 percent believe that it’s important that drug suspects be captured alive, c) 69 percent consider EJK a serious problem, d) split opinion about police claim that drug suspects resist arrest, e) +77 net satisfaction with the Administration’s anti-illegal drug campaign, f) 88 percent agree the drug problem declined since Pres. Duterte took office, and g) 70 percent say the Administration is serious about solving the EJK problem.

SWS continues to monitor crime and public safety issues in its surveys.

MR. GERARDO SANDOVAL is SWS Fellow, Director of the Data Processing and Sampling Group, and Deputy Director for Trainings. He has over 20 years of experience in social survey research, participated in foreign and local congresses and trainings, and authored papers on family planning, sexual violence, crime, tax administration reforms, sports, scientific knowledge, elections, work, gender, governance, and the youth. He has served as Philippine Representative at the World Association for Public Opinion Research and the Asian Network for Public Opinion Research. He obtained his M.A. Sociology degree from the Ateneo de Manila University. [Email: jay.sandoval@sws.org.ph]

24

Economics of Crime and Punishment – What We Need to Know and Learn

Does higher punishment necessarily lead to lower crime? What are the economic determinants of crime? This study provides an economic analysis of crime. It looks at the traditional and behavioral economics approach in understanding the nature of formal and informal sanctions that is present in criminal law. It argues that the probability of conviction and the magnitude of the punishment may not necessarily be perfect substitutes in achieving the goal of criminal deterrence and identifies under what conditions would increasing the latter may serve to undermine it.

DR. LAARNI ESCRESA is an assistant professor at the School of Economics, University of the Philippines. She earned her Phd in Law and Economics at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam and the University of Bologna. Prior to joining UP, she was a Jean Monnet fellow at the European University Institute and a postdoc fellow at the University of Hamburg. [Email: laarni.escresa2@gmail.com]

25

Interface Between Transnational Organized Crime and Security Policy: Cocaine Trafficking from Latin America to West Africa,

An Emerging Crime-Terror Nexus?

The global cocaine market is valued at an estimated 88 billion US-Dollar; with Peru, Colombia and Bolivia accounting for virtually all cocaine manufactured worldwide. Thus, trafficking remains to be originating from Latin America, predominantly en route to North America and Europe.

While ramifications unfolded by northbound drug trafficking come into view exemplarily in the Mexican drug war, in particular the involvement of the Colombian FARC guerrilla in the drug business displays the interface of criminal activities and security policy in Latin America.

Cocaine destined for Europe is frequently trafficked via West Africa, transiting the Sahel region (in particular Mali and Niger). Terrorist groups present in the Sahel, such as AQMI, Ansar Dine, MUJAO and Boko Haram, are increasingly involved in the trafficking of illicit drugs to finance their terrorist activities, which yields a linkage between crime and security policy.

Implications of organized crime, which disseminate into the realm of security policy, pose serious challenges to national authorities in both regions: To conduct their activities, criminal groups require some degree of stability and functioning infrastructure – hence, they exert influence aiming at weakening state authority and restricting state interference only to a limited degree. In contrast, terrorists seek to overthrow the political status quo by employing military means.

In order to combat criminals and terrorist groups effectively, a lucid role allocation for police and law enforcement (entitled to fight crime) and the military (equipped to target terrorism) by taking into consideration capabilities and limitations of both soldiers and policemen is deemed critical.

