best practices in energy efficient industrial technologies - motor
TRANSCRIPT
Best Practices in Energy Efficient Industrial Technologies
Iron and Steel
Best Practices in Energy Efficient
Industrial Technologies
Iron and Steel Industry
Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI (Fraunhofer ISI) Marlene Arens, Wolfgang Eichhammer, Clemens Rohde, Sohaib Tariq
September 14th, 2011
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Abstract
As part of its mission, the Institute for Industrial Productivity (IIP) endeavours to help industry develop and implement practices that will dramatically reduce greenhouse emissions and improve economic efficiency in the industrial sector. Acting as a clearinghouse, IIP has developed a digital library of global best practices in the area of Iron and Steel. This document includes a comprehensive collection of international resources on the subject and introduces the content of the digital library database.
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Contents
Abstract ....................................................................................................................... i
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1
2 Why Compile Iron and Steel Best Practices? ....................................................... 2
3 Resources for Iron and Steel ............................................................................... 3
3.1 International Organizations ........................................................................... 3
3.2 China ............................................................................................................ 8
3.2.1 Steel Industry Representative Body ...................................................................................... 8
3.2.2 Governmental Institutions ..................................................................................................... 8
3.2.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 10
3.3 Europe ........................................................................................................ 11
3.3.1 Steel Industry Representative Body .................................................................................... 11
3.3.2 Governmental Institutions ................................................................................................... 11
3.3.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 12
3.4 Japan .......................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1 Steel Industry Representative Body .................................................................................... 13
3.4.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 14
3.4.3 Steel Manufactures ............................................................................................................. 16
3.5 United States .............................................................................................. 16
3.5.1 Steel Industry Representative Body .................................................................................... 16
3.5.2 Governmental Institutions ................................................................................................... 17
3.5.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 17
3.6 Russia ......................................................................................................... 19
3.6.1 Steel Industry Representative Body .................................................................................... 19
3.6.2 Governmental Institutions ................................................................................................... 19
3.6.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 20
3.7 India ............................................................................................................ 20
3.7.1 Steel Industry Representative Body .................................................................................... 20
3.7.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 22
3.7.3 Steel manufacturers ............................................................................................................ 23
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3.8 South Korea ................................................................................................ 25
3.8.1 Steel Industry Representative Body .................................................................................... 25
3.8.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 25
3.9 Brazil ........................................................................................................... 25
3.9.1 Steel Industry Representative Body .................................................................................... 25
3.9.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs.................................................................................... 26
3.10 Mexico........................................................................................................ 26
3.10.1 Public Private Partnership ............................................................................................... 26
4 Excel Database and Structure ............................................................................ 27
5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 28
6 References ........................................................................................................ 29
Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Major Steel Producing Countries/Regions .................................................... 1
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1 Introduction
The Institute for Industrial Productivity (IIP) recognizes that decision-makers in energy-intensive industries, including cement, iron & steel, chemicals, petroleum refining, and pulp & paper can help reduce greenhouse emissions and improve economic efficiency through implementation of best practices such as benchmarking of energy efficiency, energy management systems, processes, and technologies
Iron and steel have been identified as major energy consumers in the industrial sector and have been recognised as having substantial savings potential.
Figure 1 shows main crude steel producing countries/regions in 2009 (World Steel: Steel Statistical Yearbook, 2010.). These countries/regions are key actors in energy efficiency, especially in the steel industry.
Figure 1: Major Steel Producing Countries/Regions
Source: Steel Statistical Yearbook 2010. World Steel
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2 Why Compile Iron and Steel Best Practices?
A structured library of electronic resources comprised of relevant, usable information can provide valuable insight for those seeking to research and implement the best practices available for the iron and steel industries. Consolidating this information in one convenient location:
• Raises interest in energy savings
• Simplifies the access to quality information, taking into account the purpose and complexity of the materials
• Provides tools for different audiences and for different applications in order to effectively implement energy saving projects
• Reduces the costs of generating new materials through shared international efforts.
• Identifies “World leading” publications that deserve greater dissemination.
Establishment of a vital database of best practices also provides a destination where useful information and evolving techniques can be shared.
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3 Resources for Iron and Steel
There is substantial information available to help a range of interested parties, including industrial energy managers, analysts and policy makers, learn best practices related to iron and steel.
Information has been collected from international organizations and entities worldwide (China, Europe, Japan, United States, Russia, India, South Korea, Brazil, and Mexico). It is organized into relevant sub-categories that may include a country’s Steel Industry Representative Body. Government Institutions, Public/Private Institutions/Programs, Steel Manufacturers and Public Private Partnerships,
3.1 International Organizations
Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP)
http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/english/tf_steel.aspx
Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) is an international public-private partnership among Australia, Canada, India, Japan, China, South Korea and the United States. Aim of the organization is to co-operate on the development and transfer of new technologies which enable reduction in Greenhouse Gas emissions (APP, 2011a). The APP is the part of Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership (GSEP), an initiative which aims to boost energy efficiency practices in industries and large buildings. This partnership was announced by Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM), a global forum to promote programs and policies that enhance clean energy technology and to share lessons learned and best practices among the members (CEM, 2011). The intent of the partnership is to establish a voluntary platform of international cooperation for development, deployment, diffusion, transfer of existing and emerging long-term cost effective, clean, energy efficient technologies and practices among members through cooperation. APP member countries have approved eight task forces working in following areas (APP, 2011b):
1. Aluminum: APP’s aluminum task force is responsible to enhance production processes for aluminum through an optimal use of existing equipment, an advance in the development and deployment of best available technologies in this sector across the partnership economies and facilitation of increased aluminum recycling across the partnership.
2. Buildings and Appliances: Objectives of this task force are to support further uptake of increasingly more energy efficiency appliances in the partner countries and to promote best practices, to demonstrate technologies and building design principles and to increase energy efficiency in building materials and in new and existing buildings.
3. Cement: Working activities of the Cement task force are mainly focused on demonstration and deployment of energy efficient and cleaner product manufacturing technologies in partnership countries. These technologies should significantly improve greenhouse gas emissions intensity and air pollutants emissions intensity in cement production.
