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Best practice techniques forenvironmental radiological monitoring

Science Report – SC030308/SR

SCHO0407BMNL-E-P

ii Science Report Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring

The Environment Agency is the leading public bodyprotecting and improving the environment in England andWales.

It’s our job to make sure that air, land and water are lookedafter by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’sgenerations inherit a cleaner, healthier world.

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ISBN: 978-1-84432-746-1

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Further copies of this report are available from:The Environment Agency’s National Customer ContactCentre by emailing:[email protected] by telephoning 08708 506506.

Author:Leonard, K. S

Dissemination Status:Publicly available

Keywords:Radiological monitoring, Best Practice, Standards,Guidelines, Sample Collection,Sample Preparation.

Research Contractor:CefasPakefield RoadLowestoft SuffolkNR33 0HTTel: 0152 562244

Environment Agency’s Project Managers:Rob Allott, Jane Rowe and David Copplestone

Science Project Number:SC030308

Product Code:SCHO0407BMNL-E-P

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/

mailto:[email protected]

Science Report Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring iii

Science at theEnvironment AgencyScience underpins the work of the Environment Agency. It provides an up-to-dateunderstanding of the world about us and helps us to develop monitoring tools andtechniques to manage our environment as efficiently and effectively as possible.

The work of the Environment Agency’s Science Group is a key ingredient in thepartnership between research, policy and operations that enables the EnvironmentAgency to protect and restore our environment.

The science programme focuses on five main areas of activity:

• Setting the agenda, by identifying where strategic science can inform ourevidence-based policies, advisory and regulatory roles;

• Funding science, by supporting programmes, projects and people inresponse to long-term strategic needs, medium-term policy priorities andshorter-term operational requirements;

• Managing science, by ensuring that our programmes and projects are fitfor purpose and executed according to international scientific standards;

• Carrying out science, by undertaking research – either by contracting itout to research organisations and consultancies or by doing it ourselves;

• Delivering information, advice, tools and techniques, by makingappropriate products available to our policy and operations staff.

Steve Killeen

Head of Science

iv Science Report Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring

Executive summaryThe Environment Agency authorises the discharges of radioactive wastes as liquidsand/or gases from nuclear sites in England and Wales under the RadioactiveSubstances Act 1993. The Environment Agency requires the nuclear industry toundertake environmental radiological monitoring around its sites and, in addition, it hasresponsibility for undertaking its own programme as an independent check.

The aim of this project was to identify, and provide guidance on, best practicetechniques for these monitoring programmes. These techniques encompass theinstrumental monitoring of contamination and dose rates as well as the collection andpreparation of food, indicator and air/deposition samples. The criteria used in ourselection of techniques were that they should enable the monitoring programme to beefficient and cost-effective, and make use of the best available scientific methods.

The work carried out for this study included:

• reviewing the literature on guidance and standards on sample collectionprotocols and radiological monitoring of the environment;

• identifying best practice techniques for individual environmental media andmonitoring tasks;

• preparing guidance notes to implement these techniques.

The preparation of guidance notes was critically reviewed during a one-day workshopattended by a key group of experts involved in UK radiological monitoring. As well asenabling the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science and theEnvironment Agency to incorporate the views of these stakeholders, the workshophelped to disseminate the information arising from this project.

Guidance notes are listed in the tables contained in this report.

Science Report Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring v

Contents1 Introduction 1

2 Methods 32.1 Task 1 Literature Review 32.2 Tasks 2 and 3 Identify best practice and prepare guidance 32.3 Task 4 Workshop to review guidance 4

3. Results and observations 53.1 Task 1 Literature review 53.2 Tasks 2 and 3 Identify best practice and prepare guidance 73.3 Task 4 Workshop 8

4. Conclusions 9

5. Recommendations 10

References 11

List of abbreviations 13

Tables 14

Appendix A – Initial guidance for workshop 71

Appendix B – Note of Workshop 108

Science Report Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring 1

1 IntroductionThe Environment Agency authorises the discharge of radioactive wastes as liquidsand/or gases from nuclear sites in England and Wales under the RadioactiveSubstances Act 1993. The Environment Agency, therefore, requires the nuclearindustry to undertake environmental radiological monitoring around its sites to:

• assess the dose to the critical group and enable this dose to be compared to thedose limit for members of the public;

• understand the impact of discharges on the environment, such as identifyingmechanisms and locations where radionuclides re-concentrate, and monitor trendsof environmental impact;

• confirm the validity of reported discharges by comparing measured concentrationsto anticipated concentrations;

• confirm the validity of modelling of discharges.

The Environment Agency considers it necessary to place clear requirements onnuclear site operators as to the techniques that should be used to monitor theenvironment.

The Environment Agency is also responsible for undertaking its own programme ofenvironmental radiological monitoring around nuclear sites and at more remotelocations. This is used to provide an independent check on monitoring undertaken bynuclear operators around their sites, and to check on the impact of radioactive wastedischarges on the environment. The Department for Environment, Food and RuralAffairs (Defra) reports the results of the air, rain and drinking water monitoring ofremote locations to the EU under Article 36 of the Euratom treaty.

The goals of this project were to:

• identify the different techniques adopted for monitoring radioactivity in theenvironment;

• select the best methods to use in future programmes.

The criteria used to select the optimum techniques were to combine the best scientificmethods with efficient and cost-effective monitoring.

The specific aims of this project were to identify best practice techniques and provideguidance on their implementation for:

• contamination monitoring of beaches and coastal areas, where contamination maybe in the form of a few discrete particles or reasonably homogenous and widelydispersed;

• dose rate monitoring above coastal sediments, freshwater sediments and soil;• collection and preparation of marine or freshwater samples (such as sediment,

seawater, seaweed, fish and shellfish);• collection and preparation of terrestrial samples (soil, grass, milk, meat, vegetables,

fruit);• collection and preparation of air and deposition samples (such as ambient air,

passive shades, dry/wet/total deposition, road drain sediments, house dust).

This study was partly spurred by the recent submission of a questionnaire to MemberStates from the European Commission requesting information on radiologicalmonitoring of effluent and the environment around nuclear sites in relation to Article 35

Science Report Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring2

of the Euratom treaty. This study will thus assist the Environment Agency in itspreparations to link into the EC project.

The key audience for this report includes nuclear regulators and monitoring programmemanagers within the Environment Agency, nuclear industry and radiological monitoringcontractors. Other interested organisations include the Scottish EnvironmentalProtection Agency, the Health Protection Agency Radiation Protection Division(formerly the National Radiological Protection Board) and the Food Standards Agency.The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) also has adirect interest in this work because of its role in providing independent advice on allaspects of radiological protection. Cefas has recently submitted a tender to addressthe requirements of the European Commission for providing an overview of nationalenvironmental monitoring requirements and inspection activities with regards to nuclearinstallations by member states (Tender No. TREN/H4/47-2004). This study representsan essential next step in development of the Commission’s programme of verificationunder Article 35 of the Euratom Treaty.


2 MethodsIn order to identify best practice techniques, the work programme was divided into anumber of different tasks described below.

2.1 Task 1: Literature reviewReview the literature on guidance and standards on radiological monitoring andsampling of the environment

As agreed at the outset of this project, the review was divided into two subtasks:

1.1 A full literature search to obtain published literature on guidance and standardson radiological monitoring and sampling of the environment. The EnvironmentAgency also highlighted particular documents (in the tender) to be included in thereview.

1.2 For each reference source, an outline of the scope of the guidance and its statusprovided in a tabular format. Tables to cross-reference the literature sources toeach monitoring or sampling type. The sample types and environmental mediathat were considered are shown in Table 1.

2.2 Tasks 2 and 3: Identify best practice and prepareguidanceFollowing the completion of Task 1 and discussion at the subsequent progressmeeting, Tasks 2 and 3 were carried out concurrently to identify the best methods foreach of the sampling and monitoring types using the criteria below.

Identify best practice techniques for radiological monitoring and sampling of theenvironment

2.1 Identify and describe best practice techniques for monitoring, sample collection,sample storage, sample preservation and sample preparation for differentenvironmental media/sample types. Those, which should be included as aminimum, according to the tender specification are shown in Table 1. Potentiallymore than one technique for each environmental media/sample type wasidentified.

2.2 Particular attention to identifying novel techniques that could improve theefficiency of monitoring.

2.3 Where more than one suitable technique is found, provide an assessment of thecosts, risks and benefits of each option. Quantify the potential efficiency gain (inunit terms as necessary).

2.4 Consult with experts and practitioners where necessary to ensure that the mostsuitable techniques are identified. The Environment Agency provided a list ofsuitable persons to contact. This list was supplemented by the contractor’scontacts.


2.5 Prepare a report containing the outputs of Tasks 1 and 2 to provide the rationalefor the selection of best practice techniques.

Prepare guidance for environmental radiological monitoring

3.1 Use the results of Tasks 1 and 2 to prepare detailed guidance on implementingmonitoring/sampling techniques for different environmental media/sample types.

3.2 Produce this guidance report as a user-focused document giving clear step-by-step guidance on how to implement monitoring/sampling techniques.

2.3 Task 4: Workshop to review guidanceReview the guidance documents produced in earlier tasks in a one-day workshop. Atthe outset (with agreement of the Environment Agency), it was envisaged that theworkshop would allow a range of experts to scrutinise the findings and informationreported in the guidance tables. The workshop would therefore enable Cefas and theEnvironment Agency to incorporate the views of these stakeholders, and enable aconsensus of best practice techniques to be established for radiological monitoring andsampling in the environment.


3. Results and observations

3.1 Task 1: Literature reviewTask 1.1

A thorough literature review was undertaken to obtain published literature on guidanceand standards on radiological monitoring and sampling of the environment. At theoutset, the sample types and environmental media that were considered are shown inTable 1 for terrestrial and inter-tidal monitoring.

Three separate computer searches were carried out as listed below, along with areview of the published information provided by the Environment Agency:

• ASFA (Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts -http://www.csa.com/aboutcsa/company.php)

• DIALOGWEB (http://www.dialog.com/products/dialogweb/)• SCORPUS (http://www.utwente.nl/ub/)

A number of keywords for each of the sampling/monitoring types were used, applicableto the field of radioactivity. Each search produced a large number of references.Abstracts of all the individual references were reviewed for their applicability to theproject and full copies of the manuscripts were obtained for those consideredappropriate to this study. A few outstanding manuscripts on the Environment Agency’slist were also obtained (including documents in draft and international/national standarddocuments).

The vast majority of results from the literature search were not applicable to this projectfor the following reasons:

• a ‘matter of fact’ description without reference to other standards or guidelines;• location specific - a brief commentary, for example with respect to specific

waste disposal locations/studies in the USA;• a comparison of two or more techniques without a positive outcome;• a brief commentary for the purpose of the development of a radioanalytical

method;• a brief commentary for the purpose of research (an investigation of mechanistic

behaviour, spatial/temporal distributions and so on).

A good example is provided by the work of Isaksson (2002) who compared samplingmethods for pasture, soil and deposition for radioactivity emergency preparedness inNordic countries. The driver for this study was similar to that of the presentinvestigation, in that the Nordic countries have several different organisations andauthorities involved in sampling and measurements of radioactivity. It is thereforeimportant that their results are comparable and not influenced by differences in thesampling procedure. The 2002 study found that a range of methods was used tocollect herbage, soil, and deposition samples. For example, the height at which grasswas cut varied from one cm to five cm above the ground, whilst soil samples werecollected using a variety of corers to a range of depths. Unfortunately, the study wasunable to recommend a standard sampling procedure for all three materials. Instead, itwas concluded that although the methods used were variable, in the event of an


emergency the use of standardised methods might actually worsen the results,particularly if not previously implemented in routine programmes.

Communication with other laboratories, Institut de Radioprotection et de Suret Nuclaire(IRSN) (France) and Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland (RPII) (Ireland), whoundertake regular monitoring for their respective countries, suggests that in-housewritten procedures (not published) are based on past experience. There is noexpectation that either institution is likely to change their approach, either in the short ormedium term.

Task 1.2

Table 2 lists the results of the review of published literature for guidance and standardson radiological monitoring and sampling of the environment. A number of internationalstandard methods and guidelines have been added or updated from those provided bythe Environment Agency. Where the standard method/guideline does not relate toradioactivity but is applicable, this has been noted in the table for future reference.Standard methods/guidelines were obtained for the majority of sample/monitoringtypes. The sample/monitoring types lacking in references include contaminationmonitoring (C4), seaweed (C7), fish (C8) and shellfish (C9) for coastal environments.Only a generic reference is provided for agricultural food products (T7-T10 inclusive),although there is a wealth of international standard methods available for non-radioactive purposes.

An additional literature search was undertaken to assess whether further referencesnot specific to radioactivity might be applicable to the requirements of this project. Thefollowing sample/monitoring types were considered: fruit and vegetables (T7), meatand meat products (T8), game (T9), honey (T9), eggs (T9), cereal (T10), seaweed(C7), fish (C8) and shellfish (C9). A few references were found for fish (C8) andshellfish (C9), which could be used in the context of radioactivity. References forguidance on fruit and vegetables (T7), cereal (T10) and seaweed (C7) are also listed,although the information provided is not as comprehensive as for other sample types.References were not found for meat and meat products (T8), game, honey and eggs(T9). The outcome from this search was incorporated into Table 2. Codes for thedifferent sampling/monitoring types are provided in Table 1.

The references in Table 2 indicate that, despite a plethora of publications providingsampling and preparation information for the majority of sample types, specificguidance on some materials was not forthcoming (such as seaweed). Upon request bythe Environment Agency, the appropriate papers were reviewed to determine ifguidance could be extracted from the body of published information. The outcome ofthe review for seaweed sampling is given in the paragraph below. In summaryhowever, it was not possible to use this information to provide generic sampling andcollection details from these papers.

Recommended field sampling methods for seaweed has been published for appliedbiologists faced with the problem of measuring macrophyte response to environmentalchange (Raschke and Rusanowski, 1984). At present, however, there is no standardmethod or widely accepted protocol for the collection and preparation of seaweedtissue for use in biomonitoring studies (Gledhill et al., 1998), including radioactivity inthe marine environment. A series of problems have been identified (Phillips, 1994)including i) species identification; ii) availability of the same species throughout the yearat all sites; iii) variable bioaccumulation between individual species; iv) temporalvariations in growth rate, hence contaminant accumulation in old and young thallus; v)contamination from adherent particles. Although a large number of publicationsprovide data on contaminant accumulation in seaweeds, the applicability of the


information in deriving a standard protocol is often severely restricted and of localimportance only (see Ahn et al., 2004). The typical conclusion drawn from thesestudies is that the results suggest the potential utility of species x, y and z asbiomonitors for pollution monitoring in a particular area. Best practice to minimise thefirst four problems is to select common algal species that are easy to identify (such asFucus serratus or F. vesiculosis) and to collect non-reproductive tissue from similarsized plants at the same season and tidal level (Gledhill et al., 1998). For practicalreasons, it is impossible to restrict collection for a nationwide programme to just one oreven two species, as abundance varies significantly between sites and seasons inresponse to environmental conditions such as wave exposure and sedimentation (Díezet al., 2003) and stochastic history (Sapper and Murray, 2003). A systematic solutionto the fifth problem has yet to be widely accepted. Thus, individual laboratories adoptdifferent (often unpublished) procedures in an attempt to eliminate as many of variablesas possible, based on their past experience and local knowledge of conditions at thesampling sites.