MR. MATTHIAS KENNERT holds a joint master’s’ degree in International Relations from Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Universität Potsdam, Germany. He obtained a bachelor’s degree in International Political Management at Hochschule Bremen University of Applied Sciences. He also studied at Istanbul Kültür University in Turkey and George Washington University, Washington D.C. With a background in security and defense policy, he gained professional experience at the German Federal Academy for Security Policy, the Defence Committee of the German Federal Parliament, the Embassy of Germany in Bolivia as well as the United Nations Office on Drugs and

Crime. Having been awarded the Mercator Fellowship on International Affairs, his current work focuses on criminal activities which become relevant for security policy in order to explore risks and opportunities of civil-military cooperation in combating transnational organized crime. Since February 2017 Matthias Kennert is affiliated with International Alert Philippines working on illicit firearms.[Email: Matthias.Kennert@outlook.com]

26

Drug Was Stories and the Philippine President

Previous research and commentaries took a rationalist approach in making sense of the Philippine President, Rodrigo Duterte, and his ‘war on drugs.’ An array of descriptors has been assigned to him, which ranged from ‘psychopath’, ‘murderer’ to ‘populist’. This paper places culture at the core of Duterte’s ‘war on drugs’. Drawing from socio-narratology and narrative criminology, the paper presents Duterte as under the ‘hypnotic spell’ of stories he has spun as a storyteller. It shows how these stories worked for and on him. These stories influenced him to embark on a ‘war on drugs,’ while making controversial decisions and actions, and gaining or losing alliances.

The study conducted a dialogical narrative analysis of Duterte’s interviews, speeches, and media pronouncements before the 2016 elections and within his six months in office as president. It argues that Duterte’s stories reflect an ‘apocalyptic genre’ within a ‘heroic saga where Duterte views himself as situated in a continuous array of battles against the ‘dark forces’ of drugs and criminality. In describing the country’s drug situation, he has woven stories containing themes of extreme polarization between characters, ideal motivations, and extraordinary objects of struggle. These stories, in turn, have sustained the violent war on drugs while disconnecting from or affiliating him with new alliances. The presentation shows how narrative resources incite human actions and suggests ways of employing dialogue as a means of thinking about, not just with, stories in the current war on drugs in the country.

MR. DAN JEROME BARRERA is a faculty member of the College of Criminal Justice Education, Negros Oriental State University in Dumaguete City. He finished Bachelor of Science in Criminology cum laude at the Negros Oriental State University – Bais Campus in 2009 and Master of Science in Criminal Justice at the University of Cebu in 2012. He ranked 3rd in the September 2009 Criminologist Licensure Examination. Currently, he is a Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice student at the University of Cebu and published articles on criminal sociology, theory testing, crime science, GIS applications in criminology, and criminal justice education. Lately, his research interests include socio-narratology, especially the interplay of narratives, stories, and harm. [Email: barreradanjerome@yahoo.com]

27

Not the Humanity: Dispatches from the Frontlines of the War on Drugs

The first 8 months of Rodrigo Duterte’s war against drugs has racked up a total of 7,080 deaths. Suspected dealers and users have been shot point blank. Bodies have been abandoned with heads wrapped in packing tape. Sometimes they die in the hands of the law – the 2,555 that police claim were killed in self-defense. “You cannot wage a war without killing,” Duterte said. “In the first place, I’d like to be frank with you: are they humans? What is your definition of a human being?” Those who cover the drug war have been accused of propaganda, bias and exaggeration. Patricia Evangelista, whose coverage on the war on drugs has been published as Rappler’s Impunity series, will be speaking on objectiveness, balance and neutrality in media coverage, as well as the value of humanized narratives as protest to the demonization of citizens allegedly involved in drugs. Not The Humanity is about the human cost of the drug war, describing how a war on drugs has become a massacre of people. It is about a country shifting from Asia’s freest democracy to a nation ruled by suspicion and fear – through the eyes of the people who have been told the dead are not human.