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4. Clean Fossil Energy: This task force aims to accelerate demonstration, deployment and transfer of key technologies to improve environmental and economic performance of fossil fuel use. It further aims to identify, reduce and eliminate barriers to the utilization of cleaner fossil fuels energy technologies and practices in the partner countries.
5. Coal Mining: Objectives of this task force are the facilitation of technologies and practices that can improve the economics and efficiency of mining and processing.
6. Power Generation and Transmission: This task force assesses opportunities for practical actions to develop and deploy power generation, transmission and demand side management technologies that can aid management and address climate concerns. It also identifies possibilities to enhance investment in power sector by improve energy markets and investment climate.
7. Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation: This task force facilitates the development and deployment of distributed renewable energy generation in the member countries. It analyses financial and engineering benefits of the distributed energy systems that contribute to the economic development and climate goals of the partnership.
8. Steel: APP countries account for almost 60% of world’s steel production. The Steel Task Force will facilitate the deployment of best available technologies, practices and environmental management systems in partnership countries combined with increased steel recycling. Steel task force has published the report ‘‘State of the Art Clean Technologies“ for iron and steel industry in 2010.
International Energy Agency (IEA)
http://www.iea.org/
International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous agency which works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. Its members include highly developed countries such as Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany etc. IEA’s staff consists of 200 professionals. Today, IEA focuses on four main areas (IEA, 2011a):
• Energy Security: Promoting diversity, efficiency and flexibility in the energy sectors of member states, preparedness in case of any energy emergency and expanding international cooperation with global players in energy markets.
• Environmental Protection: Enhancing awareness of options for addressing climate change, promotion of greenhouse gas emissions reduction through increased energy efficiency and utilization of cleaner fossil fuels.
• Economic Growth: Ensuring stable energy supplies to IEA member countries and promoting free markets, in order to accelerate economic growth and eliminate energy poverty.
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• Engagement Worldwide: Working closely with countries to address energy problems and to find adequate solutions
IEA publishes several reports covering a variety of issues such as Oil Supply Security, Oil Supply Emergency, World Energy Statistics, World Energy Outlook (which is a yearly report and is a leading source of medium to long term energy market projects), extensive statistics, analysis and advice for both governments and businesses, Global Energy Dialogue, Deploying Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Energy Technology and Policy Analysis (IEA, 2011b).
For the iron and steel industry, IEA establishes several indicators including sector specific Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Trend of Energy Intensity in Steel Industry, country specific Energy Efficiency in Iron and Steel Industry etc. For example in ‘‘World Energy Outlook“ which is published yearly, IEA provides information and statistics regarding historical Energy-related GHG Emissions by iron and steel sector and provides with future projection of emissions with respect to policy scenarios (IEA, 2009a).
“Energy Technology Transitions for Industry – Strategies for the Next Industrial Revolution“ published in 2009 provides trend in Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions for iron and steel industry besides other industrial sectors. It also provides outlook for the Best Available Techniques for lower energy intensity and related emissions in steel industry. It also determines so far unexploited energy efficiency potential in top steel producers with respect to selected best available practices (IEA, 2009b). “Energy Technology Perspectives - Scenarios and Strategies to 2050“ published in 2008 demonstrates how energy technologies can make a difference in an ambitious series of global scenarios to 2050. The study contains technology road maps for iron and steel industry besides other key energy sectors (IEA, 2008). IEA in 2007 published “Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions“ which is a new analysis showing how industrial energy efficiency has improved dramatically over the last 25 years. It also analyzes the iron and steel sector. It also highlights that despite the improvement in energy efficiency, opportunities for additional gains remain, which is evident when the efficiencies of different countries are compared (IEA, 2007).
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
http://www1.ifc.org
International Finance Corporation (IFC) fosters sustainable economic growth in developing countries by financing private sector investment, mobilizing capital in the international financial markets, and providing advisory services to businesses and governments. IFC helps companies and financial institutions in emerging markets create jobs, generate tax revenues, improve corporate governance and environmental performance, and contribute to their local communities. The goal is to improve lives, especially for the people who most need the benefits of growth. IFC emphasizes five strategic priorities for maximizing its sustainable development impact:
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1. Strengthening its focus on frontier markets, particularly the SME sector;
2. Building long-term partnerships with emerging global players in developing countries
3. Addressing climate change, and environment and social sustainability activities;
4. Addressing constraints to private sector investment in infrastructure, health, and education
5. Developing domestic financial markets through institution building and the use of innovative financial products.
For new investments, IFC articulates the expected impact on sustainable development,
IFC invests in enterprises majority-owned by the private sector throughout most developing countries in the world. Developing regions include: Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia & the Pacific, South Asia, Europe & Central Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean, Middle East & North Africa (IFC, 2011).
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
http://www.unido.org/
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized agency of United Nations which supports industrial development in order to reduce poverty and improve environmental sustainability. UNIDO is based in Vienna, Austria. It has 173 member states. UNIDO focuses on Investment and Technology Promotion, Industrial Competitiveness and Trade, Private Sector Development, Environmental Management, Montreal Protocol, Energy and Climate Change and Financial Institutions and Partnerships (UNIDO, 2011a). UNIDO employees around 650 staff at headquarters and in field representations in 80 countries and draws the services of 2500 international and national experts who work around the world. In 2007, UNIDO had around 850 technical cooperation projects in 120 countries (Wikipedia, 2011a).
Several assessment reports have been published under UNIDO which gives reflection about the utilization potential of Renewable Energy resources and Carbon Capture and Storage technologies in the iron and steel sector. “Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications“ was a Technology Synthesis Report published in November 2010. The report very well summarizes the implementation potential of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques in iron and steel industry besides indicating its applicability in other high energy consuming sectors.
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The report takes Blast Furnace (BF), the Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) and the Hisarna as the reference production processes. For the BF, Top-Gas Recycling Blast Furnace (TGRBF) is described as the potential future process with the CO2 captured from the off-gas. For DRI, ULCORED process with coal-derived syngas and CO2 capture is mentioned as the potential successor for current DRI processes. Smelting reduction process Hisarna is also expected to dramatically reduce CO2 emissions when combined with CCS. Several techniques for CO2 capture such as Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption (VPSA), Compression and Cryogenic Flash and Amines have also been described in the report (UNIDO, 2010).