3.2 Tasks 2 and 3: Identify best practice and prepareguidance

Critical evaluation of the references identified in the literature review revealed that:

• the majority of references are quite generic;• although they provide important background, the references do not offer

sufficient detail nor provide scientific validation (for example, by experimentalevidence) to enable step-by-step instruction to be cited in the style of astandard operating procedure (SOP);

• protocols were not necessarily developed or described for the specificobjectives required for this study.

Therefore, because of the lack of precise information for some sample/monitoringtypes, if the guidance was taken solely from one reference, then the outcome couldprovide information that might be:

• unrealistic for all sampling situations for any given sample/monitoring type andobjective;

• potentially contradictory to currently undertaken protocols for thesample/monitoring types and objectives required;

• indefensible or unacceptable to the wider scientific community.

In response to these observations, with the agreement of the Environment Agency theinitial approach for this project was adapted to produce sufficiently detailed informationbased on expert knowledge and interpretation of the available information. In essence,this involved preparing detailed information for each sampling or monitoring type tobest summarise the techniques, by highlighting the important aspects of sampling andpreparation methods.

Inevitably, some sampling and collection procedures may depend upon therequirement of specific types of radiometric/radiochemical analysis. For example, themeasurement of organically bound tritium (OBT) generally requires a lower oventemperature (less than 600 C) to dry the sample, to minimise the loss of volatilecomponents. It is therefore assumed that, for the purpose of the information providedhere (unless otherwise stated), the descriptions refer to standardradiometric/radiochemistry analyses (such as gamma spectrometry).


Having taken this deviation in approach, initial guidance was produced on each of thesampling/monitoring types for open discussion between Cefas and the EnvironmentAgency. Recommendations were discussed and information shared by email betweenthe two organisations over a series of weeks. Following a number of revisions, a draftguidance document was produced for review by the workshop participants who couldappraise for accuracy, appropriateness, omissions and so on, and from which a finaldocument could be produced.

The potential costs, together with the risks/weaknesses and benefits/strengths ofalternative monitoring methods were identified, where these approaches were distinctlydifferent (for example, in situ gamma spectrometry compared to sediment and soilcoring). A workshop draft was prepared for critical evaluation and is provided in TableA1 in Appendix A.

A summary of the workshop draft on best practice monitoring guidance is given inTable A2 in Appendix A for terrestrial and inter-tidal monitoring. For the purpose of theworkshop, the techniques were subdivided into three groups (terrestrial non-foodsample, terrestrial food sample and inter-tidal sample).

3.3 Task 4: WorkshopA full report of the workshop, held at Defra, Ashdown House on 8th February 2006, isprovided in Appendix B.

The workshop was well attended by a variety of experts, including the nuclear industry,regulators, monitoring contractors and other users. Their suggestions and commentswere wide-ranging and extremely useful. The comments were captured and, as far aspossible, have been recorded in the notes of the workshop report. Participants’willingness to support the event and their contribution is acknowledged with thanks.We would also like to acknowledge the support of Defra and their staff in hosting theworkshop.


4. ConclusionsThe final outcome of this project, an analysis of alternative techniques and bestpractice environmental monitoring guidance, is given in Tables 3 and 4. Health andsafety considerations have not been included in the final guidance provided.

The importance of defining sampling and monitoring objectives was acknowledged atthe workshop. The final outcome thus includes more defined objectives than theprevious workshop draft and the guidance has been updated to reflect these changes.

A wide range of opinions was expressed at the workshop and, as far as possible, thesehave been taken in to account in the final version of the guidance.

Given that different judgements are inherent in this type of work, it is acknowledgedthat the term ‘best practice’ may not be universally appropriate. Nevertheless, thisreport represents the collective opinions of those who have been involved in theprocess.


5. RecommendationsAlthough guidance was successfully produced for most sample types, some issueswere not fully resolved. If possible, the following issues should be considered further:

1. Health and safety considerations have not been included in the final guidance inthis report. However, it is recognised that all aspects of sampling and monitoringshould take health and safety into account to maintain appropriate workingconditions, equipment and systems of work for all personnel. As well as generalhealth and safety issues concerning field studies, it will be necessary to considerprocedures that have a defined risk (such as handling of sewage material) and toprovide specific risk assessments (and training) for these procedures.

2. Procedures should be defined for the appropriate action to be taken if a ‘hotparticle’ is found. These will need to address health and safety requirements, butalso the responsibility for custody and detailed analytical requirements.

3. The representative sample performance should be defined to indicate theappropriate number of samples to be taken (for example, sampling uncertainty tobe less than 50 per cent).

4. The representative sub-sample performance should be defined to indicate theappropriate number of sub-samples to be taken (for example, sub-samplinguncertainty to be less than 10 per cent).

5. The representative batch sample performance should be defined to indicate theappropriateness of batch, or individual samples, used for analysis.

6. There is a requirement to define performance criteria for dose rate andcontamination monitoring instruments, including defined detection limits.

7. There is a requirement to define a performance criterion for the uncertainty in themeasurement of airflow for High/Medium Volume Air Sampling (HVAS/MVAS).


ReferencesIn the main report:

Ahn, I.Y., Choi, H.J., Ji, J., Chung, H. and Kim, J.H., 2004. Metal concentrations insome brown seaweeds from Kongsfjorden on Spitsbergen, Svalbard Islands. Oceanand Polar Research, 26 (2), 121-132.

Diez, I., Santolaria, A., Gorostiaga, J.M., 2003. The relationship of environmentalfactors to the structure and distribution of sub-tidal seaweed vegetation of the westernBasque coast (N Spain). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 56 (5-6), 1041-1054.

Gledhill, M., Brown, M.T., Nimmo, M., Moate, R. and Hill, S.J., 1998. Comparison oftechniques for the removal of particulate material from seaweed tissue. MarineEnvironmental Research, 45 (3), 295-307.

Isaksson, M., 2002. Sampling methods for pasture, soil and deposition for radioactivityemergency preparedness in the Nordic countries. Boreal Environment Research, 7,113-120.

Phillips, D.J.H., 1994. Macrophytes as biomonitors of trace metals. In: Kramer, K.J.M.(Editor). Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries, CRC Press, Florida.

Raschke, R.L. and Rusanowski, P.C., 1984. Aquatic macrophyton field collectionmethods and laboratory analyses. In: W.M. Dennis and W.G. Isom (eds.). Ecologicalassessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. American Societyfor Testing and Materials Special Publication 843. Philadelphia, PA.16-27.

Sapper, S.A. and Murray, S.N., 2003. Variation in structure of the sub-canopyassemblage associated with southern California populations of the inter-tidal rockweedSilvetia compressa (Fucales). Pacific Science, 57 (4), 433-462.

In Table 4:

1. Environment Agency work instruction protocol for groundwater quality sampling(ES006), Environment Agency Management System (AMS) 275_04 ES006.

2. Guidance on the monitoring of landfill, leachate groundwater and surface water,R&D project HOCO_232.

3. ISO 5667 Part 11, Water quality sampling – Guidance on sampling groundwaters.

4. ISO 5667 Part 18, Water quality sampling – Guidance on sampling groundwaterfrom contaminated sites.

5. Methodology for monitoring and sampling groundwater, National Rivers AuthorityR&D Note 126.

6. Technical guidance note (Monitoring) M5: Routine measurement of gamma airkerma rate in the environment. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), 1995.


7. Daish, S.R., Dale A.A., Dale, C.J., May, R. and Rowe, J.E., 2005. The temporalvariations of 7Be, 210Pb and 210Po in air in England. Journal of EnvironmentalRadioactivity, 84, 457-467.

8. Mudge, S.M., Assinder, D.J. and Russell, A.T. Meso-scale variation ofradionuclides in sediments and implications for sampling. R&D Technical Report(P3-093/TR) and Project Record (P3-0937/TR). (In draft).

9. Wood, M.D., Copplestone, D. and Crook, P. UK soil and herbage pollutant surveyUKSHS Report 2: Chemical and radiometric sample collection methods. R&DTechnical Report (P3-083). (In draft)

10. Copplestone, D., Wood, M.D., Tyler, A. and Crook, P. UK soil and herbagepollutant survey UKSHS Report 4: Soil property and radiometric analyticalmethods. R&D Technical Report (P3-083) (In draft).

11. Mudge, S.M., Assinder, D.J. and Russell, A.T., 2001. Micro-scale variability incontaminants in surface sediments. R&D Technical Report (P3-057/TR) andProject Record (P3-057/TR). Environment Agency December 2001.

12. Baker, A.C., Darwin, C.J., Jefferies, N.L., Towler, P.A. and Wade, D.L., 2000.Best practice guidance for site characterisation. A report from the SafeguardsLearning Network. Managing contaminated land on nuclear licensed anddefence sites. The Construction Industry Research & Information Association(CIRIA) Publication W001.01.

13. Radon in water sampling program. Environmental Protection Agency/EasternEnvironmental Radiation Facility (EPA/EERF)-Manual-78-1 (1978).

14. Special issue of Journal of Radiological Protection. Conference proceedings,Managing historic hot particle liabilities in the marine environment 2, Nairn,Scotland. 30th August to 31st August 2005. (In preparation).

15. An international comparison of airborne and ground-based gamma rayspectrometry. Results of the ECCOMAGS 2002 Exercise, 24th May to 4th June2002, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland (Eds: D.C.W. Sanderson et al,), ScottishUniversities Environment Research Centre, ISBN 0 85261 783 6 (2003).


List of abbreviations

APS: Air passive shadesAWE: Atomic Weapons EstablishmentBGS: British Geological SurveyBNGSL: British Nuclear Group Sellafield LtdCEAR: Canadian Environmental Assessment RegistryCEFAS: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture ScienceCEH: Centre for Ecology and HydrologyDQO: Data quality objectiveDefra: Department for Environment, Food and Rural AffairsEC: European CommissionEA: Environment AgencyEC: European CommissionEU: European UnionEuratom: European Atomic Energy CommunityFSA: Food Standards AgencyH2O2: Hydrogen peroxideHPA: Health Protection AgencyHVAS/MVAS: High Volume Air Sampling/Medium Volume Air SamplingIAEA: International Atomic Energy AgencyIRSN: Institut de Radioprotection et de Suret NuclaireLGC: Laboratory of the Government ChemistMARLAP: Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical ProtocolsNIRAS: NNC Independent Radiation Assessment ServicesNPL: National Physical LaboratoryR&D: Research and developmentRPII: Radiological Protection Institute of IrelandSEPA: Scottish Environment Protection AgencySUERC: Scottish Universities Environmental Research CentreTLD: Thermoluminescent dosimeterUS EPA: United States Environmental Protection AgencyUS MARSSIM: United States Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site

Investigation Manual


TablesTable 1: Sample/monitoring types

Environment Sample/monitoring type Sample/monitoringtype code

Terrestrial dose rate monitoring T1Air passive shades and HVAS/MVAS T2Wet, dry, total deposition T3Grass/herbage T4Soil T5Milk T6Fruit and vegetables T7Meat and products T8Eggs, honey and game T9Cereal T10Freshwater (surface) T11Groundwater T12Drinking water T13Freshwater sediments T14Leachate T15Sewage/sludges T16Road drain sediments T17Contaminated land T18Wildlife T19Aerial gamma surveys T20

Terrestrial

Waste water T21Estuary/coastal dose rate monitoring C1Estuary/coastal contamination monitoring – generalcontamination

C2

Estuary/coastal contamination monitoring – smallparticles

C3

Contamination monitoring – fishing gear and so on C4Seawater C5Estuary/coastal sediments C6Seaweed C7Fish C8

Inter-tidal

Shellfish (mollusc/crustacean) C9


Table 2: Guidance and standards for radiological monitoring and sampling ofthe environment

Reference source Summary Status Sampling /monitoringtype (codesgiven inTable 1)

Notes

Measurement of radioactivityin the environment. Soil - Part1. General guide anddefinitions. BS ISO18589-1:2005(E)

Contains general requirements(guidelines, definitions, includingsampling) for radio-assay on soilsamples.

Standard(International)

T5 Recentupdate ofISO 18589-1,BS18589beingupdated.

Measurement of radioactivityin the environment. Soil - Part2. Method for the selection ofsampling strategy, samplingand pre-treatment of samples.ISO/DIS 18589-2 (inpreparation)

Contains information on differentapproaches or samplingstrategies, ensuring sample isrepresentative of soil type.Includes information on storageand pre-treatment to ensurephysical-chemical characteristicsare constant over time.


T5 Documentunderpreparation.

Soil quality. Sampling - Part 1.Guidance on design ofsampling programmes. BSISO10381-1:2002

Contains general principles to beapplied in the design of samplingprogrammes for the purpose ofcharacterising and controlling soilquality and identifying sources andeffects of contamination of soil andrelated material.


T5, T12 BSISO18381 notspecific toradioactivity

Soil quality. Sampling - Part 2.Guidance on samplingtechniques. BSISO10381-2:2002

Contains guidance on techniquesfor taking and storing soil samples.Provides information on typicalequipment to enable specificsampling procedures to be carriedout and representative samples tobe collected. Guidance is given foruse to enable both disturbed andundisturbed samples to be takenat different depths.


T5, T12

Soil quality. Sampling - Part 3.Guidance on safety. BSISO10381-3:2001

Contains information on personalprotection, protection of buildingsand installations, and protection ofthe environment.


T5

Soil quality. Sampling - Part 4.Guidance on the procedure forinvestigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sitesISO 10381-4:2003

Contains information on thesampling of soils from areas usedfor agriculture, horticulture andspecial crop-cultivation. It sets outappropriate strategies for thedesign of sampling programmes,field procedures and subsequenttreatment of samples for transportand storage prior to sample pre-treatment (such as drying, milling).


T5



Notes

Soil quality. Sampling - Part 5.Guidance on the procedure forthe investigation of urban andindustrial sites with regard tosoil contamination. ISO 10381-5:2005

Provides guidance on theprocedure for the investigation ofurban and industrial sites, whereeither it is known that soilcontamination is present, or thepresence of soil contamination issuspected. It is used to establishthe contamination status of a site,or to establish the environmentalquality of a site for other purposes.


T5, T18

Soil quality. Pre-treatment ofsamples by freeze-drying forsubsequent analysis. ISO16720:2005

Specifies a method for pre-treatment of soil samples byfreeze-drying for subsequentanalysis. It is applicable to soilsamples for subsequentdetermination of elementsrecognised as non-volatile underfreeze-drying conditions, and canalso be applied to samples fromother sediments.


T5, T14,T16, T17, C6

Milk and milk products.Guidance on sampling. BSISO 707:1977

Provides guidance on methods ofsampling milk and milk products.Includes information on samplingequipment and preservation,storage and transport of samples.