MS. PATRICIA EVANGELISTA, a multimedia reporter for Rappler Philippines, is a journalist who has worked across a range of platforms including television production, documentary film and multi-platform collaborative projects focused on human rights, conflict, disaster, development and public interest issues.She graduated cum laude from the University of the Philippines-Diliman with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Speech Communications. At 19, she began writing for the Philippine Daily Inquirer’s opinion section. Her column ran for eight years. She has written for Rogue and UNO, and was writer-at-large for Esquire Philippines Magazine. Patricia had her

start in television journalism as a production assistant for ANC, and went on to produce a number of programs and documentaries, including the groundbreaking narrative series, Storyline. Her television projects have received local awards including four Gawad Tanglaw Awards, a Catholic Mass Media Award, as well as two New York Festivals medals. In 2009, she was awarded by the Union Catholique Internationale de la Presse the Titus Brandsma Awardee for Emergent Journalism for trekking “treacherous grounds for journalists.” In 2014, she won the Agence France-Presse Kate Webb Prize for her “balanced, nuanced eye and astonishing courage” covering the standoff between the military and Muslim rebels in Zamboanga and the aftermath of super typhoon Haiyan. The international prize is awarded for exceptional journalism in dangerous or difficult conditions. In 2015, she received the Ten Outstanding Young Men in Nation’s Service (TOYM) for Journalism. In 2016, she was among the Ten Outstanding Women in Nation’s Service (TOWNS), also for Journalism.[Email: pat.evangelista@rappler.com]

28

The Challenges Facing the Philippine Commission on Human Rights Today

The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) is currently facing several crises – the many extrajudicial killings; the potential reimposition of the death penalty and lowering of the age of criminal responsibility; and perhaps most significantly, a growing resentment and misdirected anger towards the concept of human rights, exacerbated by a misunderstanding of the mandate of the Commission. The discussion today will start by clarifying the roles and mandate of the Commission and then proceed to a discussion on some of the issues mentioned in this abstract focusing on basic facts regarding the casualties of the campaign against drugs; an overview of the Commission’s efforts in investigation and its call for due process and the rule of law. There will also a brief examination on the CHR’s firm stand against the reimposition of the death penalty and the weight of our international obligations relating to this.

ATTY. JACQUELINE ANN C. DE GUIA is the Officer in Charge of the Public Affairs and Strategic Communications Office of the Commission on Human Rights. She is also the designated spokesperson and has appeared in numerous interviews and public speaking engagements on behalf of the Commission discussing relevant human rights issues. Her previous roles in the Commission included OIC and Regional Director of Commission on Human Rights Regional Office – IV in San Pablo, Laguna and CHR Torture Prevention Ambassador in the 2015 Asia Pacific Forum and Association for the Prevention of Torture Joint Project. [Email: jacquedeguia@gmail.com]

29

Life After Tokhang: Voluntary Submission for Reformation Persons (VSRP) in Davao City

The Sagop Kinabuhi Program 2 or SKP2 is a university-led extension program partnered directly with the Archdiocese of Davao through the Archdiocesan Social Action Center (ASAC). The goal of the program is to help provide opportunities to former drug dependents in the city to become functional and productive individuals once again. In the program, we call them Voluntary Submission for Reformation Persons (VSRPs).

Using a holistic approach, SKP2 endeavors to help the VSRPs gain back their self-respect and self-confidence through the various pathways we designed with them to enhance their skills and capabilities. We believe that addressing the issues confronting our VSRPs require systemic approach wherein we challenge ourselves as program implementers to undertake series of inquiries to know what are the problems and the proposed solutions based on the voice, choice and agency of the VSRPs (Gascon, 2016; Gascon & McIntyre-Mills, 2016). While it is true that we, program implementers and professionals, believe that the realities and the living conditions of the VSRPs are unique and that our knowledge as experts does not necessarily fit well with their needs as individuals, still we would like to address the ‘individual capabilities’ (Nussbaum, 2011; Sen, 1999) needs of the VSRPs by providing them better access to trainings and education opportunities for them to become productive individuals in our society. SKP2 serves as a democratic space upon which program implementers as well as the community leaders, VSRPs, and their families are coming together as a platform to address the issues related to drug dependency, poverty, and vulnerability.