“Renewable Energy in Industrial Applications - An assessment of the 2050 potential“ estimates the utilization potential of renewable energy resources in different industrial sectors including iron and steel industry. Energy resources discussed in the report are Biomass, solar thermal systems and heat pumps. Biomass is the chief renewable energy resource which can be utilized in iron and steel sector. Charcoal had been historically used to produce iron but it has been replaced by the metallurgical coke. However charcoal blast furnaces are still being used in Brazil. Presently, almost no process heat is produced from Biomass in iron and steel sector except in Brazil (UNIDO, 2011b).
World Steel Association (Worldsteel)
http://www.worldsteel.org/
World Steel Association (Worldsteel) was originally founded in 1967. Worldsteel is a non-profit organization with has its headquarter in Brussels, Belgium. Worldsteel represents approximately 170 steel producers including 19 of world’s 20 largest steel producers such as ArcelorMittal, Tata Steel, POSCO, Nucor etc. Worldsteel members produce about 85% of world’s steel. Worldsteel bundles the activities of its members in respect of targeting economic, environmental and social sustainability. Worldsteel’s areas of activities include safety and health at work place, economics, climate change, sustainable steel, life cycle assessment (LCA), automotive steel, construction, technology, raw materials packaging and stainless steel (WSA, 2011a). To face climate change Worldsteel has launched CO2 Breakthrough Program. It provides a forum where various national and regional research and development programs on identifying innovation technologies for steel manufacturing can exchange information on their projects. This program also includes the ULCOS program funded by European Commission and the European Steel Industry, the COURSE50 research program in Japan, the US steel industry and department of energy programs and the POSCO program in Korea (WSA, 2011b). In the fields of sustainable steel Worldsteel has published a study on “Sustainability Indicators” which rate emissions, energy consumption and provide a benchmarking in the steel industry (WSA, 2011c).
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3.2 China
3.2.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
China Iron and Steel Association (CISA)
The CISA is a national, non-profit organization which consists of roughly 250 members from different Chinese steel enterprises, institutions, societies and individuals of the Chinese iron and steel sector. The associations’ group members account for 93% of the Chinese steel output and 75% of the employees in the Chinese steel industry. It covers 11 institutions which work on a wide range of economic and technological topics of the Chinese steel sector. The association is incorporated in the development and promotion of innovative technologies as well the enhancement of the technological progress. One institution within the CISA deals with environmental protection and energy saving (CISA, 2011).
http://www.chinaesteel.com/mmi_en/au.htm
3.2.2 Governmental Institutions
Ministry of Industrial and Information Technology (MIIT)
http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/index.html
In 2010 the MIIT approved several policies and measures to improve energy efficiency and to reduce the environmental impact of the steel production in the Chinese Iron and Steel Industry. The measures cover energy management, the distribution of energy efficient technologies such as Top Gas Recovery Turbines at blast furnaces, Coke Dry Quenching at coke ovens, heat recovery at sinter plants and electric arc furnaces as well as further measures. The documents are available in Chinese (MIIT, 2010)(MIIT, 2011).
Nation-wide targets under the central governments five year plans (FYP) are the principal driving force in all industry-related energy efficiency policies and measures. Under the 12th FYP, China will have following mandatory energy and emissions reduction targets;
1. To cut energy consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 16% from 2010 levels by 2015, and 3.5% by the end of the year 2011
2. To cap energy usage at 4 Billion tons of coal equivalent (tce) by 2015
3. To minimize emissions from energy consumption per unit of GDP by 17% from 2010 levels by 2015
To meet the FYP, following policy mechanisms are in place;
1. Elimination of Outdated Technology
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2. Mandatory energy saving targets and efficiency standards
3. Financial support and rebates
4. Electricity pricing mechanisms
Similarly, Top-1000 Program, the key policy for the largest energy intensive industries, has been successful in achieving, even surpassing the primary target of achieving energy-savings of 100 Mtce over the 11th FYP period. The policy has been expanded into a Top-10000 Program (Reinaud and Goldberg, 2011).
National Energy Administration (NEA)
http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/mfod/t20081218_252224.htm
NEA is a department of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of the Peoples Republic of China. NEA is responsible for formulating and implementing energy development plans and industrial policies. It promotes institutional reforms in the energy sector and administrates the energy sector including coal, oil, natural gas, power (including nuclear power), new and renewable energy and as well as other energy carriers. Furthermore the NEA takes charge of energy conservation and comprehensive utilization of resources in the energy sector. It guides scientific and technological advancement; organizing and carrying out the R&D of important equipment and guiding the assimilation and innovation of imported complete sets of major equipment. It organizes and coordinates key energy-related demonstration projects and promotes the deployment of new products, new technologies and new equipments (NEA, 2011). More detailed information on measures to improve energy efficiency in the Chinese Steel Sector on behalf of the NEA could not be found on the internet.
China Iron and Steel Research Institute (CISRI)
http://www.cisri.com/en/index.php
The China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group was founded in December 2006. CISRI is merged by former Central Iron & Steel Research Institute and Automation Research and Design Institute of Metallurgical Industry. Total assets were 6.6 billion Yuan RMB in 2006.
CISRI focus on four major areas of research with respect of steel industry: New metal materials and products, Metallurgical Engineering Technologies and Products, Automation Systems and Analysis and Testing Technologies and Instruments.
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CISRI has been serving as the R&D base for metal materials, the innovation base for key technology in metallurgical industry, and the authoritative agency for metallurgical analysis and test. It boasts more than 5000 scientific research achievements. CISRI also has 10 National Engineering Research Centers, including National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Steel Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Continuous Casting Technology, National Amorphous & Nanocrystalline Alloy Engineering Research Center, and National Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Industry Automation and so on.
With the goal of promoting scale business, larger projects and international products, CISRI has been developing rapidly in the new materials industry, automation technology, engineering technology and analysis and testing equipment industry. It has initiated two listed enterprises, namely Advanced Technology and Materials Co., Ltd. and Beijing AriTime Intelligent Control Co., Ltd., as well as a number of high-tech enterprises such as New Metallurgy Hi-tech Group Co., Ltd. and Gaona Materials & Technology Co., Ltd (CISRI, 2011).