T6 BS ISObeingupdated - notspecific toradioactivity

Water quality sampling - Part1. Guidance on design ofsampling programmes.BS6068-6.1:1981, ISO5667-1:1980, BSEN25667-1:1994

Sets out the general principles tobe applied for the purposes ofquality control, qualitycharacterisation, and identificationof sources of pollution of water,including bottom deposits andsludges.


T11, T12,T13, T15, C5

BS6068-6.1;1981ISO5667-1:1980 beingupdated

Water quality sampling - Part2: Guidance on samplingtechniques. BS6068-6.2:1991,ISO5667-2:1991,BSEN25667-2:1993

Provides guidance for techniquesused to obtain the data necessaryto make analyses for the purposesof quality control, qualitycharacterisation and identificationof sources of pollution of waters.


T11, T12,T13, T15, C5

Does notincludedetailedinstructionsfor specificsamplingsituations



Notes

Water quality sampling - Part3: Guidance on thepreservation and handling ofwater samples. BS6068-6.3:2003, ISO 5667-3:2003BSENISO5667-3: 2003

Provides general guidelines on theprecautions to be taken topreserve and transport all watersamples including those forbiological analyses, but not thoseintended for microbiologicalanalysis. These guidelines areparticularly appropriate when spotor composite samples cannot beanalysed on-site and have to betransported to a laboratory foranalysis.


T11, T12,T13, T15, C5

Providesdetailedinstructionsfor specificdeterminands

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.4.Guidance on sampling fromlakes, natural and man-made.BS6068-6.4: 1987, ISO5667-4: 1987

Presents detailed principles to beapplied to the design ofprogrammes, techniques and thehandling and preservation ofsamples of water. The mainobjectives are measurements ofquality characterisation, of qualitycontrol and for specific reasons(specific phenomena such as fishmortality). Microbiologicalexaminations are not included.


T11

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.5.Guidance on samplingdrinking water and water usedfor food and beverageprocessing. BS6068-6.5:1991, ISO5667-5: 1991

Provides guidance on design ofsampling programmes, samplingtechniques and the handling andpreservation of samples. Includesthe sampling of water in atreatment plant and the distributionsystem.


T13 BS6068-6.5:1991,ISO5667-5:1991 beingupdated

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.6.Guidance on sampling ofrivers and streams. BS6068-6.6: 1991, ISO5667-6: 1990

Sets out the principles to beapplied to the design of samplingprogrammes, sampling techniquesand the handling of water samplesfrom rivers and streams forphysical and chemicalassessment.


T11 BS6068-6.6:1991,ISO5667-6:1990 beingupdated



Notes

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.8.Guidance on sampling wetdeposition. BS6068-6.8: 1993,ISO5667-8: 1993

Provides guidance on the designof sampling programmes and thechoice of instrumentation andtechniques for the sampling of thequality (main components) of wetdeposition. Does not covermeasurement of the quantity ofrain, dry deposition or other typesof wet deposition such as mist, fogand cloud waters. The mainobjectives are control of localemissions and assessment of longrange transport of airbornepollutants.


T3

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.9.Guidance on sampling ofmarine waters. BS6068-6.9:1993, ISO5667-9: 1992

Provides guidance on theprinciples to be applied to thedesign of sampling programmes,sampling techniques and thehandling and preservation ofsamples of sea water from tidalwaters.


C5

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.10.Guidance on sampling ofwaste waters. BS6068-6.10:1993, ISO5667-10: 1992

Contains details on the samplingof domestic and industrialwastewater, the design ofsampling programmes andtechniques for collection ofsamples including safety aspects.Covers waste water in all itsforms. Sampling of accidentalspillages is not included, althoughthe methods described in certaincases may also be applicable tospillages.


T21

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.11.Guidance on sampling ofground waters. BS6068-6.11:1993, ISO5667-11: 1993

Provides guidance on the designof sampling programmes,sampling techniques and thehandling of water samples takenfrom groundwater for physical,chemical and microbiologicalassessment. The general purposeof sampling programmes forgroundwaters is to survey thequality of groundwater supplies, todetect and assess groundwaterpollution, to assist in groundwaterresource management, and othermore detailed objectives.


T12



Notes

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.12.Guidance on sampling ofbottom sediments. BS6068-6.12: 1996, ISO5667-12:1995

Provides guidance on thesampling of sediments from rivers,streams, lakes and similarstanding waters and estuaries.Sampling of industrial and sewagework sludges and oceansediments are excluded.


T14

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.13.Guidance on sampling ofsludges from sewage andwaste water treatment plants.BS6068-6.13: 1998, ISO5667-13:1998

Provides guidance on sampling ofsludges from sewage and watertreatment works and industrialprocesses. It is applicable to alltypes of sludge.


T16

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.14.Guidance on qualityassurance of environmentalwater sampling and handling.BS6068-6.14: 1998, ISO5667-14: 1998

Provides guidance on theselection and use of variousquality assurance techniquesrelated to the manual sampling ofsurface, potable, waste, marineand ground waters.


T11, T12,T13, C5

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.15.Guidance on the preservationand handling of sludge andsediment samples. BS6068-6.15: 1999, ISO5667-15:1999

Provides guidance on preservationand handling of sludge andsediment samples.


T14, T16 BS6068-6.15: 1999,ISO5667-15:1999beingupdated

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.17.Guidance on sampling ofsuspended sediments.BS6068-6.17: 2000, ISO5667-17:2000

Provides guidance that isapplicable to the sampling ofsuspended solids for the purposeof monitoring freshwater andparticularly flowing freshwatersystems (rivers and streams).Certain elements may beapplicable to freshwater lakes andreservoirs.


T14 BS6068-6.17: 2000,ISO5667-17:2000beingupdated

Water quality sampling - Part6: Sampling. Section 6.18.Guidance on sampling ofgroundwater at contaminatedsites. BS6068-6.18: 2001,ISO5667-18:2001

Provides guidance on thesampling of groundwater atpotentially contaminated sites. It isapplicable where contamination ofthe subsurface could exist as aresult of downward migration ofcontaminants.


T12



Notes

Water quality sampling - Part19: Guidance on sampling ofmarine sediments. BS EN ISO5667-19:2004, BS 6068-6.19:2004

Provides guidance for thesampling of sediments in marineareas for analysis of their physicaland chemical properties formonitoring purposes andenvironmental assessments. Itencompasses sampling strategy,requirements for samplingdevices, observations made andinformation obtained duringsampling, handling, and packagingand storage of sediment samples.


C6

Agricultural food products -Layout for a standard methodof sampling from a lot. ISO7002:1986

General rules for drafting standardmethods; they cannot be used forsampling products. Rules fordrafting individual aspects, suchas title, introduction, scope, field ofapplication, references, definitions,principles, administrativearrangements, samplingequipment, procedures, packing,sealing and marking, precautionsduring storage and transportationof samples, sampling report.


T7, T8, T9,T10

Foodproducts ingeneral

Investigation of potentiallycontaminated sites. Code ofpractice. BS10175: 2001

Provides guidance on, andrecommendations for, theinvestigation of potentiallycontaminated land to determine ormanage risks. It includes settingobjectives of an investigation,setting a strategy, and designingthe different phases for theinvestigation, sampling and on-sitetesting, laboratory analysis andreporting.

Standard(British)

T18

Technical guidance note(Monitoring) M5: Routinemeasurement of gamma airkerma rate in the environment.HMSO, 1995.

Provides guidance on the routinemeasurement of gamma ray airkerma in the environment. Itincludes protocol for themeasurement, interpretation andreporting of measurements.Techniques, instruments andcalibration facilities are reviewed.

Guidance T1,C1



Notes

Environmental monitoringstrategy - Ambient air M8.Environment Agency, 2000

Provides guidance on developingmonitoring strategies forassessing levels of pollutants inthe ambient atmosphere. Initialconsideration is given toidentifying the aims of an ambientair quality monitoring study andthe importance of developing amonitoring strategy to ensurethese objectives are met.

Guidance T2 Not specifictoradioactivity

Monitoring methods forambient air M9. EnvironmentAgency, 2000

Provides guidance on themonitoring methods available forassessing levels of pollutants inthe ambient atmosphere. Initialconsideration is given to theregulatory framework and toidentifying the aims of an ambientair quality monitoring study. Thedifferent generic sampling andanalysis techniques used inambient air quality monitoring arereviewed, before focusing on thedifferent methods available foreach pollutant (includingparticulate pollutants and gaseouspollutants).


Monitoring of radioactiverelease to atmosphere fromnuclear facilities M11.Environment Agency, 1999

Provides guidance on themonitoring of radioactive releasesto atmosphere from nuclearfacilities. The equipment used formonitoring and the way theequipment is used is described.

Guidance T2

Monitoring of radioactivereleases to water from nuclearfacilities M12. EnvironmentAgency, 1999

Provides guidance on themonitoring of radioactive releasesto water from nuclear facilities.The equipment used formonitoring and the way theequipment is used is described.

Guidance T21

Monitoring of particulatematter in ambient air aroundwaste facilities M17.Environment Agency, 2004

Provides information on themonitoring methods andtechniques available forquantitatively assessing levels ofparticulate matter in ambient airaround waste facilities.


Monitoring of discharges towater and sewage M18.Environment Agency, 2004

Provides guidance to monitoringcontractors, industry and otherparties interested in the monitoringof discharges to water




Notes

A review of methods forsampling large airborneparticles and associatedradioactivity. K.W. Nicholson &J.A. Garland,DOE/RW/90/016. Jan 1990

Provides a review of techniques tomeasure and assess thedispersion of airborneradionuclides in ambient air.

Guidance T2

Techniques for measuringairborne radionuclides:Current practice and researchrequirements in the UK.DETR/RADREM/97.001.

Provides a review of techniques tomeasure and assess thedispersion of airborneradionuclides in ambient air,including methods for continuousmonitoring and occasionalmeasurement.

Guidance T2

Evaluation of standards for thesampling, preparation andmeasurement of radioactivitylevels in soils. Ken Nicholson,AEA Technology Issue 2,October 2002.

Provides information from EUMember States on their soilsampling techniques and providesrecommendations forstandardisation of techniquesused for sampling, preparationand measurement of radioactivityin soils.

Guidance T5

National sampling proceduresmanual volume 025. Qualitymanagement system forenvironmental sampling. J.Adam. Environment Agency,April 1998

Provides recommendedprocedures for sampling and workinstructions in the field fordischarge and environmentalsamples.

Guidance T14, T15

Technical support material forthe regulation of radioactivelycontaminated land. Entec UKLtd and NRPB. R&D TechnicalReport P307. EnvironmentAgency, Bristol, 1999.

Provides a review of field andlaboratory methods, consideringboth direct monitoring andconventional sampling (andanalysis) for other methods.

Guidance T18

UK soil and herbage pollutantssurvey UKSHS Report 2:Chemical and radiometricsample collection methods.R&D Technical Report (P3-083). Wood, M.D.,Copplestone, D. and Crook, P.(draft)

Provides protocols for thecollection of soil and herbagesamples for soil property, chemicaland radiometric analysis

Guidance T1, T4, T5

UK soil and herbage pollutantssurvey UKSHS Report 4: Soilproperty and radiometricanalytical methods. R&DTechnical Report (P3-083)Copplestone, D., Wood, M.D.,Tyler, A. and Crook, P. (draft)

Provides details for the soilproperty and radiometric analyticalmethods, both field and laboratory,including air kerma, in situ gammaspectrometry and laboratorygamma spectrometry.

Guidance T1, T4, T5

R&D Technical Report (P3-057/TR) and Project Record(P3-057/TR). Micro-scalevariability in contaminants insurface sediments. S.M.Mudge, D.J. Assinder and A.T.Russell. Environment Agency,December 2001

This study has determined themagnitude of variability at themicro-scale (1m x 1m) insediments, and hence provides arobust protocol for samplingestuarine sediments.

Guidance C6



Notes

Environment Agency R&DTechnical Report (P3-093/TR)and Project Record (P3-0937/TR). Meso-scalevariation of radionuclides insediments and implications forsampling. S.M. Mudge, D.J.Assinder and A.T. Russell.

This study has establishednormalised procedures, andproduced sampling protocols, thatreduce the variability incontaminant concentrations due toa number of environmentalfactors.

Guidance C6

Landfill engineering: Leachatedrainage, collection andextraction systems. R&DTechnical Report (P1-379/TR).Environment Agency, Bristol,2002.

A literature search undertaken toassess and summarise the bestpractice for landfill leachate,collection and extraction systems.


The microbiology of sewagesludge. Part 2: Practices andprocedures for sampling andsample preparation.Environment Agency 2003

Provides issues relevant to thesampling of sewage sludge formicrobiological analysis. Generalprinciples of sampling apply toother determinands.


General principles forsampling airborne radioactivematerials. BS5243:1975, ISO2889:1975

Provides general principle toobtaining representative samplesof airborne radioactive materialsfor gas and particle sampling.


T2, BS & ISO donot conflict

Monitoring of radioactivesubstances in ambient airaround nuclear licensed sites:monitoring protocol. K.W.Nicholson and A. Collings.Draft 2, 2 May 2004,Environment Agency (in draft)

Provides a practical approach forthe installation of air samplers forthe collection and assessment ofaerosol-borne radionuclidesresulting from atmosphericreleases.

Guidance T2

European calibration and co-ordination of mobile andairborne gamma spectrometry(ECCOMAGS)

The project aims to demonstratethe traceability of airborne gammaspectrometry to internationalstandards in addition to increasingthe accuracy and awareness ofthe technique.

Guidance T20

Special issue onenvironmental radiometrics.Journal of EnvironmentalRadioactivity, 53 (2001)

Contains a series of paperscovering a range of topics,including problems withcontinental scale mapping, casestudies of base line studies andcontaminated sites, and thedevelopment of seabedspectrometry.

Guidance T20, C2

Review of the procedurescurrently used for themonitoring of Sandside Bay.M.J. Youngman and G.Etherington. NRPB-DA/3/2003, April 2003

Provides a review of theprocedures used for monitoring ofSandside beach adjacent to theDounreay nuclear research facilityat Caithness has been conducted.This monitoring was carried out todetect particles of irradiated fuel.

Guidance C3



Notes

Guidance on the choice, useand maintenance of hand-heldradiation monitoringequipment. P.H. Burgess.NRPB-R326 May 2001

Report designed to assist users tochoose appropriate radiationmonitoring equipment (does rateand contamination monitoring).Provides guidance on surveyingtechniques and instrumentationmaintenance.

Guidance

The development of field-based measurement methodsfor radioactive falloutassessment (2002). HealthPhysics, 82, 5, pages 609-625. K.M. Miller and R.J.Larsen.

Provides an overview of thedevelopment of field equipment,instrument systems, and methodsof analyses that were used toassess the impact of radioactivefallout from atmospheric weaponstests. Developments includefallout collection and aerialmeasurement systems.

Guidance T1, T3

Compliance monitoring forremediated sites. Chapter 4.IAEA-TECDOC-1118, October1999

Includes an overview of monitoringtechniques (measurements andsampling).