MR. MERVIN GASCON is associate professor at the College of Development Management and concurrently the Director of the Extension Division at the University of Southeastern Philippines in Davao City. He is completing his PhD (Social Sciences) at Flinders University of South Australia under the Australia Development Awards. His research and publication focus on the application of critical systemic thinking and participatory action planning in democracy, governance and development studies. [Email: nexxus_mgg@yahoo.com]

30

Tigian: Consensual Power in Customary Dispute Settlement of the Iraya Mangyan

The study examines elements of consensual power in customary dispute settlement of the Iraya Mangyan. It elaborates the intricacies of “use-interplay” found in the Tigian as mode of determining the person’s guilt or innocence in case of denial. For the Iraya, “guilt” constitutes an idea of “criminality” that is penalized according to an agreed form of punishment. On the other hand, the declaration of “innocence” challenges one’s personal ideals, which are affirmed by the community as compassion, forgiveness, and unity.

Based on long-term fieldwork in Occidental Mindoro, this study highlights how patterns, themes, and dynamics of the Iraya Mangyan “world,” how power-interplay in Iraya Mangyan justice system shapes day-to-day community life, and how ordinary life engagement shapes the idea of justice. It critically locates consensual power and its elements using action theory in political anthropology. As ethnography, it captures the interplay of the three elements of consensual power: the ‘alam’, age, and speech that are firmly rooted in and arise from the community that forms a “Tigian”. It concludes that consensual power is significant in the Iraya Mangyan customary dispute settlement in determining criminality and reinforcing the concept of a “good” person in the community.

It argues for the need to acknowledge the various indigenous models of conflict resolution such as that of the Iraya Mangyan, one that is focused on consensual power and distinct from the prevailing Western or concept of “criminality” where power structure is built on a coercive-power use in the mainstream justice system.

DR. CHRISTIAN A. ROSALES holds a Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of the Philippines Diliman where he produced a dissertation on the Iraya Mangyan Justice System based on long term fieldwork among the Iraya Mangyan of Occidental Mindoro. He is currently a project assistant at D’Aboville Foundation, a French-Filipino NGO, focusing on the “Mangyan-Tamaraw Driven Landscape” project at Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park in partnership with the Tamaraw Conservation Program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. He is also currently engaged in fieldwork among the upland Tau-Buhid. He is learning the language, customs, traditions, cosmology and the

present migration dichotomy of these people residing in politically challenging restricted areas of Mindoro. Dr. Rosales was also active in the academe before he assumed a fulltime anthropology work in a Non-Government Organization. [Email: christianrosales2556@gmail.com]

31

Tiyawan: Teduray and Lambangian Conflict Settlement Process

This presentation is about the Tiyawan, a conflict settlement process of the Teduray and Lambangian tribes under the Timuay Justice and Governance (TJG), an Indigenous Political Structure (IPS) or traditional governance system in Teduray and Lambangian society.

The paper is not a product of academic studies but a collation of experiences in conflict settlement within the Teduray and Lambangian ancestral domain areas. It will discuss the Teduray and Lambangian as a people and the operation of the TJG in accordance with six guiding principles in the Ukit, Tegudon and Dowoy, which are regarded as customary laws.

Central to this presentation are the “Kefedewan” roughly translated as justice officer(s) and their work called “Tiyawan” or conflict settlement. Tiyawan is not only used to settle conflict but is applied in non-conflict practices such as arrangement of marriages. There is also the “dowoy” system roughly translated as penalty or penalties, which are based on “fedew” or feelings of individuals or groups. The dowoy ranges from “feramfi” (warning) to “fetindegon turus” (death).

The recognition of the existence of the conflict and the willingness of conflicting parties to correct the error are considered most important. At this stage of the tiyawan system the Kefedewan work to repair and restore the “ketete fedew” (ill feelings) into “kefiyo fedew” (good feelings). This way, the relationship of the conflicting parties will be restored.

