Better Food for a Better Food for a Better World;Better World;Better Food for a Better Food for a Better World;Better World;Better World;Better World;Science at the service Science at the service Better World;Better World;Science at the service Science at the service

Dr Claude M FauquetDr Claude M FauquetDr Claude M FauquetDr Claude M Fauquet

of a poor farmer’s cropof a poor farmer’s cropof a poor farmer’s cropof a poor farmer’s cropDr. Claude M. FauquetDr. Claude M. FauquetDirector ILTABDirector ILTABCoCo--Chair of the Global Cassava PartnershipChair of the Global Cassava PartnershipMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science Center

Dr. Claude M. FauquetDr. Claude M. FauquetDirector ILTABDirector ILTABCoCo--Chair of the Global Cassava PartnershipChair of the Global Cassava PartnershipMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterSt Louis, Missouri, USASt Louis, Missouri, USAMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterSt Louis, Missouri, USASt Louis, Missouri, USA

Population Increase in the World

6,855,564,899

• The world's population will rise to 9 billion by 2050

• The world's food production will have to double

20092009

1800

1900

Cassava in AfricaCassava in Africa

Cassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava

90

Africa First

Cassava90

Cassava First FoodCrop in Africa

55

Cassava Producer

on (M

t)Maize

Crop in Africa

45

55ro

duct

io Yams

PlantainsSorghum

Rice

15

South-Central- Asia Africa

P RiceMillet

SouthAmericaAmerica

Asia Africa

Cassava in AfricaCassava in Africa

Benin Nigeria

Kenya

Cote D'Ivoire

Ghana UgandaCamer o o n

Co n g oZair e

Cen t r al A f r ica

1Mt6Mt

Tanzania

Mo z amb iq u eA n g o la

8Mt2.6MtMalawi

>400 kg/Capita

>300 kg/Capita

>200 kg/Capita

>100 kg/Capita

MadagascarZimb ab we

<40 kg/Capita

No Major Food Crop Productivity No Major Food Crop Productivity Increase in the Past 3 DecadesIncrease in the Past 3 Decades

Food Crop Productivity PotentialsFood Crop Productivity PotentialsFood Crop Productivity PotentialsFood Crop Productivity Potentials

80%90%

100%

50%60%70%

10%20%30%40%

0%

10%

Cassava Sorghum Millet SweetPotato

Plantain

Example of Optimized Cassava Growing Conditions in Ivory Coast

Example of Optimized Cassava Growing Conditions in Ivory Coastyy

No VirusesNo Viruses8 t/Ha by African farmers8 t/Ha by African farmers

No VirusesNo Viruses

No BacteriaNo Bacteria

Healthy CuttingsHealthy Cuttings

High DensityHigh DensityHigh DensityHigh Density

No weedsNo weeds

Optimal PlantationOptimal Plantation

80 t/Ha for some cultivars!80 t/Ha for some cultivars!80 t/Ha for some cultivars!80 t/Ha for some cultivars!

Global Global CCCassava Cassava PartnershipPartnership

MultiMulti Institutional ResearchInstitutional Research

PartnershipPartnershipMultiMulti--Institutional Research Institutional Research

and Development Planand Development Plan

Virus resistantVirus resistantVirus resistantVirus resistantVirus resistant Virus resistant cassava cassava cultivar verycultivar very

Virus resistant Virus resistant cassava cassava cultivar verycultivar verycultivar, very cultivar, very low and late low and late producerproducer

cultivar, very cultivar, very low and late low and late producerproducerproducerproducerproducerproducer

Virus susceptible Virus susceptible cassava cultivar, cassava cultivar,

d ti !d ti !

Virus susceptible Virus susceptible cassava cultivar, cassava cultivar,

d ti !d ti !no production!no production!no production!no production!