3.2.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
China’s 12th Five-Year plan from 2010 rates energy conservation and environmental protection among seven strategic emerging industries (SEIs) which will be intensely developed and expanded. The plan targets a 15% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP over the next five years and a 17% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP over the same period (Morgan Stanley, 2011).
Tsinghua University
http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/then/index.html
Tsinghua University carries out research on energy efficiency in the Chinese Iron and Steel Industry (Cai, 2009).
German GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/asien-pazifik/606.htm
The German GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) supports projects on energy efficiency in the Chinese industry as well as in the Chinese Steel Sector. It runs the program Energy Policy and Energy Efficiency for the Chinese Energy Sector (GIZ, 2011).
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3.3 Europe
3.3.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
Eurofer
http://www.eurofer.org/
Eurofer represents 100% of steel production in the EU. Its members are steel companies and national steel federations throughout the European Union (EU).The major steel companies and national steel federations in Switzerland and Turkey are associate members. The objectives of EUROFER are the co-operation amongst the national federations and companies in all matters that contribute to the development of the European steel industry, and the representation of the common interests of its members vis-à-vis third parties, notably the European institutions and other international organizations. Eurofer itself does not do research on energy efficiency or GHG mitigation; it rather represents the European steel industry (Eurofer, 2011).
Stahlinstitut VDEh
Stahlinstitut VDEh is a technical-scientific community organization of the German Steel Industry. Around 150 companies are member of the Stahlinstitut VDEh. The organization promotes further developments in steel technologies and materials through technical and scientific collaboration (VDEh, 2011).
http://www.stahl-online.de/index.php
3.3.2 Governmental Institutions
European Commission Directorate General (DG) Enterprises and Industry
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/index_en.htm
European Commission Directorate General (DG) Enterprises and Industry promotes the EU’s strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Therefore it is working on five general objectives:
1. to strengthen Europe's industrial base and promote the transition to a low carbon economy
2. to promote innovation as a means to generate new sources of growth and meet societal needs
3. to encourage the creation and growth of SMEs and promote an entrepreneurial culture
4. to ensure an open internal market for goods
5. to support the European presence in space.
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DG Enterprise and Industry employs around 1,000 people in its departments and units and is responsible for a budget of some € 1.5 billion. DG Enterprise and Industry provided studies on the competitiveness of various industrial sectors including steel. The final report on the steel sector was published in August 2008 (EC, 2008). In this study six fields of action were identified among which Engage in the climate change challenge is mentioned as the first field. It pointed out that continuous investments in efficient technologies as well as investments in technological innovation with a view to cleaner and safer technologies are of key concern.
European Union – Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm
European Union – Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) works on cap and trade principle. This means there is a limit or a cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted from factories, power plants and other installations. Within this restriction, companies receive emission allowances which they can sell to or buy from one another when needed. At the end of each year, a company must possess enough allowances to cover all its emissions otherwise heavy fines are imposed. If a company manages to reduce its emissions, it can keep the allowances for future or can sell to another company that is short of allowances. EU-ETS also covers iron and steel sector besides covering paper and pulp, cement, glass, bricks and ceramics sectors as well as power plants, oil refineries and combustion plants (EC, 2011) . EU-ETS has encouraged the industries to reduce emissions by providing them room for substantial financial gains as well as by making them responsible for social sustainability.
3.3.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking (Ulcos)
Ulcos is a consortium of 48 enterprises from 15 European countries. The consortium is committed to reduce carbon dioxide in steel production by 50% as of present by applying Carbon Capture and Storage, Hydrogen or Electricity. The consortium consists of some of world’s largest steel producers, research and academic institutions. The consortium has undergone a research and pilot phase and plans to start the demonstration phase (ULCOS, 2011).
http://www.ulcos.org/en/index.php
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Betriebsforschungsinstitut (BFI)
The Betriebsforschungsinstitut (BFI) is with 140 employees one of Europe’s leading private institute for applied research and development of steel technologies and other related areas. It is situated in Düsseldorf, Germany (BFI, 2011).
http://www.bfi.de/en/index.php
3.4 Japan
3.4.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
Japan Iron and Steel Federation (JISF)
http://www.jisf.or.jp/en/
Japan Iron and Steel Federation is the nationwide representative body of Japanese steel industry and its members include steel producers such as Nippon Steel Corporation, Osaka Steel Co. Ltd, JFE Steel Corporation, Kobe Steel Limited, Hitachi Metals Ltd etc, trading companies such as Akira Kozai Co. Ltd, NTEK Co. Ltd, Canox Corporation, Sanyo Co. Ltd etc and organizations engaged in steel business such as Japan Shearing Companies Association, Steel Castings and Forgings Association of Japan, Non-integrated Steel Producers Association.
JISF is concerned about the development and diffusion of energy efficient and emissions reducing process and product technologies in the Japanese steel industry. JISF has initiated several energy saving and global warming mitigation-related programs and efforts, like launching Voluntary Action Programs in Japan, lobbying for a new-post Kyoto framework, implementing action programs for control of VOC and dioxins emissions etc. JISF has also worked for the international exchange of technologies especially with China, Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) and World Steel Association (WSA). Several energy saving technologies such as Coke Dry Quenching, Top-pressure recovery turbine etc. has been deployed to China and other developing countries in cooperation with JISF (JISF, 2011a). For e.g. 20 Top-pressure recovery turbine units have been delivered to China, Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan and USA (KHI, 2011).
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3.4.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
COURSE50
http://www.jisf.or.jp/course50/index_en.html
COURSE50 stands for “CO2 Ultimate Reduction in Steelmaking Process by Innovative Technology for Cool Earth 50”. It is an initiative jointly launched by JISF and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan. Research, development and demonstration of the technology is scheduled to be finished before 2030. The technology will be developed in two phases. Phase 1 is currently under and is divided into two steps. Budget allocated for step 1 is 10 billions yen. Budget for step 2 is expected to be 15 billions yen.
