best practices and environmental management in aquaculture ......preserve (mg) and ecological...
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Pólo Regional Leste Paulista
Geraldo Stachetti Rodrigues Júlio Ferraz de Queiroz
Rosa T. S. Frighetto Fernanda Garcia Sampaio
Célia M. D. F. Scorvo Isis Rodrigues Kamila Couto
Best practices and environmental management in
aquaculture – indicators for monitoring in multiple scales
Research Project “A System for Aquaculture Environmental
Monitoring and Management in the Furnas Reservoir”
(Embrapa Macroprogram 2)
Coordination: Ministry of
Fisheries and Aquaculture
Sub5: Indicators of Best Practices for the
Environmental Management of Aquaculture
Step 1: Sustainability assessment, through application of the APOIA-NovoRural methodology:
• A general system for the environmental management of rural establishments, including those dedicated to aquaculture
(“Avaliação ponderada de impacto ambiental de atividades rurais”)
Rodrigues GS et al. Integrated farm sustainability assessment for the environmental management of rural activities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 30:229-239, 2010.
Landscape Ecology Environmental Quality
(atmosphere, water, and soil)
Socio-cultural Values Economic Values
Management and Administration
Sustainability dimensions
Water 20 Dissolved O2 21 Coliforms 22 BOD5 23 pH 24 Nitrate 25 Phosphate 26 Suspended solids 27 Chlorophyll a 28 Conductivity 29 Visual pollution 30 Pesticides potential
impact
Groundwater 31 Coliforms 32 Nitrate 33 Conductivity
2 Environmental Quality
Atmosphere 14 Suspended
particles/ smoke
15 Foul odors 16 Noise 17 Carbon oxide /
Hydrocarbon emissions
18 Sulfur oxide emissions
19 Nitrogen oxide emissions
Soil conservation 34 Organic matter content 35 pH 36 Phosphate 37 K exchangeable 38 Mg (& Ca) exchangeable 39 Potential acidity (Al + H) 40 Sum of cations 41 Cation Exchange Capacity 42 Volume of bases 43 Erosion
5 Management 58 Manager profile &
dedication 59 Commercialization
conditions 60 Residue recycling 61 Chemical inputs
management 62 Institutional
relationships
4 Sociocultural Values 44 Access education 45 Access basic services 46 Consumption stand. 47 Access sport leisure 48 Conservation legacy 49 Employment quality 50 Occupational safety 51 Qualif. employment
3 Economic Values
52 Establish profit 53 Divers. Sources 54 Profit distrib. 55 Indebtedness level 56 Establish value 57 Habitation quality
1 Landscape Ecology
1 Conservation state of natural habitats
2 Divers. & mangmt production areas
3 Divers. & mangmt confined activities
4 Minimum preserve area
5 Designated protection areas
6 Fauna corridors 7 Landscape diversity 8 Productive diversity 9 Reclamation degraded
areas 10 Sources endemic
disease vectors 11 Local extinction
endangrd species 12 Fire hazard 13 Geotechnical hazard
Runoff, Erosion
Rain
Wind, Evapot .
Sun
Geologic uplift
Fuels Goods
& Services
Tourism, Immigration
Markets
Farm system
Establishment
People
Environmental Systems Agriculture
Forestry
Water Soil
Livestock
Atmosphere
Runoff, Erosion
Rain
Wind, Evapot .
Sun
Geologic uplift
Fuels Goods
& Services
Tourism, Immigration
Markets
Farm system
Establishment
People
Environmental Systems Agriculture
Forestry
Water Soil
Livestock
Atmosphere
After H.T. Odum
A systemic, adequate and sufficient set of objective, quantitative indicators.