Guidance T1

Collection and preparation ofbottom sediment samples foranalysis of radionuclides andtrace elements. IAEA-TECDOC-1360, July 2003

Provides information on themethods for collecting sediments,the equipment used, and thesample preparation techniques forradionuclide and trace metals.

Guidance T14, C6

Soil sampling forenvironmental contaminants.IAEA-TECDOC-1415, October2004

A review to evaluate existingtechniques with regard to theirpracticability, reliability andapplicability to different purposes.

Guidance T5

Cereals and pulses -Determination of hidden insectinfestation - Part 2: Sampling.ISO 6639-2:1986

Shows general principles,apparatus, sampling times andplaces, pre-sampling inspectionand identification of lots, samplingof bilk grain, sampling of grain inbags, preparation of laboratorysample, and packing, labelling anddispatch of laboratory samples.

Standard T10 underdevelopment(ISO/AWI6639-2) notspecific toradioactivity

Comparison of techniques forthe removal of particulatematerial from seaweed tissue(1998). Marine EnvironmentalResearch, 45, 295-301.Gledhill M., Brown M.T.,Nimmo M., Moate R. and HillS.J.

Illustrates the requirement forstandard methods for sampling(and analysis) seaweed tissue.

Guidance C7 not specifictoradioactivity

Sample preparation (cleaning,drying, and homogenisationfor trace element analysis inplant matrices (1995). Scienceof the Total Environment, 176,45-61. B. Markert

The paper describes theapproaches to cleaning, dryingand grinding of plant matrices.

Guidance T7, T10 Not specifictoradioactivity



Notes

Guide for the control ofmolluscan shellfish. USNational Shellfish SanitationProgramme US FDA/CFSAN& ISSC - NSSP 2003

Provides guidance on the growingand processing of molluscanshellfish for human consumption.

Guidance C9 Not specifictoradioactivity

EU good practice guide on themicrobiological monitoring ofshellfish harvesting areas (indraft)

Provides guidance on thecollection and processing ofmolluscan shellfish for humanconsumption.

Guidance C9 Draft notavailable(expected2006) - notspecific toradioactivity

Guidance for assessingchemical contaminant data infish. Volume 1: Fish samplingand analysis. EPA 823-B-00-007, November 2000

Provides extensive guidance onthe methods for sampling andanalysing contaminants in fish andshellfish.

Guidance C8, C9 Not specifictoradioactivity

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

27

Tabl

e 3a

:Su

mm

ary

of c

osts

, ris

ks/w

eakn

esse

s an

d be

nefit

s/st

reng

ths

of a

ltern

ativ

e ap

proa

ches

- In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isks

/Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/Str

engt

hs

Sur

vey

by fo

ot•

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eep

dete

ctor

(e.g

. Gei

ger -

Mul

ler d

etec

tor,

NaI

(Tl)

for

gam

ma

emitt

ers,

larg

e ar

easc

intil

latio

n or

pro

porti

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dete

ctor

for b

eta

emitt

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.•

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tine

mai

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and

calib

ratio

n.•

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airs

.•

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.•

Rap

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ualit

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of 'h

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ap d

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.•

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blis

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met

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.

Sur

vey

by v

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Mob

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such

as

NaI

(Tl)

for g

amm

a so

urce

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tach

men

t mou

nts/

brac

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for v

ehic

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outin

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aint

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libra

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epai

rs(in

stru

men

ts/v

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.•

Hire

/pur

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veh

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s.•

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d st

aff t

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• Fa

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of d

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and

vehi

cles

.•

Inab

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of v

ehic

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trav

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diffi

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terra

in.

• E

ffect

ive

and

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inco

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are

as a

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less

tim

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/coa

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onito

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–st

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line

and

smal

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• R

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inve

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to lo

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ies

(are

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Veh

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sur

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sho

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be u

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onito

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(suc

h as

bea

ches

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are

sui

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Scie

nce

Rep

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Bes

t Pra

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ques

for E

nviro

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28

Tabl

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ontin

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– In

ter-

tidal

mon

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g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

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ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isks

/Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/Str

engt

hs

Pas

sive

det

ecto

rs(s

uch

as T

LDs)

• D

evic

e (c

ould

use

nat

ural

lyoc

curri

ng T

LDs

such

as

quar

tz,

feld

spar

s).

• A

naly

tical

cos

ts.

• Fi

eld

and

lab

staf

f tim

e.

• U

ncer

tain

ty d

ue to

envi

ronm

enta

l dam

age,

vand

alis

m a

nd c

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min

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eed

to e

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curit

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etrie

val r

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is li

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uch

less

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100

%.

• R

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(sta

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freq

uent

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• D

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sults

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in d

evic

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tilan

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Qua

rtz fe

ldsp

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may

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eis

sues

kno

win

g ho

w lo

ng th

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posu

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me

has

been

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erta

inty

due

to b

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effe

cts

of U

V a

nd th

e hi

gh s

elf-

dose

.

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heap

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r inf

requ

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surv

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ss s

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time.

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re-c

alib

rate

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mm

anuf

actu

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o m

aint

enan

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rbr

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own

cost

s.

Spo

t dos

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tem

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rem

ent (

e.g.

usin

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ini-6

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oren

ergy

com

pens

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(Tl)

dete

ctor

for

gam

ma)

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stru

men

t.•

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and

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d st

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• In

stru

men

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(mec

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field

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stru

men

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uch

asM

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t can

not g

ener

ally

be

assu

red.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

29

Tabl

e 3a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isks

/ Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/ Str

engt

hs

Sed

imen

t cor

esan

d la

bora

tory

anal

ysis

• S

ampl

ing

equi

pmen

t.•

Mai

nten

ance

of s

ampl

ing

equi

pmen

t.•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime.

• Fa

ilure

of c

orer

.•

Pen

etra

tion

of c

orer

of

sand

/gra

vel.

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

.•

Dep

th p

rofil

e w

ith re

sults

.

In s

itu g

amm

asp

ectro

met

ry•

Det

ecto

r/Equ

ipm

ent.

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

ce a

ndca

libra

tion.

• R

epai

rs.

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e.

• Ill

-def

ined

ave

ragi

ng v

olum

e.•

No

back

grou

nd s

hiel

ding

and,

hen

ce, i

nflu

ence

d by

loca

lna

tura

l hig

h do

se ra

tes.

• N

eed

to e

stab

lish

calib

ratio

n.•

Res

ults

will

at b

est h

ave

grea

ter u

ncer

tain

ty th

an fo

rla

bora

tory

ana

lysi

s of

cor

esa

mpl

es.

The

resu

lts m

ay o

nly

be u

sefu

l as

a se

mi-

quan

titat

ive

scre

en in

som

eca

ses.

• O

nly

gam

ma-

emitt

ing

radi

onuc

lides

det

ecte

d.•

Failu

re o

f ins

trum

ent

(mec

hani

cal o

r wea

ther

).•

Nee

d fo

r a c

ontin

uous

pow

erso

urce

.

• O

nce

calib

rate

d, n

o ne

ed to

take

sed

imen

t sam

ples

and

henc

e no

pre

para

tion

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

tical

cos

ts.

• B

ette

r int

egra

tion

ofco

ncen

tratio

n ov

er a

wid

erar

ea a

nd d

epth

.•

Can

be

used

to h

elp

toid

entif

y w

here

sam

ples

sho

uld

be c

olle

cted

for l

abor

ator

yan

alys

is.

• C

oupl

ing

to G

PS

sys

tem

give

s ea

sy d

ata

pres

enta

tion.

Est

uary

/coa

stal

sedi

men

ts•

Inve

stig

ativ

e / m

odel

chec

k –

To p

rovi

dech

eck

of h

isto

rical

disc

harg

es a

nd s

eadi

sper

sion

mod

ellin

g.

Rec

omm

ende

d m

etho

d: S

edim

ent c

ores

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

sis

is th

e pr

efer

red

met

hod

to a

chie

ve th

ese

obje

ctiv

es.

How

ever

, in

situ

gam

ma

spec

trom

etry

can

be

used

as

a co

mpl

emen

tary

tech

niqu

e to

hel

p id

entif

y th

e be

st lo

catio

n to

take

sedi

men

t cor

es.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

30

Tabl

e 3b

:Su

mm

ary

of c

osts

, ris

ks/w

eakn

esse

s an

d be

nefit

s/st

reng

ths

of a

ltern

ativ

e ap

proa

ches

- Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isks

/ Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/ Str

engt

hs

Pas

sive

det

ecto

rs(s

uch

as T

LDs)

• D

evic

e.•

Ana

lytic

al c

osts

.•

Fiel

d an

d la

b st

aff t

ime.

• U

ncer

tain

ty d

ue to

envi

ronm

enta

l dam

age,

vand

alis

m a

nd c

onta

min

atio

n.N

eed

to e

nsur

e se

curit

y.•

Rel

ativ

ely

expe

nsiv

e(s

taff/

anal

ytic

al) f

or fr

eque

ntsu

rvey

s.•

Del

ayed

resu

lts.

• U

ncer

tain

ty in

dev

ice

until

anal

ysis

com

plet

ed.

• R

efer

ence

bac

kgro

und

valu

ere

quire

d.

• C

heap

er fo

r inf

requ

ent

surv

eys.

• Le

ss s

taff

time.

• P

re-c

alib

rate

d fro

mm

anuf

actu

rer.

• N

o m

aint

enan

ce o

rbr

eakd

own

cost

s.

Spo

t dos

e ra

tem

easu

rem

ent (

e.g.

usin

g M

ini-6

-80

oren

ergy

com

pens

ated

NaI

(Tl)

dete

ctor

for

gam

ma)

• In

stru

men

t.•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n.•

Rep

airs

.•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime.

• W

ill no

t giv

e an

app

ropr

iate

mea

sure

of d

ose

rate

for

asse

ssin

g cr

itica

l gro

up d

ose,

if th

is d

ose

rate

fluc

tuat

es.

• In

stru

men

t fai

lure

(mec

hani

cal o

r ope

ratio

n in

field

).•

Nee

d to

cor

rect

for t

hein

fluen

ce o

f cos

mic

radi

atio

n,na

tura

l bac

kgro

und

and

dete

ctor

intri

nsic

dos

e ra

te.

• Q

uick

qua

ntita

tive

resu

lts o

nsi

te.

• Es

tabl

ishe

d m

etho

dolo

gy.

Dos

e ra

tem

onito

ring

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

opr

ovid

e m

easu

rem

ents

of

exte

rnal

radi

atio

n do

sefro

m a

irbor

ne a

ndde

posi

ted

radi

onuc

lides

and

dire

ct ra

diat

ion

toas

sess

tota

l ext

erna

l dos

eto

the

mos

t exp

osed

(crit

ical

) pop

ulat

ion

grou

ps.

• B

asel

ine

- Rou

tine

mon

itorin

g al

so p

rovi

des

base

line

leve

ls in

the

even

tof

a ra

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

Rec

omm

ende

d m

etho

d: P

assi

ve d

etec

tors

are

sui

tabl

e w

here

thei

r sec

urity

can

be

assu

red

and

if do

se ra

tes

are

fluct

uatin

g,su

ch th

at it

is im

porta

nt to

get

a m

easu

re o

f the

inte

grat

ed d

ose

rate

. S

pot m

easu

rem

ents

are

app

ropr

iate

if s

ecur

ity is

poo

r or

if do

se ra

tes

are

rela

tivel

y st

able

.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

31

Tabl

e 3b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isk/

Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/ Str

engt

hs

Pas

sive

sha

des

• S

peci

alis

t mat

eria

l and

fram

es.

• S

taff

colle

ctio

n tim

e.•

Req

uire

s m

eteo

rolo

gica

l dat

a(w

ind

spee

d an

d di

rect

ion)

tohe

lp u

nder

stan

ding

.

• C

anno

t der

ive

air

conc

entra

tions

that

are

requ

ired

to a

chie

ve c

ritic

algr

oup

dose

and

mod

el c

heck

obje

ctiv

es.

• D

amag

e to

clo

ths

and

fram

es(w

eath

er a

nd v

anda

lism

).•

Del

ayed

qua

litat

ive

resu

ltsan

d no

t qua

ntita

tive.

•

• C

heap

er s

tart-

up c

osts

.•

Low

mai

nten

ance

.•

No

brea

kdow

n co

sts.

• P

ossi

ble

use

for q

uick

iden

tific

atio

n of

tren

ds.

• Q

uick

er a

nd e

asie

r tha

ngr

ass

sam

plin

g an

d ot

her

depo

sitio

nal-b

ased

mea

sure

s.

Hig

h/M

ediu

mV

olum

e A

irS

ampl

ing

(HV

AS

/MV

AS

)

• H

VA

S/M

VA

S s

ampl

er.

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

ce a

ndca

libra

tion.

• R

epai

rs.

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e.•

Nee

d to

tune

the

time

sam

plin

g w

indo

w to

par

ticle

size

rang

e be

ing

targ

eted

toav

oid

bloc

kage

s.•

Req

uire

s m

et d

ata

(win

dsp

eed

and

dire

ctio

n) to

hel

pun

ders

tand

ing.

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l or w

eath

er).

• C

ontin

uous

pow

er s

ourc

ere

quire

d.•

Sem

i-qua

ntita

tive

resu

ltspo

ssib

le (d

ue to

larg

e pa

rticl

esw

hich

may

blo

ck th

e sa

mpl

ing

win

dow

).•

Inle

t and

wal

l los

ses

prod

uce

erro

rs in

resu

lts (n

eed

to d

etec

tef

ficie

ncy

of d

evic

e an

dco

mpe

nsat

e).

• D

elay

ed re

sults

.

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

and

so

all

obje

ctiv

es a

re a

dequ

atel

yac

hiev

ed.

Air

sam

plin

g•

Crit

ical

gro

up d

ose

-In

hala

tion

expo

sure

path

way

for p

artic

ulat

era

dion

uclid

es.

• R

eass

uran

ce –

To

dete

ctab

norm

al re

leas

es.

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

kre

porte

d di

scha

rges

and

air

disp

ersi

on m

odel

ling.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

- To

mon

itor t

he lo

ng-te

rmco

ncen

tratio

ns o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

air

from

rout

ine

rele

ases

,re

susp

ensi

on a

nd s

ea to

land

tran

sfer

.

Rec

omm

ende

d m

etho

d: H

igh

Vol

ume

Air

Sam

plin

g is

the

reco

mm

ende

d m

etho

d if

the

obje

ctiv

e is

to d

eriv

e ai

rco

ncen

tratio

ns w

hich

can

be

used

to a

sses

s cr

itica

l gro

up d

oses

and

che

ck m

odel

s. P

assi

ve s

hade

s ha

ve s

ome

valu

e in

prov

idin

g a

chea

per m

eans

to id

entif

y th

at a

n ab

norm

al re

leas

e ha

s oc

curre

d.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

32

Tabl

e 3b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isk/

Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/ Str

engt

hs

Soil

core

s an

dla

bora

tory

ana

lysi

s•

Sam

plin

g eq

uipm

ent.