COURSE50 aims to develop technologies which would reduce CO2 emissions by 30% by suppression of emissions from blast furnace through capture, separation and recovery of CO2 from Blast Furnace Gas (BFG). The program aims to develop such technologies by 2030 and provide commercialization by 2050. The initiative also aims to increase the hydrogen concentration in Coke Oven Gas (COG) so that it can subsequently be used in Blast Furnace as the reducing agent instead of coke. Enrichment of coke oven gas with Hydrogen can be achieved by reforming tar contained in the gas with the utilization of unused energy within the steel plant. Injection of the hydrogen-rich reformed gas, containing CO as well, into a blast furnace can decrease the consumption of coke use for iron ore reduction (JISF, 2011b).
Super Coke Oven for Productivity and Environmental Enhancement towards 21st Century (SCOPE 21) was a ten-year (1994-2003) national project in Japan. The project was funded by the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy of Ministry of Economics, Industry and Trade, Japan. It was a R&D project jointly carried out by the Centre of Coal Utilization and by the Japan Iron and Steel Federation. The aim of the project was to replace existing coke ovens with a new process that expand upon existing choices for coal sources, while increasing productivity, decreasing energy consumption and reducing environmental emissions.
Voluntary Action Program
http://www.jisf.or.jp/en/activity/warm/basic/index.html
Voluntary Action Program has been initiated by JISF. Objectives of the program are as follows:
a. To save energy through more energy efficient steel production processes. b. Contribute to energy savings outside the steel industry. c. To develop state of the art innovative technologies to drastically reduce CO2
emissions from steel industry.
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The focus of the program is not only on the processes but also on the products. Voluntary Action Program aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 5 Mio tons by 2020 using eco-process (e.g. Basic Oxygen Furnace Gas Recovery, Coke Dry Quenching, Top-Pressure Recovery Turbine, Efficient Power Generation from Blast Furnace Gas), 30 Mio tons using eco-products (e.g. Trains, Transformers, Ships, Power Plant Boilers and Automobiles made from high-performance steel) and 70 Mio tons by providing eco-solutions (e.g. Byproduct Gas Turbine Combined Cycle, Sintering Exhaust Heat Recovery, Basic Oxygen Furnace Sensible Heat Recovery and other Energy Conserving Equipment sold to China, South Korea, India, Russia and Other Countries) (JISF, 2010).
Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (ISIJ)
http://www.isij.or.jp/e_index.htm
Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (ISIJ) is an organization based in Tokyo, Japan. Staff at secretariat consists of around 30 employees. The organization consists of Academic and Technical Societies. The Academic Society focuses on laboratory research to develop innovative, efficient and environmental technologies for the Iron and Steel industry such as Low Carbon Sintering, Coke making Technology for Low-Quality Coals and Unused Carbon-Resources, Optimization of Transport Phenomena for Low Carbon Blast Furnace etc. The Technical society focuses more on the diffusion of innovative technologies in the steel industry. The organization has a dedicated academic division dealing with environmental and sustainability issues such as Green Energy, Material Recycle, Green Material, New Functions of Iron and Steelmaking Slag etc (ISIJ, 2011) .
New Energy and Industrial Technology Organization (NEDO)
http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/index.html
New Energy and Industrial Technology Organization (NEDO) is Japan’s largest public management organization conducting research in innovative industrial, energy and environmental technologies. NEDO has approximately 1000 personnel and domestic offices in Hokkaido, Kansai, and Kyushu and international offices in Washington, Paris, Beijing, Bangkok, Jakarta and New Delhi. Its budget for fiscal year 2009 was approximately $2.6 billion, the vast majority of which provided by Japanese Ministry of Economic, Trade and Industry (Wikipedia, 2011b).
NEDO carries out its projects within the scope of two technology fields, which are Energy and Environmental Technologies and Industrial Technologies. Energy and Environmental Technology field includes Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen, Energy Conservation, Smart Community, Electricity Storage, Coal Resource Development etc. Industrial Technologies include Electrics and Information Technology (e.g. Semiconductor, Storage Memory, Network), Bio-Technology and Medical Technology (e.g. Health Care, Green Biotech), Machinery Systems Technology (e.g. Robot, MEMS and Laser, Aircraft and Space) and Nanotechnology and Materials Technology (e.g. Materials and Components, Information and Telecommunications).
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NEDO in 2008 published “Global Warming Countermeasures: Japanese Technologies for Energy Savings / GHG Emissions Reduction” which also includes innovative technologies for iron and steel industry (NEDO, 2011).
3.4.3 Steel Manufactures
Nippon Steel
http://www.nsc.co.jp/en/
Nippon Steel, based in Tokyo, Japan, is world’s 4th largest steel manufacturer. Nippon Steel has been heavily involved in environmental protection and energy saving measures (Nippon Steel, 2011). It was world’s first steel enterprise to initiate recycling of waste plastics in coke oven to avoid major CO2 emissions from otherwise incineration.
3.5 United States
3.5.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
American Iron and Steel Institute
http://www.steel.org/
American Iron and Steel Institute is an association of North American steel producers based in the United States. AISI members are from USA, Canada and Mexico. AISI members have a share of 80% of North American steel production (Wikipedia, 2011c). AISI members include producer members such as AK Steel Corporation, ArcelorMittal USA, United States Steel Corporation, Nucor Corporation etc and associate members such as Accenture, Algoma Central Corporation, BASF Corporation, Berkeley Research Group, Oracle etc.
The association has achieved some considerable gains such as a reduction of 30% in energy intensity per ton of steel shipped in North American steel industry since 1990 and corresponding reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through recycling and process innovation for e.g. due to the collective efforts of AISI members, the overall steel recycling rate has reached an all-time high of 83 %in 2008(AISI, 2011a)(AISI, 2011b).
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3.5.2 Governmental Institutions
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
http://www.lbl.gov/
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is a US Department of Energy national laboratory conducting unclassified scientific research. It has some 4000 employees, of which 800 are students. The labs budget was about USD 707 million in 2010. Research activities are divided into four major areas which are Biosciences, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Computing Sciences and General Sciences. The Energy and Environmental Sciences Department is further divided into Chemical Sciences, Environmental Energy Technologies, Materials Sciences and Earth Sciences divisions. This division also deals with the steel industry with a focus on energy conservation and CO2 reduction. In this perspective, LBNL works closely with AISI and ITP program in order to develop and deploy energy saving and emissions reduction technologies and measures for steel industry (LBNL, 2011).