Global Global Global Global Cassava Cassava

PartnershipPartnershipCassava Cassava

PartnershipPartnership4 Biotechnological methods4 Biotechnological methods

PartnershipPartnershipPartnershipPartnership4 Biotechnological methods4 Biotechnological methodsDouble Haploids Double Haploids MicroMicro--propagation (sanitation)propagation (sanitation)GenomicsGenomicsHigh efficiency genetic transformationHigh efficiency genetic transformationHigh efficiency genetic transformationHigh efficiency genetic transformation

Global Cassava Global Cassava Global Cassava Global Cassava PartnershipPartnershipPartnershipPartnership

7 Priority Topics7 Priority TopicsTopicsTopicsViruses Bacteria C

Viruses Bacteria C HCNPPDD h R i

HCNPPDD h R iDrought ResistanceBiofortificationI

Drought ResistanceBiofortificationIInsectsInsects

The Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava Genomics• 3 BAC libraries (Clemson)• >100,000 ESTs > DNA chip 23,000 unigenes • 40 000 full length cDNAs MThai16• 40,000 full length cDNAs MThai16•• 15x genome M560 >93% homozygote15x genome M560 >93% homozygoteby 454 by 454 sequencing by JGI & Rochesequencing by JGI & Roche•• Physical map of the same genotypePhysical map of the same genotype•• Physical map of the same genotypePhysical map of the same genotype

Cassava Genome Sequence Nov 9 2009Cassava Genome Sequence Nov 9, 2009

The Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava GenomicsWhat’s Next?What’s Next?The Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava GenomicsWhat’s Next?What’s Next?What’s Next?What’s Next?What’s Next?What’s Next?

•• Pipeline annotation by JGIPipeline annotation by JGI•• 50 genotypes of agronomic importance50 genotypes of agronomic importance•• Pipeline annotation by JGIPipeline annotation by JGI•• 50 genotypes of agronomic importance50 genotypes of agronomic importance50 genotypes of agronomic importance 50 genotypes of agronomic importance

will be sequenced by 454 will be sequenced by 454 50 genotypes of agronomic importance 50 genotypes of agronomic importance will be sequenced by 454 will be sequenced by 454

•• 20 genotypes of molecular diversity 20 genotypes of molecular diversity importance will be sequenced by 454 importance will be sequenced by 454

•• 20 genotypes of molecular diversity 20 genotypes of molecular diversity importance will be sequenced by 454 importance will be sequenced by 454 p q yp q y

•• Assembling a high density SNP map to Assembling a high density SNP map to b d b b db d b b d

p q yp q y•• Assembling a high density SNP map to Assembling a high density SNP map to

b d b b db d b b dbe used by breeders be used by breeders be used by breeders be used by breeders

Cassava Transformation

Genetic Transformation in CassavaGenetic Transformation in CassavaProduction of embryogenic target tissues

Production of embryogenic target tissues

Molecular biologistsidentify and isolate gene(s)of interest

Molecular biologistsidentify and isolate gene(s)of interest

Cassava cultivar Cassava cultivar

gg

for improvementfor improvement GENE TRANSFERGENE TRANSFER

Gene insertionby particle bombardment or

Gene insertionby particle bombardment orPlant tissuePlant tissue bombardment orAgrobacteriumbombardment orAgrobacterium

Plant tissuePlant tissue

Regeneration of genetically Transformed plantsRegeneration of genetically Transformed plants

Selection ofSelection ofSelection of transgenic tissues

Selection of transgenic tissues

Cassava and GeminivirusesCassava and GeminivirusesCassava and GeminivirusesCassava and Geminiviruses

35MT Losses Food/ Year35MT Losses Food/ Year

O iO i T iT iOne virusOne virus Two virusesTwo viruses

Cassava and whitefliesCassava and whiteflies

95% of the virus DNA

95% of the whiteflies

Cassava Mosaic Disease PandemicCassava Mosaic Disease Pandemic

Molecular Screens

VIRCA Cassava Production PipelineVIRCA Cassava Production PipelineVIRCA Cassava Production PipelineVIRCA Cassava Production Pipeline

Hypothesis Experimental Construct

Plantlets

Transformation

Commercial ConstructCallus

Excel db VectorBackbone

- PCR

CopyNumber- Dot Blot

Expression- RT-PCR- Northern

ELISA- Southern - ELISA

Cassava TrackerWeb db

Micropropagation(growth chamber DDPSC)

Web dbVirus challenges

(greenhouse, DDPSC)Virus challenge, agronomics

(field, Africa)