• Fi

eld

and

lab

staf

f tim

e.•

No

resu

lts o

n si

te.

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

.•

Mor

e ac

cura

te re

sults

due

tofu

rther

pre

para

tion

befo

reco

untin

g.•

Like

ly to

hav

e m

ore

than

one

dete

ctor

.•

Esta

blis

hed

met

hodo

logy

.In

situ

gam

ma

spec

trom

etry

• D

etec

tor/E

quip

men

t.•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n.•

Rep

airs

.•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime.

• N

eed

to e

stab

lish

calib

ratio

n.•

Ill-d

efin

ed a

vera

ging

vol

ume.

• N

o ba

ckgr

ound

shi

eldi

ngan

d, h

ence

, inf

luen

ced

by lo

cal

natu

ral h

igh

dose

rate

s.•

Res

ults

will

at b

est h

ave

grea

ter u

ncer

tain

ty th

an fo

rla

bora

tory

ana

lysi

s of

cor

esa

mpl

es.

The

resu

lts m

ay o

nly

be u

sefu

l as

a se

mi-

quan

titat

ive

scre

en in

som

eca

ses.

• O

nly

gam

ma-

emitt

ing

radi

onuc

lides

det

ecte

d.•

Failu

re o

f ins

trum

ent

(mec

hani

cal o

r wea

ther

).•

Nee

d fo

r a c

ontin

uous

pow

erso

urce

.

• O

nce

calib

rate

d, n

o ne

ed to

take

soi

l sam

ples

and

hen

ceno

pre

para

tion

and

labo

rato

ryan

alyt

ical

cos

ts.

• B

ette

r int

egra

tion

ofco

ncen

tratio

n ov

er a

wid

erar

ea a

nd d

epth

.•

Can

be

used

to h

elp

iden

tify

whe

re s

ampl

es s

houl

d be

colle

cted

for l

abor

ator

yan

alys

is.

• C

oupl

ing

to G

PS

sys

tem

give

s ea

sy d

ata

pres

enta

tion.

Soil

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

khi

stor

ical

dis

char

ges

and

air d

ispe

rsio

n/de

posi

tion

mod

ellin

g.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

Rec

omm

ende

d m

etho

d: S

oil c

ores

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

sis

are

the

pref

erre

d m

etho

ds to

ach

ieve

thes

e ob

ject

ives

. H

owev

er,

in s

itu g

amm

a sp

ectro

met

ry c

an b

e us

ed a

s a

com

plim

enta

ry te

chni

que

to h

elp

iden

tify

the

best

loca

tion

to ta

ke s

oil c

ores

.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

33

Tabl

e 3b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isk/

Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/ Str

engt

hs

Sed

imen

t cor

esan

d la

bora

tory

anal

ysis

.

• S

ampl

ing

equi

pmen

t.•

Mai

nten

ance

of s

ampl

ing

equi

pmen

t.•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime.

• Fa

ilure

of c

orer

.•

Pen

etra

tion

of c

orer

of

sand

/gra

vel.

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

.•

Dep

th p

rofil

e w

ith re

sults

.

In s

itu g

amm

asp

ectro

met

ry•

Det

ecto

r/Equ

ipm

ent.

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

ce a

ndca

libra

tion.

• R

epai

rs.

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e.

• N

eed

to e

stab

lish

calib

ratio

n.•

Ill-d

efin

ed a

vera

ging

vol

ume.

• N

o ba

ckgr

ound

shi

eldi

ngan

d, h

ence

, inf

luen

ced

by lo

cal

natu

ral h

igh

dose

rate

s.•

Res

ults

will

at b

est h

ave

grea

ter u

ncer

tain

ty th

an fo

rla

bora

tory

ana

lysi

s of

cor

esa

mpl

es.

The

resu

lts m

ay o

nly

be u

sefu

l as

a se

mi-

quan

titat

ive

scre

en in

som

eca

ses.

• O

nly

gam

ma-

emitt

ing

radi

onuc

lides

det

ecte

d.•

Failu

re o

f ins

trum

ent

(mec

hani

cal o

r wea

ther

).•

Nee

d fo

r a c

ontin

uous

pow

erso

urce

.

• O

nce

calib

rate

d, n

o ne

ed to

take

sed

imen

t sam

ples

and

henc

e no

pre

para

tion

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

tical

cos

ts.

• B

ette

r int

egra

tion

ofco

ncen

tratio

n ov

er a

wid

erar

ea a

nd d

epth

.•

Can

be

used

to h

elp

iden

tify

whe

re s

ampl

es s

houl

d be

colle

cted

for l

abor

ator

yan

alys

is.

• C

oupl

ing

to G

PS

sys

tem

give

s ea

sy d

ata

pres

enta

tion.

Fres

hwat

erse

dim

ents

Inve

stig

ativ

e/m

odel

che

ck –

To in

vest

igat

e th

e im

pact

of

hist

oric

al d

isch

arge

s an

dch

eck

mod

els

agai

nst t

hese

disc

harg

es.

Rec

omm

ende

d m

etho

d: S

edim

ent c

ores

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

sis

are

the

pref

erre

d m

etho

ds to

ach

ieve

thes

e ob

ject

ives

.H

owev

er, i

n si

tu g

amm

a sp

ectro

met

ry c

an b

e us

ed a

s a

com

plim

enta

ry te

chni

que

to h

elp

iden

tify

the

best

loca

tion

to ta

kese

dim

ent c

ores

.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

34

Tabl

e 4a

:B

est p

ract

ice

envi

ronm

enta

l mon

itorin

g gu

idan

ce –

Inte

r-tid

al m

onito

ring

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Est

uary

/coa

stal

dose

rate

mon

itorin

g

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

opr

ovid

e m

easu

rem

ents

of e

xter

nal

radi

atio

n do

se fr

om ra

dion

uclid

esin

corp

orat

ed in

sed

imen

ts.

• M

odel

che

ck -

To c

heck

repo

rted

disc

harg

es a

nddi

sper

sion

and

dos

e ra

te m

odel

s.•

Bas

elin

e - R

outin

e m

onito

ring

also

pro

vide

s ba

selin

e le

vels

inth

e ev

ent o

f a ra

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• R

eass

uran

ce –

To

dete

ctab

norm

al re

leas

es a

nd to

reas

sure

mem

bers

of t

he p

ublic

usin

g in

ter-t

idal

are

as.

• Id

entif

y an

d no

te s

edim

ent t

ype

and

wea

ther

con

ditio

ns.

• S

elec

t ins

trum

ent t

o ta

ke s

pot

mea

sure

men

t (su

ch a

s M

ini 6

-80,

ener

gy c

ompe

nsat

ed N

aI(T

l)de

tect

or).

• In

stru

men

t sho

uld

mee

t def

ined

perfo

rman

ce c

riter

ia, t

o in

clud

e[R

ef 6

]:-

Inhe

rent

bac

kgro

und

dose

rate

<0.0

15 µ

Gy/

h 22

6 Ra γ

- C

osm

ic ra

y re

spon

se<0

.07

µGy/

h 22

6 Ra γ

- Ai

r ker

ma

base

d re

spon

se ±

30 %

of t

he re

spon

se to

137 C

s γ

radi

atio

n ov

er th

e en

ergy

rang

e 80

keV

to 1

.25

MeV

- A

dequ

ate

pola

r res

pons

e-

Pre

cisi

on•

Est

ablis

h co

smic

and

intri

nsic

back

grou

nd.

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

calib

rate

dre

gula

rly (e

.g. a

nnua

lly).

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

func

tioni

ngbe

fore

and

afte

r mon

itorin

g su

rvey

perio

d (o

r wee

kly)

.•

Cor

rect

mea

sure

men

ts fo

rco

smic

and

intri

nsic

det

ecto

rba

ckgr

ound

.•

Res

ults

repo

rted

as µ

Gy/

h ov

erse

dim

ent t

ype

(incl

udin

g na

tura

lba

ckgr

ound

).

• Ta

ke m

easu

rem

ent a

t hei

ght o

f 1 m

.•

Ope

rato

r sho

uld

stan

d at

leas

t 10

maw

ay fr

om th

e de

tect

or to

pre

vent

effe

cts

of s

hiel

ding

.•

Take

read

ing

over

suf

ficie

nt ti

me

perio

d to

ach

ieve

suf

ficie

nt s

tatis

tical

conf

iden

ce a

t the

def

ined

min

imum

dose

rate

mea

sure

men

t lim

it.•

Take

mea

sure

men

ts to

ens

ure

dose

rate

is re

pres

enta

tive

over

a s

cale

of

up to

5-1

0 m

. N

orm

ally

, a s

ingl

e do

sera

te m

easu

rem

ent (

e.g.

Min

i 6-8

0) w

illbe

repr

esen

tativ

e at

this

sca

le,

alth

ough

dos

e ra

te c

an b

e m

easu

red

at 2

-3 lo

catio

ns a

t dis

tanc

es o

f 10

map

art o

ver t

he s

ame

grou

nd ty

pe a

ndan

ave

rage

resu

lt re

porte

d.•

Not

e th

at w

here

geo

logy

is c

hang

ing

rapi

dly,

it m

ay b

e di

fficu

lt to

cho

ose

are

fere

nce

back

grou

nd d

ose

rate

for

com

paris

on.

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

35

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Est

uary

/coa

stal

dose

rate

mon

itorin

g (c

ont)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

oes

tabl

ish β

and γ

dose

rate

ove

rse

dim

ents

to e

nabl

e do

ses

tope

ople

in c

lose

pro

xim

ity to

them

(suc

h as

sea

ted

angl

ers)

to b

eas

sess

ed.

• Id

entif

y an

d no

te s

edim

ent t

ype

and

wea

ther

con

ditio

ns.

• S

elec

t ins

trum

ent t

o ta

ke s

pot

mea

sure

men

ts (e

.g. B

erth

old

122)

• In

stru

men

t sho

uld

mee

t def

ined

perfo

rman

ce c

riter

ia, t

o in

clud

e:-

Det

ectio

n ef

ficie

ncy

/ sen

sitiv

ityca

pabi

lity

- P

reci

sion

- E

nerg

y re

spon

se th

at m

atch

esth

e qu

antit

y of

inte

rest

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

calib

rate

dre

gula

rly (e

.g. a

nnua

lly).

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

func

tioni

ngbe

fore

and

afte

r mon

itorin

g su

rvey

perio

d (o

r wee

kly)

.•

Res

ults

repo

rted

as µ

Gy/

h ov

erse

dim

ent t

ype

(incl

udin

g na

tura

lba

ckgr

ound

).

• Th

e he

ight

at w

hich

to ta

ke th

em

easu

rem

ent s

houl

d be

app

ropr

iate

to th

e ha

bit b

eing

ass

esse

d (e

.g. 1

5cm

for s

eate

d an

gler

s).

• Ta

ke a

ppro

pria

te n

umbe

r of

read

ings

acr

oss

the

surfa

ce, t

o be

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

item

bei

ngm

onito

red,

with

shi

eld

on (γ

onl

y) a

ndw

ithou

t shi

eld

(β a

nd γ

).•

Take

read

ing

over

suf

ficie

nt ti

me

perio

d to

ach

ieve

def

ined

dos

e ra

tem

easu

rem

ent l

imit

(usi

ng in

tegr

atin

gfu

nctio

n of

inst

rum

ent).

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

36

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Est

uary

/coa

stal

cont

amin

atio

nm

onito

ring

–st

rand

line

and

smal

l par

ticle

san

d ob

ject

s (b

yfo

ot)

• R

eass

uran

ce /

inve

stig

atio

n –

To lo

ok fo

r ano

mal

ies

(are

as o

fel

evat

ed a

ctiv

ity) a

nd to

det

ect

and

rem

ove

any

hot p

artic

les

(def

ined

by

sign

ifica

ntly

ele

vate

dco

unt r

ate)

or o

bjec

ts w

ithel

evat

ed a

ctiv

ity o

n be

ache

s.

• M

onito

ring

by fo

ot w

here

this

ism

ore

cost

effe

ctiv

e th

anm

onito

ring

by v

ehic

le.

• Id

entif

y an

d no

te p

oint

in th

e tid

alcy

cle.

Allo

w fo

r tid

e tim

es to

ensu

re a

cces

s.•

Iden

tify

and

note

the

wea

ther

cond

ition

s.•

Sel

ect i

nstru

men

t to

take

mea

sure

men

ts (e

.g. p

robe

with

Gei

ger-M

ulle

r det

ecto

r)•

Inst

rum

ent s

houl

d m

eet d

efin

edpe

rform

ance

crit

eria

(to

enab

le a

hot p

artic

le a

s de

fined

to b

ede

tect

ed),

to in

clud

e:-

Det

ectio

n ef

ficie

ncy

/ sen

sitiv

ityca

pabi

lity

- P

reci

sion

- D

etec

tor s

houl

d be

cho

sen

tom

axim

ise

the

abili

ty to

det

ect

the

pote

ntia

l con

tam

inan

tta

king

acc

ount

of t

he lo

cal

back

grou

nd-

Res

pons

e tim

e•

Ens

ure

inst

rum

ent i

s ca

libra

ted

regu

larly

(e.g

. ann

ually

).•

Ens

ure

inst

rum

ent i

s fu

nctio

ning

befo

re a

nd a

fter m

onito

ring

surv

eype

riod

(or w

eekl

y).

• R

esul

ts re

porte

d as

cou

nts/

s.•

Als

o µS

v/h

from

the

hot p

artic

le o

rob

ject

(if a

ppro

pria

te c

onve

rsio

nfa

ctor

s av

aila

ble)

.

• M

onito

r stra

ndlin

e (o

rder

of

impo

rtanc

e; m

ost r

ecen

t tid

e-lin

e, th

eex

trem

e hi

gh w

ater

mar

k an

d w

ind

blow

n de

bris

abo

ve th

e ex

trem

e hi

ghw

ater

mar

k) b

y w

alki

ng w

ithin

stru

men

t. C

revi

ces

can

bein

vest

igat

ed a

s ne

cess

ary.

• P

robe

sho

uld

be k

ept j

ust

abov

e th

e gr

ound

sur

face

and

mov

edin

sid

e-to

-sid

e sw

eeps

at a

def

ined

rate

allo

win

g fo

r ins

trum

ent r

espo

nse

time

(e.g

. < 0

.5 m

/s).

Loo

king

tode

tect

an

incr

ease

in c

ount

s.•

Pro

cedu

res

shou

ld b

e de

fined

for w

hat a

ctio

n to

take

if a

hot

par

ticle

is fo

und.

The

se w

ill n

eed

to a

ddre

sshe

alth

and

saf

ety

requ

irem

ents

,re

spon

sibi

lity

for c

usto

dy a

nd d

etai

led

anal

ytic

al re

quire

men

ts.

• If

incr

ease

d co

unt r

ate

isas

soci

ated

with

a w

ider

are

a of

cont

amin

atio

n. m

ay n

eed

to m

ove

into

a c

hara

cter

isat

ion

phas

e to

dete

rmin

e its

ext

ent.