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
http://www.epa.gov/
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States assigned to protect environment and human health by writing and enforcing regulations passed by US Congress. The agency has 18000 employees and is based in Washington D.C. EPA has been involved in environmental legislations and has initiated several programs to promote energy efficiency and to reduce environ-mental emissions from industry and transportation (Wikipedia, 2011d).
3.5.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
CO2 Breakthrough Program
http://www.steel.org/en/sitecore/content/Autosteel_org/Web%20Root/Sustainability/Energy%20Reduction/CO2%20Breakthrough%20Program.aspx
AISI has launched the “CO2 Breakthrough Program“ which aims to conduct research on the next generation iron and steelmaking technologies which drastically reduce CO2 emissions. The current program is in cooperation with Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to produce iron by molten oxide electrolysis (MOE), an extreme form of molten salt electrolysis. This technology has been producing tonnage material for over 100 years such as Aluminum.
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A second project “Ironmaking by Hydrogen Flash Smelting”, now being under research at the University of Utah, replaces coke as a Blast Furnace fuel with Hydrogen, Natural Gas, Coal or a combination. This technology could eventually replace the blast furnace and other carbon-based ironmaking processes that generate large amounts of CO2. Both projects represent steps towards carbon-free ironmaking since both – if successful - should be nearly zero CO2 emitters. Technologies under this program will be developed in the course of the next 15-20 years and will subsequently be commercialized (AISI, 2011c).
Industrial Technologies Program (ITP)
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/
Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) has been launched by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) and the Department of Energy (DOE), United States. It is the successor of the Technology Roadmap Program which aims to increase energy efficiency in the United States’ industrial sector. ITP helps research, development and deployment of innovative technologies that companies may use to increase their energy efficiency, decrease environmental emissions and as a result may gain competitive advantage.
The program focuses on eight energy intensive industries which are Aluminum, Chemicals, Forest Products, Glass, Metal Casting, Mining, Petroleum Refining and Steel and on cross-cutting technologies. The steel subprogram focuses on revolutionary iron and steelmaking process such as Cokeless Ironmaking, Next Generation Steelmaking (e.g. Development of Next Generation Heating System for Scale Free Steel Reheating) and Advanced Process Development (e.g. Minimization of Blast Furnace Fuel Rate by Optimizing Burden and Gas Distribution, Thermochemical Recuperation for High Temperature Furnaces) (ITP, 2011).
Energy Star Program
http://www.energystar.gov/
Energy Star Program was initiated by the United States’ Environmental Protection agency in 1990 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in power plants. Its scope further broadened to residential heating and cooling systems, new homes and industries (Wikipedia, 2011e). Under the Energy Star Program the study “Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the U.S. Iron and Steel Industry“ has been published in corporation with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2010 (Energy Star, 2010).
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Climate Leaders Program
http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/
Climate Leaders Program is an US Environmental Protection Agency’s public-private partnership which works with companies to develop comprehensive climate change strategies. Partner companies commit to emission reduction by completing a corporate-wide inventory of greenhouse gas emissions, setting long-term reduction targets (EPA, 2011).
3.6 Russia
3.6.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP)
http://archive.rspp.ru/Default.aspx.aspx?CatalogId=2879
The Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP) is an independent non-governmental organization. The RSPP includes about 328,000 members representing industrial, scientific, financial and commercial organizations and individual members in all Russian regions. Its key focus lies on business topics, such as taxation, debureaucratization of the economy, small and medium business development, liberalization of foreign exchange regulation. Environmental aspects so far do not play a key role though they should be covered by the Committee on Energy Policy and Energy Efficiency. The steel sector is represented in Commission on Metals and Mining Complex.
3.6.2 Governmental Institutions
Russian Ministry of Energy
http://www.government.ru/eng/power/85/
The Russian Ministry of Energy has a department on energy saving and energy efficiency. It further maintains the Russian Energy Agency (Ministry of Energy, 2011). President Medwedew promised to reduce energy consumption by 40% till 2020, though progress so far is little (Bidder, 2009). In December 2010 the Russian Ministry of Energy approved a program till 2020 to improve energy savings and energy efficiency (Ministry of Energy, 2010).
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3.6.3 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
http://rudea-energy.com/de/start (In German and Russian only)
The Russian German Energy Agency (RUDEA) was founded by the Russian governmental hydrocarbon fond, the German Energy Agency (dena), the Russian Ministry of Energy and the German Ministry of Economy and Technology (BMWi). It is a Russian-German Agency for energy efficiency and renewable energies. So far the following areas are covered by the RUDEA:
• Energy Efficiency in buildings • Energy Efficiency in Production and Use of Electricity. • Energy Efficiency in the oil and gas sector • Energy Efficiency in transport • Renewable Energies
Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf)
http://www.cenef.ru/art_11207_114.html
The Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf) is the leading Russian organization in the field of energy efficiency (CENEf, 2011).
3.7 India
3.7.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
Ministry of Steel (India)
http://steel.nic.in/
The Ministry of Steel (India) plans and coordinate the growth and development of both public and private sector of Indian Iron and Steel Industry including Re-rolling mills, Alloy and Ferroalloy mills and Refractories. It also formulates adequate policies in the areas pricing, production, distribution, import and export of iron and steel and associated materials and products. It also focuses on the development of supporting industries such as iron-ore mining, manganese ore, chrome ore and refractories. Ministry defines its vision as to transform India into the leader in Steel sector globally and to enhance the competitiveness of Indian steel industry on international level (Ministry of Steel, 2011).
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Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
http://www.ciionline.org/
The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is a non-profit, non-governmental, industry-lead organization which aims to support India’s industrial development. CII aims to provide a conductive environment within the country for sustainable industrial growth, consulting both government and private parties (Wikipedia, 2011f). CII has launched several development initiatives such as the Climate Change Initiative which aims to turn India into a low carbon economy by enhancing energy efficiency in the manufacturing sector, policy framework amendments and introducing green building rating system (CII, 2011).