Wide Range CMD Resistance in CassavaWide Range CMD Resistance in Cassava

Virus Specific resistance to Virus Specific resistance to Af i i i (ACMV) dAf i i i (ACMV) d

Virus Specific resistance to Virus Specific resistance to Af i i i (ACMV) dAf i i i (ACMV) dAfrican cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and

East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and

East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)

Non-transgenic cassava variety60444 infected with K201

Transgenic cassava variety60444 infected with K201

Cassava pipeline is producing transgenic cassava showing resistance to East African cassava mosaic virus: the effect of an RNA-silencing

construct targeting the virus Rep gene

60444 infected with K201 60444 infected with K201

CMD challenge summary

Post translational gene silencing (PTGS/siRNA)

Target Virus # constructs tested

Most effective construct

Level of Resistance

# lines for CFTs

ACMV 3 pILTAB-500 Up to 90% 3

pILTAB-631 Up to 100% 4

EACMV 19 pILTAB-670 Up to 100% 9

pILTAB-561 Up to 90% 9

CFTs for CMD in AfricaCFTs for CMD in Africa

• There is one CFT for CMD going on inThere is one CFT for CMD going on in Uganda for G5 and PTGS, planted in Oct 14, 2009

• One CFT for CMD approved in Kenya in Dec 2009 f G5 d PTGS2009, for G5 and PTGS

• Two CFT applications for CMD for G5 and• Two CFT applications for CMD for G5 and PTGS pending in Nigeria

CBSD SymptomsCBSD Symptomsy py p

A. B. C.

Necrotic rot of cassava roots

Feathery chlorosis on cassava leaf

Brown streaks on young cassava stem

Characteristic CBSD symptoms visible on different parts of the cassava

plant: A) Feathery chlorosis on cassava leaf, B) Root necrosis, C)

rootscassava leaf young cassava stem

p a t ) eat e y c o os s o cassa a ea , ) oot ec os s, C)

Brown streaks on young cassava stem.

Distribution and Spread of Cassava Brown Streak Disease

Distribution and Spread of Cassava Brown Streak DiseaseStreak DiseaseStreak Disease

Inset. Map of Uganda showing surveyed districts (yellow) and districts where CBSDdistricts (yellow) and districts where CBSD was observed (red square) and reported (blue square) during and after the survey, respectively.

CBSD endemic coastal area (at altitudes<1000 msl)

Countries affected in eastern Africa

Map of Africa showing distribution of Cassava Brown Streak Disease.

Countries at risk of CBSD epidemic

Molecular Diversity of CBSDMolecular Diversity of CBSD

CBSV/EACMV Synergistic InteractionCBSV/EACMV Synergistic InteractionCBSV/EACMV Synergistic InteractionCBSV/EACMV Synergistic Interaction/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y g

EACMV EACMV+CBSVCBSV

CBSV siRNA Tobacco ChallengingCBSV siRNA Tobacco Challenging

100.0

Virus Challenge of CBSV T2 Transgenic N. benthamiana Lines

80.0

90.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

ance

%

20 0

30.0

40.0

Res

ista

0.0

10.0

20.0

l 5 2 6 2 5 2 7 4 3 4 1 6 7 8 0 2 0 8 6 1 7 1 3 7 1 4 5 2 8 2 3 5

Con

trol

FL 2

5FL

22

FL 1

6FL

12

FL 5

FL 2

FL 1

7

NT

4N

T 13

NT

14N

T 11

NT

6N

T 7

NT

8N

T 10

NT

12

CT

20C

T 18

CT

10

CT

6C

T 11

CT

17C

T 21

CT

13C

T 7

CP

11C

P 14

CP

5C

P 12

CP

8C

P 2

CP

13C

P 15

Average of 3 challenges

CBSV siRNA Tobacco ChallengingCBSV siRNA Tobacco Challenging

CBSV – NT7 Control

CBSV siRNA Tobacco ChallengingCBSV siRNA Tobacco Challenging

CBSV Construct Evaluation

CBSV-FL WT Transgenic lines

Transgenic lines* * * * ** * ** *

WTCBSV-NT

+

* * ** ** *WT

Transgenic lines+

CBSV-CT

+

* * ** ** *Cassava lines for CBSD expressing successfully in cassava. Highest expressers as potential CFT lines