• R

ecor

d ge

nera

l cou

nt ra

tera

nge

for t

he d

efin

ed tr

anse

ct th

at h

asbe

en s

urve

yed.

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

37

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Est

uary

/coa

stal

cont

amin

atio

nm

onito

ring

–st

rand

line

and

smal

l par

ticle

san

d ob

ject

s (b

yve

hicl

e)

• R

eass

uran

ce /

inve

stig

atio

n –

To lo

ok fo

r ano

mal

ies

(are

as o

fel

evat

ed a

ctiv

ity) a

nd to

det

ect

and

rem

ove

any

hot p

artic

les

orob

ject

s w

ith e

leva

ted

activ

ity o

nbe

ache

s.

• M

onito

ring

by v

ehic

le w

here

this

is m

ore

cost

effe

ctiv

e th

anm

onito

ring

by fo

ot.

• Id

entif

y an

d no

te p

oint

in th

e tid

alcy

cle.

Allo

w fo

r tid

e tim

es to

ensu

re a

cces

s.•

Iden

tify

and

note

the

wea

ther

cond

ition

s.•

Sel

ect i

nstru

men

t to

take

mea

sure

men

ts (s

uch

as N

aI (T

l)de

tect

ors,

veh

icle

/det

ecto

rs)

• In

stru

men

t sho

uld

mee

t def

ined

perfo

rman

ce c

riter

ia (t

o en

able

aho

t par

ticle

as

defin

ed to

be

dete

cted

), to

incl

ude:

- D

etec

tion

effic

ienc

y / s

ensi

tivity

capa

bilit

y-

Pre

cisi

on-

Det

ecto

r sho

uld

be c

hose

n to

max

imis

e th

e ab

ility

to d

etec

tth

e po

tent

ial c

onta

min

ant

taki

ng a

ccou

nt o

f the

loca

lba

ckgr

ound

- R

espo

nse

time

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

calib

rate

dre

gula

rly (e

.g. a

nnua

lly).

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

func

tioni

ngbe

fore

and

afte

r mon

itorin

g su

rvey

perio

d (o

r wee

kly)

.•

Res

ults

repo

rted

as µ

Sv/

h fro

mth

e ho

t par

ticle

or o

bjec

t (if

appr

opria

te c

onve

rsio

n fa

ctor

sav

aila

ble)

.

• R

ate

of v

ehic

le tr

avel

to b

e de

fined

to a

llow

for t

ime

for t

he in

stru

men

tre

spon

se a

nd d

efin

ed d

etec

tion

crite

ria to

be

met

.•

Trav

el th

e ar

ea u

sing

sw

eeps

at

inte

rval

s to

mee

t def

ined

det

ectio

ncr

iteria

.•

Pro

cedu

res

shou

ld b

e de

fined

for w

hat a

ctio

n to

take

if a

hot

par

ticle

is fo

und.

The

se w

ill n

eed

to a

ddre

sshe

alth

and

saf

ety

requ

irem

ents

,re

spon

sibi

lity

for c

usto

dy a

nd d

etai

led

anal

ytic

al re

quire

men

ts.

• If

incr

ease

d co

unt r

ate

isas

soci

ated

with

a w

ider

are

a of

cont

amin

atio

n, m

ay n

eed

to m

ove

into

a c

hara

cter

isat

ion

phas

e to

dete

rmin

e its

ext

ent.

• R

ecor

d ge

nera

l cou

nt ra

tera

nge

for t

he d

efin

ed tr

anse

ct th

at h

asbe

en s

urve

yed.

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

38

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Est

uary

/coa

stal

cont

amin

atio

nm

onito

ring

–ar

eas

whe

re h

otpa

rticl

es a

repr

one

toac

cum

ulat

e.

• R

eass

uran

ce /

inve

stig

atio

n –

To lo

ok fo

r hot

par

ticle

s in

are

asw

here

they

are

pro

ne to

accu

mul

ate.

• Se

e N

airn

con

fere

nce

proc

eedi

ngs

[Ref

14]

--

Con

tam

inat

ion

mon

itorin

g of

obje

cts

(rope

s,ne

ts, l

obst

erpo

ts)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

oes

tabl

ish β

and γ

cont

act d

ose

rate

to e

nabl

e do

se to

ski

n to

be

asse

ssed

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– T

o pr

ovid

ere

assu

ranc

e to

fish

erm

en a

ndot

her u

sers

• S

elec

t ins

trum

ent t

o ta

ke s

pot

mea

sure

men

ts (e

.g. B

erth

old

122)

• In

stru

men

t sho

uld

mee

t def

ined

perfo

rman

ce c

riter

ia, t

o in

clud

e:-

Det

ectio

n ef

ficie

ncy

/ sen

sitiv

ityca

pabi

lity

- P

reci

sion

- E

nerg

y re

spon

se th

at m

atch

esth

e qu

antit

y of

inte

rest

- A

ppro

pria

te c

alib

ratio

n fa

ctor

deve

lope

d•

Ens

ure

inst

rum

ent i

s ca

libra

ted

regu

larly

(e.g

. ann

ually

).•

Ens

ure

inst

rum

ent i

s fu

nctio

ning

befo

re a

nd a

fter m

onito

ring

surv

eype

riod

(or w

eekl

y).

• R

esul

ts re

porte

d as

µG

y/h.

• Ta

ke m

easu

rem

ent a

t jus

t abo

ve th

em

ater

ial b

eing

mon

itore

d, e

nsur

ing

that

win

dow

mem

bran

e is

not

punc

ture

d.•

For r

opes

and

net

s, m

onito

r in

the

man

ner u

sed

by fi

sher

men

.•

Take

app

ropr

iate

num

ber o

fre

adin

gs a

cros

s th

e su

rface

, to

bere

pres

enta

tive

of th

e ite

m b

eing

mon

itore

d, w

ith s

hiel

d on

(γ o

nly)

and

with

out s

hiel

d (β

and

γ).

• Ta

ke re

adin

g ov

er s

uffic

ient

tim

epe

riod

to a

chie

ve d

efin

ed d

ose

rate

mea

sure

men

t lim

it (u

sing

inte

grat

ing

func

tion

of in

stru

men

t).

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

39

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Ext

erna

ldo

se a

nd d

ose

from

inad

verte

ntco

nsum

ptio

n of

sea

wat

er d

urin

gle

isur

e ac

tiviti

es o

r fis

hing

activ

ities

.•

Wild

life

– To

det

erm

ine

dose

s to

wild

life.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

- To

mon

itor t

he lo

ng-te

rmco

ncen

tratio

ns.

Pro

vide

prec

urso

ry in

form

atio

n w

ith re

gard

to in

corp

orat

ion

of ra

dion

uclid

es in

sedi

men

t, fis

h an

d sh

ellfi

sh.

• B

asel

ine

– To

pro

vide

aba

selin

e in

the

even

t of a

radi

olog

ical

inci

dent

.

• B

each

col

lect

ion

of s

eaw

ater

sam

ples

.•

Min

imis

e ad

sorp

tion

ofra

dion

uclid

es to

con

tain

er (f

orex

ampl

e, p

re-s

oak

cont

aine

rs a

ndus

e ca

rrier

sol

utio

ns).

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

l.

• A

llow

for t

ide

times

to e

nsur

e ac

cess

(for b

each

col

lect

ion)

.•

Rin

se c

olle

ctio

n ap

para

tus

and

cont

aine

r with

sam

ple.

• C

olle

ct w

ater

(use

wat

ersu

bmer

sibl

e pu

mp

for l

arge

vol

ume

sam

ples

or b

ucke

t/car

boy

for s

mal

lvo

lum

e sa

mpl

es).

• C

ontin

uous

aut

omat

ic s

ampl

ing

may

be re

quire

d.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple

in c

ool,

dark

con

ditio

ns, c

ool

box)

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

min

imis

e gr

owth

of a

lgae

and

avoi

d de

grad

atio

n of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ch

ill at

abo

ut 4

o C in

the

dark

).•

Filte

r sam

ples

thro

ugh

a 0.

45 µ

mm

embr

ane

and

anal

yse

filtra

te a

ndre

sidu

e if

the

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive

requ

ires

info

rmat

ion

on th

epa

rtitio

ning

bet

wee

n di

ssol

ved

and

parti

cula

te p

hase

s.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (e

.g.

shak

e w

ater

sam

ple)

.•

Con

cent

rate

sam

ple

if ne

eded

(for e

xam

ple,

thro

ugh

ion

exch

ange

or e

vapo

ratio

n).

• P

rese

rve

with

nitr

ic a

cid

for l

ong

stor

age

(ana

lysi

s de

pend

ent).

Seaw

ater

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

khi

stor

ical

dis

char

ges

and

sea

disp

ersi

on m

odel

ling.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

- To

prov

ide

anin

vent

ory

in a

giv

en a

rea.

• N

eed

to d

eter

min

e w

heth

erbe

ach

colle

ctio

n w

ould

mee

t the

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive.

• M

ay in

volv

e sa

mpl

ing

offs

hore

ina

boat

.•

Nee

d to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

surfa

ce w

ater

, sam

ples

from

dept

h, a

vera

ged

wat

er c

olum

nsa

mpl

es a

re re

quire

d to

mee

tm

onito

ring

obje

ctiv

e.•

Min

imis

e ad

sorp

tion

ofra

dion

uclid

es to

con

tain

er (f

orex

ampl

e, p

re-s

oak

cont

aine

rs a

ndus

e ca

rrier

sol

utio

ns).

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

l.

• R

inse

col

lect

ion

appa

ratu

s an

dco

ntai

ner w

ith s

ampl

e.•

Col

lect

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

efro

m w

ater

sur

face

or a

t dep

th u

sing

pum

p or

con

tain

ers

whi

ch a

retri

gger

ed to

col

lect

a s

ampl

e at

apa

rticu

lar d

epth

.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple

in c

ool,

dark

con

ditio

ns, c

ool

box)

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

min

imis

e gr

owth

of a

lgae

and

avoi

d de

grad

atio

n of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ch

ill at

abo

ut 4

o C in

the

dark

).•

Filte

r sam

ples

thro

ugh

a 0.

45 µ

mm

embr

ane

and

anal

yse

filtra

te a

ndre

sidu

e if

the

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive

requ

ires

info

rmat

ion

on th

epa

rtitio

ning

bet

wee

n di

ssol

ved

and

parti

cula

te p

hase

s.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (e

.g.

shak

e w

ater

sam

ple)

.•

Con

cent

rate

sam

ple

if ne

eded

(for e

xam

ple,

thro

ugh

ion

exch

ange

or e

vapo

ratio

n).

• P

rese

rve

with

nitr

ic a

cid

for

long

sto

rage

(ana

lysi

s de

pend

ent).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

40

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

ode

term

ine

the

pote

ntia

l sou

rce

ofex

posu

re th

roug

h in

hala

tion

and

inad

verte

nt in

gest

ion

durin

gre

crea

tiona

l act

iviti

es.

• W

ildlif

e –

To d

eter

min

e do

ses

tow

ildlif

e.

• A

llow

for t

ide

times

to e

nsur

eac

cess

.•

Ens

ure

depo

sitio

nal

envi

ronm

ent.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg (d

ryw

eigh

t).

• Ta

ke s

ampl

es fr

om p

redo

min

ant

sedi

men

t typ

e.•

Obt

ain

a re

ason

ably

repr

esen

tativ

esa

mpl

e ov

er a

sca

le o

f up

to 5

-10

m.

This

may

be

achi

eved

by

colle

ctin

gfiv

e su

rface

sed

imen

t sam

ples

from

the

poin

ts o

f a W

sha

pe o

r the

end

san

d ce

ntre

of a

n X

shap

e ov

er a

circ

leof

10

m d

iam

eter

. Th

e sa

mpl

es m

aybe

bul

ked.

• C

olle

ct s

urfa

ce s

edim

ent s

ampl

es(0

-1 c

m) w

ith fl

at h

and

shov

el (o

rap

prop

riate

tool

) ove

r sel

ecte

d ar

ea.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

and

prev

entin

g fu

sing

of s

ampl

e(e

.g. o

ven

dry

40-1

05o C

or f

reez

edr

y).

(May

nee

d to

ana

lyse

wet

for

vola

tile

radi

onuc

lides

).•

Rec

ord

dry/

wet

ratio

.•

Rem

ove

grav

el c

ompo

nent

by

siev

ing

to <

2 m

m a

nd d

isca

rdin

g>2

mm

frac

tion.

• E

nsur

e re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

is ta

ken

for a

naly

sis

(for

exam

ple,

by

grin

ding

and

con

ing

and

quar

terin

g).

Est

uary

/coa

stal

sedi

men

ts

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

- To

mon

itor t

he im

pact

of r

ecen

tdi

scha

rges

on

envi

ronm

enta

lco

ncen

tratio

ns.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– Ex

amin

e ar

eas

ofde

posi

tion/

conc

entra

tion.

• A

s ab

ove

• A

s ab

ove

• A

s ab

ove

• M

ay n

eed

to n

orm

alis

e or

repo

rtfa

ctor

s w

hich

can

influ

ence

conc

entra

tions

suc

h as

gra

in s

ize

(loss

on

igni

tion

at 4

50°C

a g

ood

prox

y[R

ef 1

1]) a

nd to

tal o

rgan

icca

rbon

, or r

estri

ct g

rain

siz

e (e

.g.

<250

µm

).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

41

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Est

uary

/coa

stal

sedi

men

ts (c

ont)

• In

vest

igat

ive

/ mod

el c

heck

-To

pro

vide

che

ck o

f his

toric

aldi

scha

rges

and

sea

dis

pers

ion

mod

ellin

g.

• A

llow

for t

ide

times

to e

nsur

eac

cess

.•

Iden

tify

sam

ple

loca

tion

with

depo

sitio

nal h

isto

ry.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg (d

ryw

eigh

t).

• Ta

ke c

ore

sam

ples

usi

ng a

nap

prop

riate

dev

ice

(abl

e to

with

stan

dsa

line

envi

ronm

ent).

• O

btai

n a

reas

onab

ly re

pres

enta

tive

sam

ple

over

a s

cale

of u

p to

5-1

0 m

.Th

is m

ay b

e ac

hiev

ed b

y co

llect

ing

five

core

s fro

m th

e po

ints

of a

Wsh

ape

or th

e en

ds a

nd c

entre

of a

n X

shap

e ov

er a

circ

le o

f 10

m d

iam

eter

.•

The

dept

h of

the

core

sho

uld

enab

leth

e m

onito

ring

obje

ctiv

es to

be

achi

eved

. It

shou

ld b

e no

ted

that

long

er c

ores

can

be

affe

cted

by

com

pres

sion

, with

this

bei

ng g

reat

est

near

the

(wet

ter)

top.

