beyond "listen and repeat" - an overview of english pronunciation teaching materials
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Beyond "listen and repeat" - an overview of English pronunciation teaching materials. Magdalena Wrembel Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań [email protected]. Introduction. Unexplored question - have material designers responded to changing perspectives? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Beyond "listen and repeat" - an overview of English pronunciation teaching
materials
Magdalena WrembelMagdalena WrembelAdam Mickiewicz University, Adam Mickiewicz University,
Poznań [email protected]ń [email protected]
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IntroductionIntroduction
Unexplored question - have material designers responded to changing perspectives?
Jones (1997): "In spite of a changed phonological focus [...] teaching techniques and tasks continue to rely on the behaviourist notions of SLA such as habit formation".
My intention: to examine how recent SLA findings and new trends in pronunciation pedagogy are reflected in pronunciation materials
Selected materials:– textbooks– computer software– Internet web sites
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Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentation
Theoretical introduction - changing perspectives in pronunciation pedagogy
Analysis of materials– Model accents– Goals and priorities– Common core features– Pronunciation teaching techniques
Conclusions
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Changing perspectives in Changing perspectives in pronunciation pedagogypronunciation pedagogy
Historical outline of pronunciation instruction:
Grammar Translation - irrelevant Direct Method - intuition & imitation Audiolingual Method - important, drills Communicative Approach - initially
disregarded, growing awareness
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Changing perspectives in Changing perspectives in pronunciation pedagogy (2)pronunciation pedagogy (2)
Shift in priorities (segmentals < suprasegmentals)
Contextualisation and fluency-building Widened scope of pronunciation
instruction Holistic approach Autonomy and speech awareness New technologies
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Materials analysis - model accentsMaterials analysis - model accents
Textbooks (31) CD-ROMs (13) Internet resources
BE-19 ? - 2 BE- 4 AE-10
Phonetics reference sites
Phonetic labs Professional
organisations Text files Sound files
AE-10 ? - 2
19
10
24
10
2
02468
101214161820
BE -books
AE -books
Other -books
BE -CDs
AE -CDs
Other -CDs
BE - books
AE - books
Other - books
BE - CDs
AE - CDs
Other - CDs
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Target model variety Target model variety - years of publication- years of publication
0
5
10
15
20
25
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
BE
AE
Other
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20%
35%
45% segmentals
suprasegm.
segm.+suprasegm.
Redirection of priorities Redirection of priorities
segmentals suprasegmentals
segmentals+suprasegm.
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Focus on segmentalsFocus on segmentals11
1960s-70s Detailed treatment of Vs & Cs Optional features:
– consonantal clusters,– weak forms,– linking,– elements of stress & intonation
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Focus on segmentalsFocus on segmentals22
Textbooks: Baker,A. 1977. Ship or sheep? An intermediate pronunciation
course. Baker, A. 1982. Tree or Three? An elementary pronunciation
course. Barnard,G.L. & P.S.McKay. 1963. Practice in spoken English. Hooke,R. & J. Rowell. 1982. A handbook of English pronunciation. Kenyon,J. S. 1956. American pronunciation. MacCarthy,P.1965. A practice book of English speech. Munro Mackenzie,M.D.1973. Modern English pronunciation
practice.