Selected CBSV Transgenic Cassava PlantsSelected CBSV Transgenic Cassava Plants

15 CBSV NT lines15 CBSV NT lines35 CBSV NT lines35 CBSV NT lines 15 CBSV-NT lines

11 CBSV-CT lines

15 CBSV-NT lines

11 CBSV-CT lines

35 CBSV-NT lines

35 CBSV-CT lines

35 CBSV-NT lines

35 CBSV-CT lines 11 CBSV CT lines

12 CBSV-FL lines

11 CBSV CT lines

12 CBSV-FL lines

35 CBSV CT lines

45 CBSV-FL lines

35 CBSV CT lines

45 CBSV-FL lines

CFT application has been sent to Uganda on June 10, 2009The application has been reviewed by the IBC in OctoberThe application has been reviewed by the IBC in October

2009 and sent to the NBC mid December 2009.

Another CBSD application will be deposited by KARI Kenya early 2010

Ongoing and Future WorkOngoing and Future WorkOngoing and Future WorkOngoing and Future WorkEngineering cassava with multiple resistanceEngineering cassava with multiple resistance

PTGS based StrategyP t i b d St t

G5 PTGS

PTGS‐based StrategyProtein‐based Strategy

G5 PTGS

G5 PTGS CBSV

CBSV‐UGACMVAll geminiviruses CBSV UGCBSV‐TZEACMV‐UG

EACMCV

All geminivirusesAnd satellites

Transient siRNA assay for stacked RNAi t t i t b

Transient siRNA assay for stacked RNAi t t i t bconstructs in tobacco constructs in tobacco

pILTAB3004

631 670against ACMV

against EACMV

sense strand antisense strand 800 bp intron

CsCMV promoter720 720 670 631

against CBSV

3.4 kb

Malnutrition in AfricaMalnutrition in Africa

42% stunted children

80% VitA defficiency

40% Iron defficiency

30% Zinc defficiency30% Zinc defficiency

Cassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h d id l i iCassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h d id l i ibut they do not provide complete nutritionbut they do not provide complete nutrition

Type of Energy Protein Vitamin AType of Cassava

% MDR*

Energy(Kcal)

~80%

Protein(g)

30%

Vitamin A (μg)

10%Boiled 740 5.5 5

Dry 1775 10.5 15

Flour 1710 7.5 0Fresh 745 6.0 5

• Values for 500 g FW cassava

However indication that phytoene synthase expressionenhances the β-carotene content of cassava storage rootsenhances the β carotene content of cassava storage roots

Patatin Promoter crtB 3’ nos 85 Total transgenic events

55 events in soil

30x – 60 µg/g

60444(Control)

PhySyn +DXS

PhySyn OR

Cassava shelf-life extended to several weeks for high beta caroten plants

Cassava shelf-life extended to several weeks for high beta caroten plantsfor high beta caroten plantsfor high beta caroten plants

ZeolinA chimeric protein composed of phaseolin and 89 amino acids of ©-zein

Ph liPhaseolin

©-zeinIt is insoluble Zeolin is highly stable

Forms ER-located protein bodies*

© zein

Forms ER located protein bodies

Mainieri, D., et al. 2004

Cassava Transformation

No. Lines In Soil

23002300 40 5

35S 152 5

Patatin 311 25Patatin 311 25

Expression of Zeolin in Cassava Root TissuesExpression of Zeolin in Cassava Root Tissues

M12345

ZeolinLRLRLRLRLR

62kDa

Rubisc

LocalizationBY2

rol

ol Western

Commassie-Blue stained SDS protein gel of transgenic cassava plants.

o

Cassava(+

) Con

tr

(-) C

ontr

o

35S Zeolin Patatin ZeolinCassava

Detection of Zeolin in Cassava Roots12% Goal of the BC+ project

9%

6%

3%

0%

350% increase in total protein content

0%

% dry weight350% increase in total protein content

11% dry weight corresponds to > 1 ton of proteins per Ha for a 30 tons productivity

More than 60 g of protein per day for kids eating 500 g of cassava per day!