Acc

ount

of t

his

will

nee

d to

be

take

n w

hen

prep

arin

gth

e co

re fu

rther

.•

Sec

tion

core

into

slic

es w

hich

enab

le th

e m

onito

ring

obje

ctiv

es to

be

achi

eved

. C

ores

are

typi

cally

sect

ione

d in

to 5

-10

cm s

lices

. C

lean

core

sec

tioni

ng to

ol (b

lade

) bet

wee

nsl

ices

.•

Sub

-sam

ple

from

cen

tre o

f eac

hco

re s

lice

to re

duce

sm

earin

g.•

The

sam

e se

ctio

ns o

f cor

es m

ay b

ebu

lked

toge

ther

as

appr

opria

te.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

and

prev

entin

g fu

sing

of s

ampl

e(e

.g. o

ven

dry

40-1

05o C

or f

reez

edr

y).

(May

nee

d to

ana

lyse

wet

for

vola

tile

radi

onuc

lides

).•

Rec

ord

dry/

wet

ratio

.•

Rem

ove

grav

el c

ompo

nent

by

siev

ing

to <

2 m

m a

nd d

isca

rdin

g>2

mm

frac

tion.

• E

nsur

e re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

is ta

ken

for a

naly

sis

(for

exam

ple,

by

grin

ding

and

con

ing

and

quar

terin

g).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

42

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

–Pr

ovid

es a

goo

d in

dica

tor o

fre

cent

dis

char

ges,

par

ticul

arly

for

mor

e so

lubl

e ra

dion

uclid

es.

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

k hi

stor

ical

disc

harg

es a

nd s

ea d

ispe

rsio

nm

odel

ling.

• C

onsi

der s

easo

nal (

annu

al) c

ycle

on s

ampl

ing

stra

tegy

.•

Sel

ectio

n of

rece

nt g

row

th fo

ran

alys

is w

ill p

rovi

de a

bet

ter

indi

cato

r of r

ecen

t dis

char

ges

than

anal

ysis

of a

who

le fr

ond

whi

chw

ill le

ad to

an

indi

cato

r of

inte

grat

ed d

isch

arge

s ov

er a

few

year

s.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(fre

shw

eigh

t)

• A

llow

for t

ide

times

to e

nsur

e ac

cess

(for b

each

col

lect

ion)

.•

Cor

rect

ly id

entif

y si

ngle

spe

cies

(incl

udin

g hy

brid

s) a

s de

term

ined

tom

eet o

bjec

tive.

• C

olle

ct a

nd tr

im re

cent

gro

wth

from

frond

s.•

Not

e pr

esen

ce o

f fru

iting

bod

ies

whi

chm

ay a

ffect

resu

lts, d

ue to

cha

nges

inpl

ant p

hysi

olog

y.•

Was

h in

wat

er to

rem

ove

parti

cula

tean

d ep

iphy

tes.

• S

tore

sam

ple

to p

reve

nt d

eter

iora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for e

xam

ple

inco

ol, d

ark

cond

ition

s, c

ool b

ox).

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

(e.g

. air

dry,

ove

n dr

y 40

– 1

05ºC

,fre

eze-

dry)

, but

ana

lyse

fres

h fo

rvo

latil

e ra

dion

uclid

es.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/fre

sh ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

pled

inm

ill or

ble

nder

or b

lend

ing

fresh

sam

ples

, Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if

appr

opria

te).

Sea

wee

d

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Toas

sess

dos

e to

exp

osed

popu

latio

n gr

oups

from

cons

umpt

ion

as fo

od.

• C

onsi

der s

easo

nal (

annu

al) c

ycle

on s

ampl

ing

stra

tegy

.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(fre

shw

eigh

t)

• A

llow

for t

ide

times

to e

nsur

e ac

cess

(for b

each

col

lect

ion)

.•

Cor

rect

ly id

entif

y fo

od s

peci

es.

• C

olle

ct fr

esh

seaw

eed

(rece

nt g

row

th)

or p

arts

use

d fo

r foo

d ac

cord

ing

tolo

cal p

ract

ice.

• W

ash

in w

ater

to re

mov

e pa

rticu

late

and

epip

hyte

s.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple,

in c

ool,

dark

con

ditio

ns, c

ool

box)

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

(e.g

. air

dry,

ove

n dr

y 40

– 1

05ºC

,fre

eze-

dry)

, but

ana

lyse

fres

h fo

rvo

latil

e ra

dion

uclid

es.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/fre

sh ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

pled

inm

ill or

ble

nder

or b

lend

ing

fresh

sam

ples

, Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if

appr

opria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

43

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Sea

wee

d (c

ont)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Toas

sess

dos

e fro

m u

se o

f sea

wee

das

com

post

and

con

sum

ptio

n of

food

.

• C

onsi

der s

easo

nal (

annu

al)

cycl

e on

sam

plin

g st

rate

gy.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg (f

resh

wei

ght)

• A

llow

for t

ide

times

to e

nsur

eac

cess

(for

bea

ch c

olle

ctio

n).

• C

orre

ctly

iden

tify

the

spec

ies

used

for c

ompo

st a

nd c

olle

ct s

ampl

e(a

ccor

ding

to lo

cal p

ract

ice)

.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple

in c

ool,

dark

con

ditio

ns, c

ool

box)

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

(e.g

. air

dry,

ove

n dr

y 40

– 1

05ºC

,fre

eze-

dry)

, but

ana

lyse

fres

h fo

rvo

latil

e ra

dion

uclid

es.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/fre

sh ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

pled

inm

ill or

ble

nder

or b

lend

ing

fresh

sam

ples

, Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if

appr

opria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

44

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Fish

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

fish

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

dat

ath

at, a

long

with

oth

er m

onito

ring

ofse

dim

ent a

nd s

eaw

ater

, may

be

usef

ul to

che

ck re

porte

ddi

scha

rges

and

dis

pers

ion

and

trans

fer m

odel

s.

• S

elec

t spe

cies

to m

eet

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive

(for e

xam

ple,

bent

hic

vers

us p

elag

ic, s

tage

of

grow

th, a

vaila

bilit

y in

the

fishi

nggr

ound

).•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(fre

shw

eigh

t).

• C

orre

ctly

iden

tify

spec

ies

caug

ht b

yne

t or l

ine.

• S

tore

the

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n in

tran

sit t

o th

e la

b (fo

rex

ampl

e in

coo

l, da

rk c

ondi

tions

, coo

lbo

x).

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• P

repa

re th

e ra

w e

dibl

e fra

ctio

nfo

r ana

lysi

s. C

ulin

ary

prep

arat

ion

may

nee

d to

be

take

n in

toac

coun

t.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant w

eigh

t(e

.g. o

ven

dry

40 –

105

ºC, f

reez

e-dr

y), b

ut a

naly

se fr

esh

for v

olat

ilera

dion

uclid

es.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

ple

inm

ill or

ble

ndin

g fre

sh s

ampl

es.

Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if a

ppro

pria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

45

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Fish

(con

t)•

Wild

life

- To

dete

rmin

e th

era

diol

ogic

al e

xpos

ure

to fi

sh.

• A

s ab

ove

• A

s ab

ove

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• Pr

epar

e sa

mpl

es a

s a

who

le(in

clud

ing

entra

ils) O

R p

repa

resp

ecifi

c po

rtion

of s

ampl

e (s

uch

asth

e th

yroi

d).

• R

ecor

d w

eigh

ts o

f par

ts re

quire

dfo

r ana

lysi

s an

d fo

r dis

card

edpa

rts (t

o al

low

for t

otal

bod

ybu

rden

).•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant w

eigh

t(e

.g. o

ven

dry

40 –

105

ºC, f

reez

e-dr

y), b

ut a

naly

se fr

esh

for v

olat

ilera

dion

uclid

es.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

ple

inm

ill or

ble

ndin

g fre

sh s

ampl

es.

Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if a

ppro

pria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

46

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Cru

stac

eans

/M

ollu

scs

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

crus

tace

ans/

mol

lusc

s.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

dat

a th

at,

alon

g w

ith o

ther

mon

itorin

g of

sedi

men

t and

sea

wat

er, m

ay b

eus

eful

to c

heck

repo

rted

disc

harg

es a

nd d

ispe

rsio

n an

dtra

nsfe

r mod

els.

• S

elec

t spe

cies

to m

eet

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg (f

resh

wei

ght).

• C

orre

ctly

iden

tify

spec

ies.

• C

olle

ct b

y ha

nd s

ampl

ing

or u

sing

pots

or d

iggi

ng a

s ap

prop

riate

for

spec

ies.

• D

o no

t dep

urat

e.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple,

in c

ool,

dark

con

ditio

ns, c

ool

box)

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• P

repa

re th

e ra

w e

dibl

e fra

ctio

nfo

r ana

lysi

s. C

ulin

ary

prep

arat

ion

may

nee

d to

be

take

n in

toac

coun

t.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant w

eigh

t(e

.g. o

ven

dry

40 –

105

ºC, f

reez

e-dr

y), b

ut a

naly

se fr

esh

for v

olat

ilera

dion

uclid

es.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

ple

inm

ill or

ble

ndin

g fre

sh s

ampl

es.

Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if a

ppro

pria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

47

Tabl

e 4a

:C

ontin

ued

– In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itori

ngSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Cru

stac

eans

/M

ollu

scs

(con

t.)•

Wild

life

- To

dete

rmin

e th

era

diol

ogic

al e

xpos

ure

tocr

usta

cean

s/m

ollu

scs.

• A

s ab

ove

• A

s ab

ove

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• Pr

epar

e so

fter-s

helle

d sp

ecie

s(s

uch

as s

hrim

ps) w

hole

. Fo

rha

rder

-she

lled

spec

ies

(suc

h as

lobs

ters

, whe

lks)

pre

pare

sam

ples

in tw

o po

rtion

s: 1

) fle

sh a

nd 2

)sh

ell.

Tre

at a

s tw

o se

para

tesa

mpl

es in

sub

sequ

ent s

tage

s O

Rpr

epar

e sp

ecifi

c po

rtion

of s

ampl

e(s

uch

as th

e gu

t).•

Rec

ord

wei

ghts

of p

arts

requ

ired

for a

naly

sis

and

for d

isca

rded

parts

(to

allo

w fo

r tot

al b

ody

burd

en).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

(e.g

. ove

n dr

y 40

– 1

05ºC

, fre

eze-

dry)

, but

ana

lyse

fres

h fo

r vol

atile

radi

onuc

lides

.•

Rec

ord

dry/

wet

ratio

.•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e,by

hom

ogen

isin

g dr

y sa

mpl

e in

mill

or b

lend

ing

fresh

sam

ples

.C

one

and

quar

ter i

f app

ropr

iate

).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

48

Tabl

e 4b

:B

est p

ract

ice

envi

ronm

enta

l mon

itorin

g gu

idan

ce –

Ter

rest

rial m

onito

ring

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Dos

e ra

tem

onito

ring

(fluc

tuat

ing

dose

rate

s an

d se

cure

loca

tion)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

opr

ovid

e in

tegr

ated

mea

sure

men

tsof

ext

erna

l rad

iatio

n do

se fr

omai

rbor

ne a

nd d

epos

ited

radi

onuc

lides

, and

dire

ct ra

diat

ion.

Clo

se to

nuc

lear

est

ablis

hmen

ts,

ther

e m

ay a

lso

be a

sig

nific

ant

cont

ribut

ion

due

to d

irect

radi

atio

n(s

hine

) fro

m th

e si

te a

nd th

ism

onito

ring

ther

efor

e pr

ovid

es a

mea

sure

of t

otal

ext

erna

l dos

e to

the

mos

t exp

osed

(crit

ical

)po

pula

tion

grou

ps.

• B

asel

ine

- Rou

tine

mon

itorin

gal

so p

rovi

des

base

line

leve

ls in

the

even

t of a

radi

olog

ical

inci

dent

.

• S

elec

t pas

sive

dos

e ra

te m

onito

r(s

uch

as T

LD, f

ilm b

adge

).•

Inst

rum

ent s

houl

d m

eet d

efin

edpe

rform

ance

crit

eria

.•

Ens

ure

secu

re lo

catio

n.•

Est

ablis

h co

smic

bac

kgro

und.

• R

esul

ts re

porte

d as

µG

y/h

air

kerm

a (s

tate

whe

ther

cor

rect

ed fo

rco

smic

).

• Lo

cate

at h

eigh

t of 1

to 1

.5 m

in a

secu

re lo

catio

n.•

Loca

te s

uch

that

shi

eldi

ng fr

omso

urce

of e

xpos

ure

is m

inim

ised

(for

exam

ple

away

from

wal

ls, t

rees

,he

dges

and

road

s).

• In

stru

men

ts to

be

depl

oyed

to m

eet

defin

ed d

ose

rate

mea

sure

men

t lim

itsu

bjec

t to

a m

axim

um p

erio

d of

3m

onth

s to

min

imis

e lo

ss o

f mon

itorin

gda

ta if

inst

rum

ent i

s lo

st/fa

ils.

• Ta

ke m

easu

rem

ents

to e

nsur

e do

sera

te is

repr

esen

tativ

e ov

er a

sca

le o

fup

to 5

-10

m.

This

may

be

chec

ked

with

spo

t dos

e ra

te m

easu

rem

ents

.

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

49

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Dos

e ra

tem

onito

ring

(non

-flu

ctua

ting

dose

rate

s or

non

-se

cure

loca

tion)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

opr

ovid

e sp

ot m

easu

rem

ent o

fex

tern

al ra

diat

ion

dose

from

airb

orne

and

dep

osite

dra

dion

uclid

es, a

nd d

irect

radi

atio

n.C

lose

to n

ucle

ar e

stab

lishm

ents

,th

ere

may

als

o be

a s

igni

fican

tco

ntrib

utio

n du

e to

dire

ct ra

diat

ion

(shi

ne) f

rom

the

site

and

this

mon

itorin

g th

eref

ore

prov

ides

am

easu

re o

f tot

al e

xter

nal d

ose

toth

e m

ost e

xpos

ed (c

ritic

al)

popu

latio

n gr

oups

.•

Bas

elin

e - R

outin

e m

onito

ring

also

pro

vide

s ba

selin

e le

vels

inth

e ev

ent o

f a ra

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• S

elec

t ins

trum

ent t

o ta

ke s

pot

mea

sure

men

t (fo

r exa

mpl

e, M

ini

6-80

, ene

rgy

com

pens

ated

NaI

(Tl)

dete

ctor

).•

Inst

rum

ent s

houl

d m

eet d

efin

edpe

rform

ance

crit

eria

, to

incl

ude

[Ref

6]:

- In

here

nt b

ackg

roun

d do

se ra

te<0

.015

µG

y/h

226 R

a γ

- C

osm

ic ra

y re

spon

se<0

.07

µGy/

h 22

6 Ra γ

- Ai

r ker

ma

base

d re

spon

se ±

30 %

of t

he re

spon

se to

137 C

s γ

radi

atio

n ov

er th

e en

ergy

rang

e 80

keV

to 1

.25

MeV

- A

dequ

ate

pola

r res

pons

e-

Pre

cisi

on•

Est

ablis

h co

smic

and

intri

nsic

back

grou

nd.

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

calib

rate

dre

gula

rly (e

.g. a

nnua

lly).