Sponge Iron Manufacturers Association (SIMA)
http://www.spongeironindia.in
Sponge Iron Manufacturers Association (SIMA) was constituted on 11 February 1992. The mission of the association is to protect and promote the interests of Indian Sponge Iron Industry. Since its foundation, SIMA has put efforts to bring all the sponge iron manufacturers together. In a broader spectrum, SIMA represents India’s Direct Reduced Iron industry and offers a common platform for regular communications with the Indian Government and regulatory authorities. SIMA has been involved in market development, compilation and dissemination of industrial data and technical and commercial information, all of which may be necessary for decision making in current dynamic business environment. SIMA also takes up image building initiatives on regular basis. SIMA ensures the continued development and growth of sponge iron industry in India. It does so by maintaining a coherent plan, which represents overall the requirements and the hurdles faced by the industry. Till to date, SIMA has a membership of 94 DRI producing units. Out of which, 91 are coal based units and the rest are run by gas (SIMA, 2011).
The Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA)
The Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA) was founded in 1989 by country’s leading stainless steel producers. ISSDA serves as the unifying point for the growth and development of stainless steel usage in India. The primary objectives of ISSDA were to make the applications of stainless steel diversified and to increase the consumption in India. Over 145 stainless steel manufacturers are currently the member of ISSDA. Through the efforts of ISSDA, the widespread and visible usage of stainless steel in applications such as Building and Construction, Automotive, Railway and Transportation is quite evident. The influence of ISSDA has grown to public and private sectors in the country since its establishment 19 years ago. ISSDA publishes every few years a Stainless Steel Product Directory and Buyer’s Guide. In the fiscal year 2004-05, ISSDA publishes Indian Stainless Steel Market Research which contains data on the production and end use of stainless steel in India and the projections up to 2015-16 (ISSDA, 2011).´
http://www.stainlessindia.org/
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3.7.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
http://www.beeindia.in/
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) of India is an agency under the Ministry of Power, India. Primary aim of the agency is to reduce energy intensity in Indian economy by developing, deploying and increasing public and corporate awareness about energy conservation measures and practices. BEE also focuses on eleven industrial sectors which are Aluminum, Cement, Chemical, Coalmine, Fertilizer, Furnaces, HVAC, Automobile, Petrochemical, Steel and Textile. BEE led energy efficiency developments in Bhilai and Bokaro steel plants (BEE, 2011).
Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT)
http://www.indiaclimateportal.org/component/option,com_policybrief/view,policybriefdetail/id,3
Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme is a market-based mechanism to improve energy efficiency in large energy-intensive industries and facilities. They are referred to as “Designated Consumers“. PAT has been initiated under the National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE). The PAT scheme includes following project steps;
1. Goal Setting: Set a Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) target for each plant depending on energy intensity of that plant. The target will specify by which percentage a plant has to reduce its energy intensity from the baseline value within the period of three years.
2. Reduction Phase: Within a three-year period (2009-2012) the designated consumers try to reduce their energy consumption according to their target.
3. Trading Phase: Those consumers who exceed their SEC targets will be credited tradable energy permits. These permits can be sold to those consumers who fell short of their energy intensity targets. Those designated consumers who failed to achieve their energy targets will have to compensate this failure by buying permits. If they fail to do either of this, they will have to pay penalties (NMEEE, 2011).
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The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
http://www.teriin.org/index.php
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is a private, non-profit organization which focuses on energy, environmental protection and sustainable development, thereby promoting efficient and sustainable energy and resource usage. TERI has been initiated by Tata Group. TERI has introduced and operationalized a rating system for green buildings in India. TERI has established TERI University as the first educational institute in India dedicated to study and research on energy, environment and natural sciences for sustainable development (Wikipedia, 2011g).
Joint Plant Committee (JPC)
http://jpcindiansteel.nic.in/
Joint Plant Committee (JPC) was constituted in 1964 by the Government of India to formulate guidelines for the production, allocation, costing and supply of iron and steel materials. It is the only institution which is empowered by Ministry of Steel, India officially to collect data on iron and steel industry resulting in the creation of comprehensive and impartial databank on the industry. The database of JPC includes capacity production of major steel producers (for e.g. SAIL, Tata Steel, JSW Steel etc.), domestic market prices of iron and steel products, export and import figures of iron and steel, production, prices and reserves of raw materials for iron and steelmaking, nationwide consumption data of iron and steel products as a derived item etc (JPC, 2011).
3.7.3 Steel manufacturers
Steel Authority of India (SAIL)
http://www.sail.co.in/
Steel Authority of India (SAIL) is one of the largest state-owned steel manufacturers of India. SAIL has more than 132,000 employees. It is the 16th largest steel producer of the world. SAIL manages and maintains 5 integrated steel plants and several mini mills in India. SAIL has received several performance awards nationally and internationally for its efforts to foster energy efficiency and to combat climate change through the implementation of best practices in the steel industry (SAIL, 2011).
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Tata Steel
http://www.tatasteel.com/
Tata Steel based in Jamshedpur, India is the largest private steel producer of India in terms of domestic production. It is also world’s 7th largest steel manufacturer. It is the part of Tata Group of Companies. Tata Steel is also India’s second largest and second most profitable private sector enterprise with consolidated revenues of about US$22.8 billion during the fiscal year 2010. With its recent acquisitions, the company has become multinational with operations in various countries. The registered office of Tata Steel is in Mumbai, India. As of 2011, the company employees about 80,000 people around the globe (Tata Steel, 2011).
Essar Steel
http://www.essar.com/
Essar Steel based in Mumbai, India is one of the leading private steel producers of India. It is the part of greater Essar Group which has representation in five continents and deals in sectors of Steel, Energy, Power, Communications, Shipping Ports and Logistics and Construction. The company has the number of international subsidries such as Minnesota Steel LLC in USA, Algoma Steel in Canada, Greenfield projects in Vietnam, Steel plant in Indonesia and integrated steel plant in Trinidad and Tobago. The current steel producing capacity of Essar Steel is 8.6 million tonnes which is planned to be increased up to 14 million tonnes by 2011-12. In 2011, the cumulative revenue of Essar Group was US$ 20 billion. The group employed 70,000 people around the globe as of 2009 (Wikipedia, 2011h).