Each indicator is constructed considering its appropriate field measurement variable, and according to its properly designed utility correspondence table
and transformation functions (scale varying from 0 to 1, with environmental conformity set at 0,7)
for example, in the water quality dimension, the indicator ‘nitrate’ may represent increased pollution (0.36 – below the 0.7 level), but still keeping adequate quality (0.89, well above the 0.7 – considering the standard defined in legislation for class II waters)
Field survey and data gathering interview
Land uses, natural habitats, production areas and blueprint of the rural establishment
• Objective of the study: provide recommendations to farmers, in Environmental Management Reports
SUMÁRIO
RESUMO EXECUTIVO 2
RESUMO 7
INTRODUÇÃO 8
PROCEDIMENTOS E MÉTODOS 13
RESULTADOS 17
Apresentação do estabelecimento 17
Análise de desempenho ambiental 19
DISCUSSÃO 26
REFERÊNCIAS 28
• as a tool for integrated performance assessment and productive activity environmental management
APOIA-NovoRural : applications and case studies (n≈200) 1. Validation step: Environmental management of agrotourism, organic farming and fee fishing;
2. Territorial environmental management of agrotourism and organic farming – case studies in Itu (SP), Venda Nova (ES), Ibiúna (SP) and Frsc. Beltrão (PR)
3. Territorial environmental management of rural activities in the Mamanguape River (PB) Protection Area
4. Environmental assessment of Precision Agriculture in no-till grain production in the Rio Verde (GO) region
5. Environmental management of ostrich farming
6. Environmental management of rural establishments around the Caratinga Biological Preserve (MG) and ecological corridors for the endangered Brachyteles hypoxanthus
7. Environmental Impact Assessment in the “Proyecto Producción Responsable” – a National Rural Development Program in Uruguay
8. Integrated strawberry production and environmental management in family agriculture
9. Socio-environmental impact assessment of oleaginous crops for biodiesel production
10. Bioenergy and impacts on biodiversity (GEF 1.2.08.04)
11. Best management practices for aquaculture sustainability
Scope of analysis Case study References
1. Specific agricultural production system / activity
1.1 Family farming sustainability – horticulture, agro-tourism, fee-fishing
Rodrigues et al., 2003b; Rodrigues et al, 2006b
1.2 Integrated Fruit Production
Buschinelli et al., 2007; Calegario et al., 2009
1.3 Precision agriculture Rodrigues et al., 2008b
2. Agricultural productive sectors
2.1 Ostrich farming Rodrigues et al., 2007a; Rodrigues et al., 2008a
2.2 Oleaginous crops for biodiesel
Rodrigues et al., 2007b; Rodrigues et al., 2009b
3. Territorial environmental management
3.1 Organic agriculture and agro-tourism sustainable management
Rodrigues et al., 2006a
3.2 Rural activities in the Mamanguape Protection Area
Rodrigues et al., 2008c
3.3 Rural establishments around the Caratinga Biological Station
Lino et al., 2009
4. Countrywide rural development program
4.1 Integrated natural resources and biodiversity management project, Uruguay
Rodrigues and Moreira-Viñas, 2007a;b
Results of case studies (n= 177), showing the distribution of performance indices. Sustainability dimensions with higher correlations to the integrated indices, i.e., Landscape ecology (♦ - corr coef = 0.78) and Management and administration (■ – corr coef = 0.62) appear highlighted.