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Segmentals + suprasegmentalsSegmentals + suprasegmentals11
1980s - 1990s Vs - quantitative & qualitative, emphasis differs Cs - focal areas:
• aspiration, contrast, fortis / lenis, clusters Suprasegmentals:
• stress & rhythm, connected speech, weak forms, intonation
Additional features:• spelling - sound correspondence, guidance for
different L1, voice quality
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Segmentals + suprasegmentalsSegmentals + suprasegmentals22
Arabski,J. 1987. Wymowa amerykańska. Cunningham S, & B. Bowler. 1999. New Headway Pronunciation Course Hewings,M. 1993. Pronunciation tasks. A course for pre-intermediate
learners. O'Connor,J. D. & J. Fletcher.1989. Sounds English. O'Connor,J. D. 1967 (1989). Better English pronunciation. Orion,G. 1997. Pronouncing American English: sounds, stress, and
intonation. Ponsby, M. 1982. How Now, Brown Cow? Reszkiewicz,A. 1981. Correct your English pronunciation. Sobkowiak,W. 1996. English phonetics for Poles. CD PRONUNCIATION POWER CD SPEAK FLUENT AMERICAN ENGLISH CD MOULTON INTERACTIVE INTRO TO PHON & PHON CD FONETYKA ANGIELSKA W PIGUŁCE CD HUMMINGBIRD SOUND MACHINES
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Suprasegmentals Suprasegmentals 11
Stress - (word stress, nuclear stress, unaccented syllables, schwa, weak forms)
Rhythm - (thought groups) Intonation - (communicative function, discourse-based) Secondary importance
– Connected speech– Individual sounds - selected aspects
» aspiration, voicing, consonantal contrasts, clusters
» vowel duration» practised in the context of connected speech
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Suprasegmentals Suprasegmentals 22
Bogle,D. 1996. Practical phonology. Bradford, B. 1988. Intonation in Context. Brazil,D. 1994. Pronunciation for advanced learners of English. Gilbert,J. 1993. Clear speech. Miller,S.F. 2000. Targeting pronunciation: the intonation, sounds, and
rhythm of American English. Morley, J. 1979. Improving Spoken English. Mortimer,C. 1985. Elements of pronunciation. Prator,C. 1951 (1985). A manual of American English pronunciation. Rogerson,P. & J.B.Gilbert. 1990. Speaking clearly. Vaughan-Rees, M. 1994. Rhymes and Rhythm. Weinstein, N. 1982. Whaddaya Say? Zawadzki, H. 1994 In tempo. CD BETTER ACCENT TUTOR.FOR AMERICAN ENGLISH CD PRONUNCIATION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH CD CONNECTED SPEECH
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Pronunciation syllabi - common core Pronunciation syllabi - common core features vs. LFCfeatures vs. LFC
85% weak vowel 77% intonation 74% word stress 70% vowel quantity 67% vowel quality 67% tonic stress 46% - consonantal clusters 67% unstressed syllables 44% - linking 63% rhythm (thought groups) 41% - rhotic r 59% diphthongs 37% - assimilation 56% dental fricatives 37% - aspiration 52% weak forms 32% - fortis / lenis 52% consonants 18% - spelling / sound 48% elisions 18% - dark l
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Pronunciation teaching techniques
"Listen and repeat" Minimal pair drills
– Sample materials: Higgin's Home Page, Baker 1977, Baker 1982, Barnard & McKay 1963, O'Connor 1967, O'Connor & Fletcher 1989, Orion 1997, Cunningham & Bowler 1999
Ear training -recognition/discrimination – Baker 1977, Baker 1982, O'Connor 1967, O'Connor & Fletcher
1989, Clear Speech Works (CD), Ponsby 1982, UCL Phonetic training
– Reszkiewicz 1981, Arabski 1987, Brazil 1994, Orion 1997, The Mouton Interactive Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (CD), Fonetyka angielska w pigułce (CD), PHON2, UCLA's Phonetic Lab, Maidment's Pronunciation Tip of the Day
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Pronunciation teaching techniques (2)
Reading aloud / recitation– Mortimer 1985, Bradford 1988, Brazil 1994, Ponsby 1982
Tongue twisters and poems– Vaughan-Rees 1994, Reck's Collection of Tongue Twisters
Pronunciation games– Maidments' Sound Machines, Windmayer's Sounds of English
Pronunciation Power (CD), Bogle 1996, Hancock 2003 Communicative / contextualised activities