Jandal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL)
http://www.jindalsteelpower.com/
Jandal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) based in New Delhi, India is the third largest steel producer in India in terms of tonnage. The company generated the revenues of about US$ 4.2 billion in 2010. Jandal Steel produces and sells sponge iron, mild steel slabs, ferro chrome, iron ore, structural members, hot rolled plates and coils and coal-based sponge iron plants. As of 2009, the company has the work force of 7,669 (JSPL, 2011).
JSW Steel
http://www.jsw.in/
JSW Steel based in Mumbai, India is among the largest private steel producers of country with an annual production capacity of 7.8 Million tonnes of steel (as of 2010). JSW Steel is the part of JSW Group which is one of the largest business conglomerates in India. JSW is of the lowest cost steel producers in the world. JSW Steel generated revenue of US$ 5.23 billion. Its product includes hot and cold rolled steel, galvanised steel and pre-painted galvanised products (Wikipedia, 2011i).
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3.8 South Korea
3.8.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
Korea Iron and Steel Association (KOSA)
http://www.kosa.or.kr/eng/main.html
Korea Iron and Steel Association (KOSA) is the representative body of South Korean steel industry. The purpose is to contribute to the Korean economic development and to strengthen the competitiveness in industry sustainable growth (KOSA, 2011). Among others one major field of activity is Green Growth and technical cooperation, which bundles the following themes:
• Build counter plan for UN Climate Change Convention. • Seek for expanding ways to recycle by-products. • Hold technical conventions and interchange associations. • Research and provide information on statistics related to production capacity,
facility investment, and energy.
3.8.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
POSCO CO2 Breakthrough Framework aims to find CO2 emission reduction technologies for the steel industry .POSCO achieved a milestone when it developed the innovative Direct-Reduced Iron Finex process. POSCO aims to achieve the following through this program (POSCO, 2011):
a. CO2 capture using ammonia and waste heat b. CO2 fixation using marine bio-slag c. Hydrogen production technology using byproduct gas and waste carbon source
from the steelmaking process d. Sensible heat recovery of sintered ore and preliminary reduction technology
3.9 Brazil
3.9.1 Steel Industry Representative Body
Brazil Steel Institute
http://www.acobrasil.org.br/site/english/index.asp
Brazil Steel Institute is the representative body of Brazilian steel industry. It conducts studies and surveys regarding production, market, international trade, supplies and environmental issues. It represents the steel sector before public and private entities on a national and international level. It defends the interest of steel sector and promotes its development (Brazil Steel Institute, 2011a). The institutes founded the Sustainability Associated Companies’ Initiative, which aims to improve energy conservation, water recirculation and steel and by-product recycling.
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3.9.2 Public-Private Institutions/Programs
ArcelorMittal Brazil
http://www.arcelor.com.br/english/
ArcelorMittal Brazil aims to develop programs and actions to mitigate the effect of industrial operations on the bio-diversity in the surrounding area. ArcelorMittal has achieved benchmark status in industrial waste management. Social and educational initiatives have benefitted over a million people in Brazil (Brazil Steel Institute, 2011b).
SINOBRAS
http://www.sinobras.com.br/
SINOBRAS has planted eucalyptus in its own 12 farmlands in the state of Tocantins, besides steelmaking activities. In this way the company invests in preservation of forests and good quality of life through its Florestal Reforestation Program (Brazil Steel Institute, 2011c).
Gerdau
http://www.gerdau.com/home/Default.aspx
Gerdau has made continuous investments in improving ecoefficiency and adopting technologies for water, soil and air protection. Gerdau is the largest recycler in Latin-America, converting 16 Mio tons of scrap into steel in 2008 (Brazil Steel Institute, 2011d).
3.10 Mexico
3.10.1 Public Private Partnership
US AID
http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/country/mexico/
From 2000 to 2004 the US AID promoted an Energy Efficiency Industry Partnership with Mexico (USAID, 2004). The program provided about 2,000 energy managers and other representatives and access to energy-efficiency technologies and services through educational seminars.
ABB
http://www.abb.com.mx/
ABB investigated on energy efficiency in Mexico and found energy efficiency in the steel sector to have improved by 2.2 % per year between 1990 and 2008 (ABB, 2011).
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4 Excel Database and Structure
Based on the categorization described previously, a database has been created in Excel format. It is made in such a way that it can be easily updated while maintaining consistency. The database contains 180+ entries with relevant information about Best Practices in the steel sector. It is organized into the following fields:
ID gives each BAT a single number for organizational reasons.
Institution names the organization which publishes the information on best practice in energy efficiency in the steel sector.
Region provides information on where the best practice is applied or where a current demonstration plant is tested. Thereby a region might be a single country (e.g. India, USA) or a group of several countries (e.g. Europe).
Published in gives information about the year in which the information was published.
Process 1 and Process 2 are the processes where the efficiency technology can be applied to. Process 2 field is filled if a second process is involved in the best practice.
Type 1 and Type 2 describe the kind of best practice we include in this study in order to help technical consultants as well as policy makers an easy access to best practice in the steel sector. Type 1 provides a technical categorization while Type 2 is rather a socio-economic type.
Technology provides the name of the technology.
Technology Description gives key information on that technology in few sentences.
Development Status characterizes the availability of the best practice. We apply the following classification: Commercial, Demonstration, Pilot Plant, and Research.
Energy Saving Potential provides information on the energy saving potential. As far as available energy saving potentials will be quantified.
CO2 Emission Reduction Potential provides available information on the CO2 emission reduction potential and will be quantified, if available.
Costs provide information on investment and/or maintenance, if available.
Link to webpage 1 provides the link to the webpage where the information is available. There may be subsequent webpage links referenced on other columns.
Page Number mentions on which page in the document the information can be found if the resource is a paged document, such as a pdf file.
Link to flow diagram provides a link to a webpage on the internet where a flow diagram on the respective BAT is provided.
Page Number (Flow Diagram) (See Page Number (webpage 2))
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5 Conclusion
Iron and steel represent sectors where energy efficiencies and cost savings can be attained by large users through best practices. Company decision-makers, analysts and policymakers are challenged to seek out relevant, usable information. The IIP digital library has been developed as an accessible collection of global resources that can help inform and facilitate change. As a digital resource, it is also scalable, enabling future growth as new sources of information become available.
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