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00
Performance indices for assessment dimensions
Sust
aina
bilit
y in
dice
s
Step 2: The accessory APOIA-Aquaculture module
Accessory module
APOIA-Aquaculture
1. SPATIAL ORGANIZATION • General conditions of implementation • Characteristics of cage placement • Format and dimensions of the cages • Operational infrastructure and equipments
2. WATER QUALITY
3. SEDIMENT QUALITY
4. MANAGEMENT, NUTRITION AND SAFETY • Management and operations • Feeding practices • Safety • Fish harvest and product quality
Dimensions and criteria
Tabela de porcentagem de adequação da implantação
Adequado 1,0
Parcial 0,7
Inadequado 0,1
Índice de adequação dos tanques rede = (soma pi*k)IAViv
IAViv0 546,00
100 Coeficientes:200 a =300 b =375 c =450550 U-IAViv= 0,70575600
70
30
100
0,7
0,10,2
0,55,00E-02
-6,62E+019,21E+01
0,81
Indicadores -
Condições gerais de
implantação
Utilidade
0,4
Situ
ação
do
indi
cado
r
0,3
546,00
Fator de ponderação k
Averiguação
0
30 30
70 70 70
Dis
tânc
ia d
os
mer
cado
s /
Infr
aest
rutu
ra v
iária
Faci
lidad
e de
ace
sso
à ág
ua /
aos
tanq
ues
Prox
imid
ade
de
font
es p
olue
ntes
70
Exis
tênc
ia d
e co
nflit
os d
e us
os
múl
tiplo
s
Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade
30
Harris Model: y=1/(a+bx^c)
100100 100
Hid
rodi
nâm
ica
loca
l
30
70
30
Con
dicã
o de
abr
igo
100 100
0
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Índice de adequação da implantação
Util
idad
e
The criteria and indicators are integrated in multi-attribute weighting checklists, for expression of environmental performance indices, for each one of the indicators and for the production system
• For instance, in the SPATIAL ORGANIZATION dimension, indicators of the ‘General conditions of implementation criteria...
Montante Tanques Jusante6,2 3,1 5,1
Variação percentual de OD
-18 1. Modelo logístico: y=a/(1+b*exp(-cx))6,2 2. Modelo exponencial: y=a(1-exp(-bx))3,1 Coeficientes:5,1 a = 1,16
IOD1 IOD2 e 3 (*10) IOD4 (*10) Utilidade a = 0,97 b = 0,02-100 0 0 0 -17,7134 62 31 51 b = 0,39-50 5 10 0,2 c = 0,06 a= 0,962-20 10 20 0,4 b= 0,058-10 15 40 0,6 U-IOD-1= 0,47
0 30 60 0,8 U-IOD-2= 0,9450 80 80 0,9 U-IOD-3= 0,80
100 100 100 1 U-IOD-4= 0,74
Tabela de mg O2 L-1
Índice de O2 dissolvido 1=
1. Variação %
Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade
Oxigênio dissolvido
IOD2 - Qualidade montante =IOD1 - Variação % =
2. IOD4IOD4 - Qualidade jusante =IOD3 - Qualidade tanques =
2. IOD 2 e 3
0
1
-100 -50 0 50 100mg O2 L-1
(*10), variação percentual
Util
idad
e
Each indicator is formulated according to its field measurement variable and modeled after appropriate standards, always keeping
the general structure of the weighting checklists
For the indicators of environmental and natural resources quality, it is possible to calculate series of indices, relative to environmental impact (1), resource adequacy (2), the quality of management and efficacy of good practices (3), and the conformity with applicable environmental legislation (4).
Indicators in the ‘sediment quality’ dimension are formulated according to nutrient availability (and optimal levels for
aquaculture production) and changes in nutrient contents observed at the bottom, below the cages
Adjacente Fundo2 2
Variação percentual M.O. 0
40 1. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^22. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2
IMOsolo1 IMOsolo2 *20 Utilidade Coeficientes:
-100 0 0 0 40 a = 1,00 a = 0,0E+00-80 5 0,2 b = 0,00E+00 b = 4,1E-02-70 10 0,4 c = -1,00E-04 c = -4,2E-04-50 20 0,6
0 40 1 U-IMOsolo-1= 1,00 1,00
60 70 0,6 U-IMOsolo-2= 0,96 0,962
100 100 0
Tabela de Porcentagem de Matéria Orgânica
M.O.