– Morley 1979, Bradford 1988, O'Connor & Fletcher 1989, Gilbert 1993, Hewings & Goldstein 1993, Brazil 1994, Miller 2000
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Pronunciation teaching techniques (3)
Pair work– O'Connor & Fletcher 1989, Miller 2000, Hewings & Goldstein
1993 Multisensory modes of presentation
– Kinaesthetic reinforcement• Bogle 1996, Miller 2000
– Visual support• Sobkowiak 1996, Orion 1997, Pronunciation Power (CD),
Clear Speech Works (CD), CSLU Toolkit Baldi Guidance for users of different
languages: Cunningham & Bowler 1999, O'Connor & Fletcher 1989, Hancock 2003
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Pronunciation teaching techniques (4)
Transcription exercises– Bogle 1996, Orion 1997, Lecumberri & Maidment 2000
Integrated skills– Speak Fluent American English (CD), Gilbert 1993
Voice quality– Speak Fluent American English (CD)
Sensitisation– Bradford 1988, Brazil 1994, Hancock 2003
Self-monitoring and learners' autonomy: – Brazil 1994, Miller 2000, CD-ROMs
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ConclusionsConclusions
Greater variety in NS-model accents Redefined goals and priorities
– intelligibility & communication Pronunciation syllabi - little compatibility
with LFC Wider inventory of teaching techniques
– beyond "listen & repeat" – consciousness-raising and self-monitoring
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Internet resources - Internet resources - Phonetics Reference SitesPhonetics Reference Sites
CyberPhon (acoustic phonetics) http://www.cyberphon.univ-lyon2.fr
PHON2: Phonetics beyond the basics http://www.linguistics.reading.ac.uk/phon2
Pronunciation Web Resources - links http://www.sunburstmedia.com/PronWeb.html
An overview of pronunciation software, D. Healey http://oregonstate.edu/~healeyd/tesol2002/pron.html
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Internet resources (2) - text filesInternet resources (2) - text files John Higgin's Home Page - minimal pairs
http://www.marlodge.supanet.com/ Michael Reck's Collection of Tongue Twisters
http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/en.html Sharon Windmayer's Sounds of English
http://www.soundsofenglish.org Maidment's Pronunciation Tip of the Day
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/eptotd/tiphome.html
SIL's IPA Fonts http://www.itl.atr.co.jp/comp.speech/Section1/Fonts/sil.ipa.html
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Internet resources (3) - practical Internet resources (3) - practical activities on the Webactivities on the Web
John Maidments' Sound Machines http://www.eptotd.btinternet.co.uk/vm/soundmachines.htm
• Vowel Machine• Transcriber• TONI • PLATO
Web-based transcription tool http://www.wtt.org.uk
Sharon Windmayer's Sounds of English http://www.soundsofenglish.org
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Internet resources (4) - phonetic Internet resources (4) - phonetic labs and organisationslabs and organisations
UCLA's Phonetics Lab http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/faciliti/uclaplab.html
Phonetics Dep. at the University College London http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells
The International Phonetic Association http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html
IATEFL's Pronun. Special Interest Group http://members.aol.com/PronunciationSig/index.html
TESOL's Speech/Pronunc. Special Interest Section http://www.public.iastate.edu/~jlevis/SPRIS/
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Pronunciation CD-ROMs THE MOUTON INTERACTIVE INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS AND
PHONOLOGY FONETYKA ANGIELSKA W PIGUŁCE, Sobkowiak,W. 2000. (BE) PRONUNCIATION POWER (AE)
http://www.englishlearning.com/pronpowr.html PRONUNCIATION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH 1999 (AE) BETTER ACCENT TUTOR FOR AMERICAN ENGLISH (AE) SPEAK FLUENT AMERICAN ENGLISH (AE) HUMMINGBIRD (AE) http://www.humbird.com SOUND MACHINES (BE) CONNECTED SPEECH (AE, BE, Australian) CLEAR SPEECH WORKS (AE) AMERICAN SPEECH SOUNDS (AE) ENGLISH EASY: VOWELS AND CONSONANTS (Canadian English) PPO-NUNCIATION SOUND LAB & MOUTH EXERCISES (BE, AE) AMERICAN ACCENT PROGRAMME (AE)