Total AA profile of Zeolin in Cassava

9.00

10.00Ratio Zeolin / Control

5 00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00Essential AA Conditionally Essential AA Other AA

1 00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

0.00

1.00

Leuc

ine

Lysi

ne

nyla

lani

ne

Valin

e

Thre

onin

e

Met

hion

ine

sole

ucin

e

Cys

tein

e

Prol

ine

His

tidin

e

artic

Aci

d

oxyp

rolin

e

Serin

e

Gly

cine

Tyro

sine

Taur

ine

Ala

nine

amic

Aci

d

Arg

inin

e

rypt

opha

n

roxy

lysi

ne

anth

ioni

ne

Orn

ithin

e

Tota

l

Phen T M Is

Asp

Hyd

ro

Glu

ta Tr

Hyd

r

La

The purple bars are 7 out 8 essential AAThe purple bars are 7 out 8 essential AA

Phenotype of Phenotype of Cassava

Expressing Cassava

Expressing p gZeolinp gZeolin

90 day old cassavaNo addition of fertilizers

Total Protein from Cassava RootsTotal Protein from Cassava Roots

mar

ker

raze

in

zein

raze

in +

ein

Bio

Rad

m

6044

4

2300

770

771

772

Spo

Tryz

Spor

Tryz

e

150

5075

150

20

25

37

1520

Pepsin DigestibilityPepsin Digestibility

0 0 0 30 s 1 mn

2 mn

5 mn

+ - + + + + +PepsinSporazein

Time 0 0 30s

1 mn

2 mn

5 mn

- + + + + + Pepsin

Time

- + + + + + +Sporazein

SDS-PAGE

+ + + + + + BSA

64.282.2115.5181.8

6 014.819.425.937.148.864.2

6.0

Western

Stability after CookingStability after Cooking

12

14w

8

10

12

nten

t % dw 95%

94%

4

6

8Control

Zeolin

SporazeinProtein Co

0

2

4 Sporazein

Total P

48%

Cooking time (minutes)

00 10 15 20 25 30

Protein bodies are WATER INSOLUBLE, therefore >95% of the protein is present after 24hr soaking for food preparation

Transgenic Cassava in Puerto RicoTransgenic Cassava in Puerto Rico

Protein and Vitamin A PlantsProtein and Vitamin A Plants

No apparent difference in plant growth and morphology

Cassava Improvement via TransgenesisCassava Improvement via TransgenesisCassava Improvement via TransgenesisCassava Improvement via Transgenesis

ACMV EACMV CBSV Proteins VitaminA

CV 604442 Strategies

G5Gene Silencingg

VIRCA BC+Independent Transgenic lines for Evaluation

Cassava Improvement via TransgenesisCassava Improvement via TransgenesisCassava Improvement via TransgenesisCassava Improvement via Transgenesis

ACMV EACMV CBSV ProteinsVitaminA

2 StrategiesG5

Gene SilencingGene Silencing

Farmer’s PreferredCassava CVs

Commercial Products Adapted to African Regions

Pro-VitA + Protein Body Gene StackingPro-VitA + Protein Body Gene StackingPhySynthase

NPT DXS RBLBPatatin Promoter Patatin Promoter35S Promoter3' NOS

Nos UTRNos

Patatin Promoter

Sporazein

Nos

NPT DXS RBLB 3 NOS

Patatin-Phytoene synthase (crtB) + Patatin-DXS (from A. thaliana) P t ti S i+ Patatin-Sporazein

12502 bp

PhySynthase

NPT DXS RBLBPatatin Promoter Patatin Promoter35S Promoter3' NOS

Nos UTRNos

Patatin Promoter

Sporazein

Nos

Patatin Promoter

Tryzein

Nos

Patatin-Phytoene synthase (crtB) + Patatin-DXS (from A. thaliana)Patatin Phytoene synthase (crtB) Patatin DXS (from A. thaliana) + Patatin-Sporazein + Patatin-Tryzein

15000 bp

VitAPro in Nigerian Cassava cv. 60444VitAPro in Nigerian Cassava cv. 60444

• four transgenes (15 kb T-DNA) for two traits

• 35 independent events recovered• 35 independent events recovered

• all transgenic for all four genes

• 32 express all transgenes at RNA level

7 events have been selected for phenotype • 7 events have been selected for phenotype and agronomic evaluation