Índice Matéria Orgânica 1IMOsolo-2 =
Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade
0
1
-100 -50 0 50 100Variação percentual MO solo
Util
idad
e
Pisciculture A Pisciculture B
Case study, P.Aq. Capitólio / Guapé, august 2012
P.Aq. Capitólio / Guapé, august 2012
Deficiencies (today corrected) were observed in practices relative to the ‘Management, Nutrition and Safety’ dimension
Tabela de porcentagem de adequação do arraçoamento
Adequado 1,0
Parcial 0,7
Inadequado 0,1
Índice de qualidade do arraçoamento = (soma pi*k)IQArr
IQArr0 420
100 Coeficientes:200 a =300 b =375 c =450550 U-IQArr= 0,38575600
100
1
Con
trol
e de
pr
edad
ores
e
com
petid
ores
100100 100
0,3
Harris Model: y=1/(a+bx^c)
100
5,00E-02-6,62E+01
100 100
100 100
Freq
uênc
ia e
hor
ário
de
arr
açoa
men
to
100
Perio
dici
dade
do
acom
panh
amen
to
biom
étric
o
Aju
ste
do ti
po d
a ra
ção
Con
trol
e da
qu
antid
ade
de ra
ção
e cá
lcul
o do
co
nsum
o
Den
sida
de
popu
laci
onal
420,00
Fator de ponderação k
Indicadores - Arraçoamento
Averiguação
Situ
ação
do
indi
cado
r
Utilidade0
0,1
0,4
Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade
9,21E+01
100 100
0,80,70,5
0,2
0
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Índice de adequação do arraçoamento
Util
idad
e
Adjacente Fundo2,7 6,3
Variação percentual M.O. 100100 1. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2
2. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2
IMOsolo1 IMOsolo2 *20 Utilidade Coeficientes:
-100 0 0 100 100 a = 1,00 a = 0,0E+00-80 5 0,2 b = 0,00E+00 b = 4,1E-02-70 10 0,4 c = -1,00E-04 c = -4,2E-04-50 20 0,6
0 40 1 U-IMOsolo-1= 0,00 0,00
60 70 0,6 U-IMOsolo-2= 0,00 -0,090
100 100 0
Tabela de Porcentagem de Matéria Orgânica
M.O.
Índice Matéria Orgânica 1IMOsolo-2 =
Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade
0
1
-100 -50 0 50 100Variação percentual MO solo
Util
idad
e
Adjacente Fundo350 570
Variação percentual P resina63
140 1. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2
IP res1= IP res2 Utilidade 2. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2
-100 1 0 62,85535 140 Coeficientes:-80 5 0,2 a = 1,00 a = 0,04-70 10 0,4 b = 0,00E+00 b = 0,03-50 20 0,6 c = -1,00E-04 c = -1,90E-04
0 40 160 100 0,6 U-IPres-1= 0,60 0,60
100 120 0 U-IPres-2= 0,10
Índice fósforo 1=
Tabela de mg/dm3 P
P resina
IP res2=
Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade
0
1
-100 -50 0 50 100 150g/cm3 P solo / variação percentual
Util
idad
e
Indicadores de Qualidade do sedimento
Matéria orgânica
pH
Fósforo
Potássio
MagnésioAcidez potencial
Soma bases
CTC
Saturação bases
Linha de base Índice de desempenho Índice de impacto
Whose cumulative consequences can be observed in the sediment quality
• Allowing an integrated view for the recommendation of practices and technologies for improvement of the productive and environmental performance, as well as PREPARATION for eco-certification initiatives.
• Promote the implementation of the ‘APOIA-Aquicultura’ module in rural establishments partnering on the project, as ‘demonstration units’ for the proposition of Environmental Management Reports and adoption of BMPs;
• Extend the methodological approach for the diversity of production systems and raised species, improving the quality of management practices recommendations;
• Based on this experience and according to the set of criteria and indicators in the system, formulate an Environmental Management and BMPs adoption Report, for Aquaculture in the studied territory (or region);
Perspectives and challenges
• Broaden the scope of the criteria and indicators, and adapt the methodological approach for application at the ‘Aquaculture Park’ scale, aiming at the collective environmental management and shared use of natural resources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - IICA / PROCISUR - Embrapa - Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura
Obrigado!
To the students, participants of case studies and other events, local agents, farmers / producers, and researchers who have offered their time and expertise to help and support the development of the presented environmental management approach and its applications.