Fétindégon Turus is the most severe disciplinary action where life can be taken as punishment. But anybody in the village with a good record can stop the execution of the disciplinary action and hold it to remain as declaration. That person, however, is ready to take custody over the accused and prepare for the “bangun” or the restoration of the dead relationship using “tamuk” or traditional items with high symbolic importance in the community.

The exercise of this justice system recently is not without problem. The Teduray and Lambangian themselves run away from this justice system if it is not in their favor and seek out the mainstream court of justice. On the other hand, the non-Teduray and Lambangian run to this justice system to seek refuge if they think the mainstream court of justice is unfavorable to them.

MR. ALIM M. BANDARA is a member of Minted sa Inged (Supreme Council of Chieftains of the Timuay Justice and Governance (TJG) and Head Claimant of the Teduray and Lambangian Ancestral Domains Claim (TLADC) in portions of Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat provinces. He has lobbied for the full inclusion of UP Rights in the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL). He also serves as Head Secretariat of the Independent IP Voice in the Peace Process. [Email: timuaygovernance@yahoo.com]

32

the Philippine Social Science CouncilEstablished in 1968 through the efforts of Filipino social science

stalwarts, the Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC) is a private, non-stock, not-for-profit organization of professional social science associations in the country.

PSSC’s mission, from the very beginning, has been to advance the Philippine social sciences and, at the same time, serve as a platform for interdisciplinary dialogues and activities. PSSC has done this by providing support to the activities of its member-associations and institutions; administering grants and fellowships; conducting training workshops, fora and conferences; and pursuing and disseminating research.

Membership at PSSC is disciplinal or associational, and is categorized into regular and associate membership. Regular members include professional social science associations/societies representing the disciplines of anthropology, communication, demography, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, psychology, public administration, social work, sociology and statistics. Associate members, on the other hand, include academic/research and training institutions/centers doing related work in the social sciences, and social development organizations.

Today, PSSC is one of the country’s longest running and financially viable not-for-profit organizations. It has carved its niche as a base for developing social science scholarship and training, and as repository of social science resources in the country.

PSSCenter, Commonwealth AvenueDiliman, Quezon City

Website www.pssc.org.phEmail programs@pssc.org.ph

Tel +63 2 9292671Fax +63 2 9244178

33

The Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society Inc. (PCJRS), founded on 23 October 2014, is a private, non-stock, and non-profit organization duly registered in the Securities and Exchange Commission. It promotes and develops criminological and criminal justice research in the Philippines. It further cultivates an environment where criminologists, practitioners, and policy-makers exchange ideas to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement, prosecution, court, correction, and community against crimes.

VISION A leading organization of criminological and criminal justice researchers in the Asia-Pacific region.

MISSION PCJRS shall advance and advocate criminological and criminal justice inquiry that will enhance the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in preventing and controlling crime. Purpose To unify those engaged in research, teaching, and practice in criminology and criminal justice, irrespective of position or office holdings, in doing empirical research on crime and justice. Also, it shall provide an avenue for coordinated studies of the etiology of crime and delinquency, policing, prosecution, sentencing, treatment of offenders, and public welfare administration.

OBJECTIVES• To provide an opportunity for academics, practitioners,

policy-makers, undergraduate students, and post-graduate researchers in the fields of criminal justice to come together and exchange ideas to curb the country’s crime problems; and

• To bring together the various practitioners in government/private sectors and schools on criminal justice education and encourage them to promote, exchange, and disseminate knowledge, experiences, lessons, and principles in criminological and criminal justice research.

Philippine Criminal Justice Researchers Society Inc.

c/o College of Criminal Justice Cavite State University (CvSU)

Don Severino de Las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite

(0905) 526-9197 (0919) 809-2314 pcjrs@yahoo.com

34

Quezon City: The Place to BeQuezon City is the largest city of Metropolitan Manila, which is an urban agglomeration of 16 cities and one municipality. This region is the political, economic, social, cultural, and educational center of the Philippines. As proclaimed by Presidential Decree No. 940, Metro Manila as a whole is the Philippines' seat of government.

