beyond dig and haul: a survey of remedial technologies
TRANSCRIPT
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Beyond Dig and Haul: A survey of Remedial
Technologies
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Agenda (20 Minutes)
• Excavations• Bioremediation• ISCO• SVE• Thermal treatment
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Remedy Selection• Do not select the remedy before you
investigate the site• First and foremost, the remedy must be
protective of people and the environment
• Second, you have to follow the rules (i.e. comply with the applicable standards, criteria and guidelines)
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
DER-31 Green Remediation
• Consider all environmental effects of the cleanup– Minimize emissions (CO2, contaminants)– Use of resources (landfills, minerals,
energy)– Maintain or improve habitat
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Climate Change Resilience
• Sea level rise (Coastal areas, Hudson River Estuary)– Will your soil cover be under water and
wash away in 20 years? • Flood plains
– Increased frequency and intensity of storms.
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Hierarchy• Permanently destroy it• Permanently remove it• Permanently eliminate the risk• Prevent exposure
– Engineering controls– Institutional controls
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Excavations• There will always be a role for
excavation and off-site treatment and disposal.– It is permanent– Verification (you know what did and did not
get accomplished)– Target source areas. Most accessible. – Note on backfill (BUDs)
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Combining Technologies
• Many of the in-situ treatment technologies have limited effectiveness on source material
• Excavation is usually the right technology for the most accessible source material.
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Disposal vs treatment
• Disposal: Contaminated soil can be used as alternate daily cover, conserving mineral resources
• Treatment:– Thermal desorption– Chemical stabilization
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Chemical Stabilization
• Most commonly used on lead– Raise pH, react lead to create an insoluble
mineral– Eliminate the hazardous characteristic– Performing in-situ avoids some regulatory
issues (its not a hazardous waste until it is “generated”)
• Can work with other metals
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Things that make excavations less implementable
• Buildings and other obstructions• Odors and vapors (Sprung structures)• Infrastructure (roads and bridges)• Geotechnical (shoring)• Water
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
In-Situ Chemical Oxidation
ISCO
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
What Works• Set Clear Goals
– Probably not meeting GW standards– Often combine with bio or MNA
• Permanganate and persulfate are beginning to dominate the market
• Focusing mainly on CVOCs• Source areas (but not NAPL)• Below the water table (SVE above water)
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
What Doesn’t Work
• Tight Soils – Matrix diffusion– Rebound
• Poor delineation• NAPL – some success, but I’m not sold
yet
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Enhanced Bioremediation
Reductive Dechlorination
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Chlorinated Solvents
•PCE, TCE, TCA
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
When to use enhanced bio• Where it’s already working• Plume control• Anywhere you don’t want to use ISCO
– Tight soils– Poor access– Poor delineation– High ISCO demand
• Mention carbon injection
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Non-Chlorinated Organics
• Air injection (sparging).• Oxygen injection• Green options• ORC thrown into hole after excavation:
– No significant effect. Would generally not bother.
• Sulfate and nitrate amendments
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Note on MNA
• Monitored natural attenuation• Very specific definition• You need to set a goal and a deadline• Establish a fallback technology if you
don’t meet your goal by that time.
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Phytoremediation• Uptake of contaminants
– Accumulated in plants which then need to be disposed
– Expired into the air (essentially a dilution remedy, but mention photodegradation).
• Degrading chemicals– White rot fungus was oversold– Bacteria appear to be far more effective
than plants
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
• Vadose zone source (very high soil vapor)• Permeable soil remedy• Source areas• Hit it hard and get it done• Running the system for a long time is not
cost effective or sustainable
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Combining Technologies
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
In-Situ Thermal
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Where excavation and AS/SVE are not good fits,
in-situ thermal treatment has emerged as a legitimate
alternative.
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Think Thermal When
• Deep contamination• Excavation is impractical• Low permeability soils• You need complete cleanup fast• You know where your source is• Volatile organics
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Thermal Desorption
• Think of it as thermally enhanced AS/SVE– Expansion during phase change– Includes vapor extraction
• Advantages:– Short duration, final– Works in all materials, including bedrock and
clay
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Delivery of heat
• Electrical Resistive Heating (ERH)– Ideal for clay, heterogeneous soils– We have had good luck in sandy soils too– Be aware of stray current potential
• Thermal Conductive Heating– Works everywhere– The only choice if you need to get above
100ºC
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Ideal Cleaners – IRM construction
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Ideal Cleaners – ISTD operating
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Power Control Units and Cooling Towers
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Condensers, 40hp Blowers, PCUs
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Vapor Phase Carbon Vessels
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Vapor Phase Carbon Vessels
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Interior Bldg 57A
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Interior Bldg 57A – Quiz 2
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Sustainability
• Carbon footprint for electrically heating is comparable to digging and hauling it 65 miles– (source: TerraTherm)
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Limitations
• We have had the most success with VOCs– SVOCs need higher temps, dewatering
• High permeability = heating a lot of water
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Steam
• Has been used effectively (Visalia) • Adding a lot of water to the system• Seems more like thermally enhanced
pump and treat than Thermally enhanced SVE
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Brief mention of STAR
• Full-scale implementation underway at a coal tar site in Newark, New Jersey.
• deep sand unit located up to 35 feet below the water table
• destroying coal tar at a rate of approximately one ton per day.
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
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NYS Department of Environmental Conservation