• trait analysis on soil-grown plants ongoing

Storage root of VitAPro 4 months old

769-Ter004 769-Ter012 769-Ter005Six month old 60444 plants transgenic for pro-VitA & sporazein

Stacked Transgenic Cassava VitAPro Stacked Transgenic Cassava VitAPro (six months old storage roots grown in small pots in DDPSC greenhouse)

n- geni

c

5µg/gBeta Car

60444

Non

Tran

sg 5µg/g3.1%Protein

60444

o-Vi

t.A 50µg/g

raze

in

5µg/gBeta CarBeta Car

DXS-crtb-001

Pro

+

Spor-007

3.8% Spo

r

6.5%SporazeinProtein

ro-V

it.A

+po

raze

in

74µg/g6.8%

Beta Car

Protein

768-006

Pr S 6.8%Protein

Kenyan cassava cv. Teraka transgenic for pro VitA & Sporazein

Kenyan cassava cv. Teraka transgenic for pro VitA & Sporazeinfor pro-VitA & Sporazeinfor pro-VitA & Sporazein

• four transgenes (15 kb T-DNA) for two traits

• 32 independent events recovered• 32 independent events recovered

• all transgenic for all four genes

• 27 express all transgenes at RNA level

12 events have detectable sporazein • 12 events have detectable sporazein

accumulation within in vitro root

• trait analysis on soil-grown plants ongoing

PCR analysis for nptII transgeneStorage root of 796-Ter012

PCR analysis for sporazein transgene

769-Ter004 769-Ter012 769-Ter005Six month old Teraka plants transgenic for pro-VitA & sporazein

Cassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h l id b i iCassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h l id b i ibut they can also provide a better nutritionbut they can also provide a better nutrition

Type of Energy Protein Vitamin A Protein Vitamin A ypCassava

% MDR*

gy(Kcal)

~80%

(g)

30%

(μg)

10%

(g)

120-200%

(μg)

>100%B il d 740 5 5 5 22Boiled 740 5.5 5 22

Dry 1775 10.5 15 60 74

Flour 1710 7.5 0 57 54Fresh 745 6.0 5 24 25

• Values for 500 g FW cassava

African PartnersAfrican Partners

42Mt10Mt6Mt

1Mt

40%of African Production

Transfer of technology

Training of African Students

Cassava Team in St Louis

Grand Challenges in Global Health:Grand Challenges in Global Health:Gates FoundationGates Foundation

Acknowledgements

Virca Pipeline Molecular Virology

Nigel Taylor: Assistant Domain Member

Virca - PipelineCorbin, David: VIRCA ManagerKumria, Ratna: ViRCA post docPestova, Marina: ViRCA Post-DocSahab, Sareena: ViRCA post-doc

Molecular VirologyImran Amin, Post-docNazeera Salim, NSF FellowRachel Waller, Summer InternKhatri Sandeep: Grad StudentBooker, DeAnna: ViRCA Lab Tech

Daugherty, Ginger: ViRCA Lab TechJones, Lamont: ViRCA part-time lab techJones, Tira: ViRCA cassava/lab techKelly, Jacquelyn: ViRCA part-time lab techK hlf ld P t ViRCA t ti l b t h

Khatri, Sandeep: Grad StudentOgwok, Emmanuel: ViRCA Uganda Grad studentPatil, B.L: ViRCA post-docKhan, Shah Nawaz: SABP Post DocBagewadi, Basavarej: USDA Post-Doc

Kohlfeld, Pat: ViRCA part-time lab techMoll, Theodore: ViRCA Lab TechPosey, Danielle: ViRCA Lab TechTrauterman, Brent: ViRCA lab techXie, Xian: ViRCA Lab Tech

BioCassavaPlusAbhary, Mohammed: Gates Fdn Grad studentYadav, Jitender: GatesFdn post-docFitt Mi d ViRCA Ti C lt S i ti tFitter, Mindy: ViRCA Tissue Culture ScientistJayatilleke, Mala: ViRCA Post-DocChaweewan, Yeetoh: Royal Thai Gov Grad StudentSimmons, Ariel: Gates Fdn lab tech

Grand Challenges in Global Health:Grand Challenges in Global Health:Gates FoundationGates Foundation