Of the Metro Manila local governments, Quezon City has the biggest population, constituting 24% of the regional population. With a population of nearly three million, Quezon City is one of the largest sources of manpower in the Philippines, with its employable human resource assets of 1.672 million. More than 20,000 college graduates contribute to its productive pool every year. Its big consumer market is dominated by the youth, with more than 40% of the population younger than 20 years.

The literacy rate of the general population is higher than the national average at 98.32%. The city has a large English-speaking population, with English the language of instruction in almost all subjects in school and in business.

Quezon City is gaining its place in the global arena. The websites of the United Nations and the World Bank have highlighted the city’s success. The World Bank cited the city’s transformation “from a debt-ridden, disintegrating urban center, into one of the richest and cleanest in the Philippines.” The Asian Development Bank believes that other Philippine cities can take a cue from Quezon City’s achievements.

In a wide range of fora organized by various international institutions and associations, including UN Habitat, ICLEI organization of sustainable cities, C40 and the World Urban Forum, Quezon City has been chosen to share its experiences and success stories with other cities of the world.

Source: Website of the Local Government of Quezon City www.quezoncity.gov.ph

Herbert Constantine Maclang Bautista City Mayor

Ma. Josefina G. Belmonte-Alimuring City Vice Mayor

Councilors Hero Clarence M. Bautista

Irene R. Belmonte Oliviere T. Belmonte Karl Edgar C. Castelo

Melencio T. Castelo, Jr. Precious Hipolito Castelo

Marivic Co-Pilar Kate Abigael G. Coseteng

Anthony Peter D. Crisologo Jose Mario Don S. de Leon

Elizabeth A. Delarmente Victor V. Ferrer, Jr.

Allan Butch T. Francisco Alexis R. Herrera Rogelio P. Juan

Lena Marie P. Juico Ivy Xenia L. Lagman

Eufemio C. Lagumbay Godofredo T. Liban IIVoltaire L. Liban III Ranulfo Z. Ludovica Raquel S. Malañgen Donato C. Matias

Julienne Alyson Rae V. Medalla Ramon P. Medalla

Eric Rey Z. Medina Roderick M. Paulate

Franz S. Pumaren Allan Benedict S. Reyes

Marvin C. Rillo Diorella Maria G. Sotto

Gian Carlo G. Sotto Maria Aurora C. Suntay

Estrella P. Valmocina Jose A. Visaya

Andres Jose G. Yllana, Jr

35

About International Alert

International Alert helps people find peaceful solutions to conflict.

We are one of the world’s leading peacebuilding organizations, with 30 years of experience laying the foundations for peace.

We work with local people around the world to help them build peace, and we advise governments, organizations and companies on how to support peace.

We focus on issues that influence peace, including governance, economics, gender relations, social development, climate change, and the role of businesses and international organizations in high-risk places.

We work in Africa, Caucasus and Central Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East and North Africa, and South and Southeast Asia, and have 18 offices around the world.

In the Philippines

International Alert began working in the Philippines in 1988. At present, we are focused on addressing vertical and horizontal conflict in Mindanao through research and analyses, advocacy, capacity-building, and facilitation of multi-stakeholder processes.

We have developed a conflict incident monitoring system to understand the causes and cost of conflict and how these can be mitigated.

We conduct research into shadow economies to see how they trigger conflict, with the aim of aiding policy and coming up with ways to formalize them.

We support the peace processes through facilitation of issue-based dialogue and cooperation across conflict divides through constituency-building, conflict monitoring and strategic advice.

We promote ‘conflict-sensitive economic governance’ among local governments, companies and communities with a view towards mitigating violent conflict risks and potential negative impacts of company operations in communities where they operate.

www.international-alert.org/Philippines

/InternationalAlertPhilippines

@intalert_ph

/InternationalAlert