• E

nsur

e in

stru

men

t is

func

tioni

ngbe

fore

and

afte

r mon

itorin

g su

rvey

perio

d (o

r wee

kly)

.•

Cor

rect

mea

sure

men

ts fo

rco

smic

and

intri

nsic

det

ecto

rba

ckgr

ound

.•

Res

ults

repo

rted

as µ

Gy/

h ai

rke

rma.

• Ta

ke m

easu

rem

ent a

t hei

ght o

f 1 m

.•

Loca

te s

uch

that

shi

eldi

ng fr

omso

urce

of e

xpos

ure

is m

inim

ised

(for

exam

ple

away

from

wal

ls, t

rees

,he

dges

and

road

s).

• Ta

ke re

adin

g ov

er s

uffic

ient

tim

epe

riod

to a

chie

ve s

uffic

ient

sta

tistic

alco

nfid

ence

at t

he d

efin

ed m

inim

umdo

se ra

te m

easu

rem

ent l

imit.

• Ta

ke m

easu

rem

ents

to e

nsur

e do

sera

te is

repr

esen

tativ

e ov

er a

sca

le o

fup

to 5

-10

m.

Nor

mal

ly, a

sin

gle

dose

rate

mea

sure

men

t (e.

g. M

ini 6

-80)

will

be re

pres

enta

tive

at th

is s

cale

,al

thou

gh d

ose

rate

can

be

mea

sure

dat

2-3

loca

tions

at d

ista

nces

of 1

0 m

apar

t ove

r the

sam

e gr

ound

type

and

an a

vera

ge re

sult

repo

rted)

.•

Not

e th

at w

here

geo

logy

is c

hang

ing

rapi

dly

it m

ay b

e di

fficu

lt to

cho

ose

are

fere

nce

back

grou

nd d

ose

rate

for

com

paris

on

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

50

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Hig

h/M

ediu

mV

olum

e A

irS

ampl

ing

(HV

AS

/ MV

AS

)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - I

nhal

atio

nex

posu

re p

athw

ay fo

r par

ticul

ate

radi

onuc

lides

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– T

o de

tect

abno

rmal

rele

ases

.•

Mod

el c

heck

– T

o ch

eck

repo

rted

disc

harg

es a

nd a

irdi

sper

sion

mod

ellin

g.•

Envi

ronm

enta

l ind

icat

or -

Tom

onito

r the

long

-term

conc

entra

tions

of r

adio

nucl

ides

inai

r fro

m ro

utin

e re

leas

es,

resu

spen

sion

and

sea

to la

ndtra

nsfe

r.

• E

nsur

e se

cure

site

and

pow

ersu

pply

.•

Ensu

re n

oise

is m

inim

ised

.•

HV

AS

/MV

AS

nee

ds to

col

lect

tota

l par

ticul

ate

(not

spe

cific

siz

era

nge)

– th

is is

cau

tious

for t

heob

ject

ives

.•

Air

flow

to b

e m

easu

red

with

defin

ed u

ncer

tain

ty (b

est p

ract

ice

inst

rum

ent m

aint

ain

flow

rate

auto

mat

ical

ly) –

cal

ibra

tion

will

be

requ

ired.

• Fi

lters

sho

uld

trap

>95%

of

parti

cle

size

>0.

3 µm

AM

AD

[Ref

7].

• M

ass

of p

artic

ulat

e co

llect

ed to

be m

easu

red

(e.g

. filt

ers

wei

ghed

befo

re a

nd a

fter c

olle

ctio

n).

• R

esul

ts re

porte

d as

Bq/

m3 .

• C

ross

-con

tam

inat

ion

to b

e av

oide

d(fo

r exa

mpl

e, s

eal i

n po

lyth

ene

bags

,ta

ke b

lank

filte

rs to

fiel

d).

• E

nsur

e fil

ters

can

be

iden

tifie

d (fo

rex

ampl

e, u

niqu

ely

labe

l filt

ers)

.•

Sam

ple

for a

per

iod

to e

nsur

e th

atde

fined

det

ectio

n lim

its c

an b

eac

hiev

ed a

nd a

void

filte

r blin

ding

(tw

ow

eeks

is ty

pica

l).

-

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

51

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Tota

l dep

ositi

on(w

et a

nd d

ry)

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

– T

om

onito

r the

long

-term

dep

ositi

onof

radi

onuc

lides

from

rout

ine

rele

ases

.•

Mod

el c

heck

–To

pro

vide

fiel

dda

ta to

che

ck re

porte

d di

scha

rges

and

air d

ispe

rsio

n an

d de

posi

tion

mod

ellin

g.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– T

o de

tect

abno

rmal

rele

ases

.

• C

olle

ct in

a d

epos

ition

col

lect

or(s

uch

as a

rain

gau

ge).

• M

inim

ise

adso

rptio

n of

radi

onuc

lides

to c

onta

iner

(for

exam

ple,

pre

-soa

k co

ntai

ners

and

use

carri

er s

olut

ions

).•

Min

imis

e gr

owth

of a

lgae

(for

exam

ple,

use

bro

wn

colle

ctio

nbo

ttle)

.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/l o

rB

q/m

2 /s.

• R

ecor

d ar

ea o

f col

lect

ion

funn

el a

nddu

ratio

n of

tim

e sa

mpl

e co

llect

ed.

• En

sure

sam

ple

colle

ctio

n pe

riod

will

not c

ause

sam

ple

cont

aine

r to

over

-flo

w, b

ut s

uffic

ient

sam

ple

is c

olle

cted

to e

nsur

e de

tect

ion

limit

can

beac

hiev

ed.

A ty

pica

l col

lect

ion

perio

dis

2-4

wee

ks.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

).•

Filte

r sam

ples

thro

ugh

a 0.

45 µ

mm

embr

ane

and

anal

yse

filtra

te a

ndre

sidu

e if

the

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive

requ

ires

info

rmat

ion

on th

epa

rtitio

ning

bet

wee

n di

ssol

ved

and

parti

cula

te p

hase

s (e

.g. p

artic

ulat

ede

posi

tion)

.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, s

hake

liqu

id s

ampl

es).

• B

ulk

or c

once

ntra

te s

ampl

es(fo

r exa

mpl

e, th

roug

h io

nex

chan

ge o

r eva

pora

tion)

toac

hiev

e de

tect

ion

limits

, if

requ

ired.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

52

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Gra

ss/ H

erba

ge•

Envi

ronm

enta

l ind

icat

or –

To

indi

cate

whe

ther

ther

e is

like

ly to

be s

igni

fican

t con

cent

ratio

ns in

milk

, whi

ch is

an

impo

rtant

expo

sure

pat

hway

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– T

o de

tect

abno

rmal

rele

ases

. C

an b

e m

ore

sens

itive

than

milk

as

anim

als

graz

e ov

er a

larg

e ar

ea.

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

kre

porte

d di

scha

rges

and

air

disp

ersi

on/d

epos

ition

mod

ellin

g.

• A

rea

may

be

fenc

ed o

ff to

prev

ent r

emov

al o

f gra

ss a

ndun

wan

ted

addi

tions

(suc

h as

anim

al d

ropp

ings

, fer

tilis

er).

Als

oen

able

s gr

owth

sin

ce la

st s

ampl

eto

be

colle

cted

.•

Sam

ples

sho

uld

be c

olle

cted

at

sam

e lo

catio

n as

soi

l sam

ples

ifth

e ob

ject

ive

is to

val

idat

edi

sper

sion

, dep

ositi

on a

nd tr

ansf

erm

odel

ling.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg (f

resh

wei

ght)

and

Bq/

m2 .

• O

btai

n a

reas

onab

ly re

pres

enta

tive

sam

ple

over

a s

cale

of u

p to

5-1

0 m

from

a k

now

n to

tal a

rea.

Thi

s m

aybe

ach

ieve

d by

col

lect

ing

five

gras

ssa

mpl

es fr

om a

0.2

5 - 1

m2 q

uadr

atat

the

poin

ts o

f a W

sha

pe o

r the

ends

and

cen

tre o

f an

X sh

ape

over

a ci

rcle

of 1

0 m

dia

met

er.

Gra

ss/h

erba

ge s

ampl

es s

houl

d be

repr

esen

tativ

e of

that

pre

sent

at a

scal

e of

up

to 5

-10

m.

The

sam

ples

may

be

bulk

ed.

• Tr

im s

ampl

e ap

prox

10

mm

abo

veso

il su

rface

with

she

ars

(or s

imila

r),ta

king

car

e no

t to

colle

ct a

ny s

oil

and

excl

udin

g no

n-he

rbag

e (w

oody

)m

ater

ial.

• S

tore

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n (fo

r exa

mpl

e, in

an

airti

ght c

onta

iner

).

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

llat

abo

ut 4

o C o

r fre

eze)

.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant w

eigh

tan

d pr

even

t fus

ing

of s

ampl

e (e

.g.

oven

dry

40-

105o C

or f

reez

e dr

y).

(May

nee

d to

ana

lyse

wet

for

vola

tile

radi

onuc

lides

).•

Rec

ord

dry/

wet

ratio

.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, u

se b

lend

er).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

53

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Soil

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

– T

oin

dica

te w

heth

er th

ere

is li

kely

tobe

sig

nific

ant t

rans

fer i

nto

gras

s,an

d he

nce

into

milk

whi

ch is

an

impo

rtant

exp

osur

e pa

thw

ay.

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

k re

cent

repo

rted

disc

harg

es a

nd a

irdi

sper

sion

/dep

ositi

on m

odel

ling.

• W

ildlif

e –

To d

eter

min

e do

ses

tow

ildlif

e.

• S

ampl

es s

houl

d be

col

lect

edfro

m u

ndis

turb

ed p

erm

anen

tpa

stur

e•

The

area

may

be

fenc

ed o

ff to

prot

ect t

he c

olle

ctio

n si

te.

• S

ampl

es o

f soi

l in

the

root

zon

esh

ould

be

colle

cted

to a

chie

veth

ese

obje

ctiv

es (t

ypic

ally

2-5

cm

).•

It is

nor

mal

to re

mov

e ro

ots

asfa

r as

reas

onab

ly p

ract

icab

le fr

omth

e sa

mpl

e to

ach

ieve

thes

eob

ject

ives

. H

owev

er, i

t may

be

appr

opria

te to

incl

ude

all t

he ro

ots

in th

e sa

mpl

e in

cer

tain

circ

umst

ance

s.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(dry

wei

ght).

• O

btai

n a

reas

onab

ly re

pres

enta

tive

sam

ple

over

a s

cale

of u

p to

5-1

0 m

.Th

is m

ay b

e ac

hiev

ed b

y co

llect

ing

five

soil

sam

ples

from

the

poin

ts o

f aW

sha

pe o

r the

end

s an

d ce

ntre

of a

nX

shap

e ov

er a

circ

le o

f 10

mdi

amet

er [R

ef 9

,10]

. Th

e sa

mpl

esm

ay b

e bu

lked

.•

Rem

ove

surfa

ce li

tter a

nd o

verly

ing

vege

tatio

n.•

Col

lect

soi

l sam

ples

suc

h th

atex

cess

ive

dam

age

to th

e co

llect

ion

site

is m

inim

ised

and

that

the

sam

ple

is to

a k

now

n de

pth.

Thi

s m

ay b

eac

hiev

ed b

y co

llect

ing

4–10

cm

diam

eter

cor

es to

a d

epth

of 5

cm

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

and

prev

ent f

usin

g of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ov

en d

ry 4

0-10

5o C o

r fre

eze

dry)

.(M

ay n

eed

to a

naly

se w

et fo

rvo

latil

e ra

dion

uclid

es).

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• R

emov

e gr

avel

com

pone

nt b

ysi

evin

g to

<2

mm

and

dis

card

ing

>2 m

m fr

actio

n.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, b

y gr

indi

ng a

nd c

onin

gan

d qu

arte

ring)

.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

54

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Soi

l (co

nt)

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

khi

stor

ical

dis

char

ges

and

air

disp

ersi

on/d

epos

ition

mod

ellin

g.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• S

ampl

es s

houl

d be

col

lect

edfro

m u

ndis

turb

ed p

erm

anen

tpa

stur

e•

The

area

may

be

fenc

ed o

ff to

prot

ect t

he c

olle

ctio

n si

te.

• S

ampl

es w

ill n

eed

to b

esu

ffici

ently

dee

p to

ach

ieve

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ives

. A

typi

cal

prac

tical

dep

th is

15

cm.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg (d

ryw

eigh

t) an

d B

q/m

2 .

• O

btai

n a

reas

onab

ly re

pres

enta

tive

sam

ple

over

a s

cale

of u

p to

5-1

0 m

.Th

is m

ay b

e ac

hiev

ed b

y co

llect

ing

five

soil

sam

ples

from

the

poin

ts o

f aW

sha

pe o

r the

end

s an

d ce

ntre

of a

nX

shap

e ov

er a

circ

le o

f 10

mdi

amet

er.

The

sam

ples

may

be

bulk

ed.

• R

emov

e su

rface

litte

r and

ove

rlyin

gve

geta

tion.

• C

olle

ct s

oil s

ampl

es s

uch

that

exce

ssiv

e da

mag

e to

the

colle

ctio

nsi

te is

min

imis

ed a

nd th

at th

e sa

mpl

eis

to a

kno

wn

dept

h. T

his

may

be

achi

eved

by

colle

ctin

g 4–

10 c

mdi

amet

er c

ores

to a

dep

th o

f 15

cm.

• R

ecor

d th

e ar

ea o

f the

sam

ple

(for

exam

ple,

the

area

of t

he c

ore)

.•

Sec

tion

core

into

slic

es w

hich

enab

le th

e m

onito

ring

obje

ctiv

es to

be

achi

eved

. A

ccou

nt m

ay n

eed

to b

eta

ken

of c

ompr

essi

on o

f the

cor

e,pa

rticu

larly

for w

et s

edim

ents

. Th

ere

is n

o ne

ed to

sec

tion

core

s w

here

the

tota

l dep

ositi

on is

bei

ng e

stab

lishe

dfo

r a b

asel

ine.

Cor

es a

re ty

pica

llyse

ctio

ned

into

5-1

0 cm

slic

es.

Cle

anco

re s

ectio

ning

tool

(bla

de) b

etw

een

slic

es.

• S

ub-s

ampl

e fro

m c

entre

of e

ach

core

slic

e to

redu

ce s

mea

ring.

• A

s ab

ove

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

55

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Sur

face

fresh

wat

er (s

uch

as ri

vers

,st

ream

s, la

kes)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

ode

term

ine

the

dose

from

cons

umpt

ion

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

,co

nsum

ptio

n of

irrig

ated

cro

ps a

ndco

nsum

ptio

n of

mea

t pro

duct

sw

here

ani

mal

s dr

ink

wat

er.

• W

ildlif

e –

To d

eter

min

e do

ses

tow

ildlif

e.•

Envi

ronm

enta

l ind

icat

or -

Tom

onito

r the

long

-term

conc

entra

tions

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

khi

stor

ical

dis

char

ges

and

air

disp

ersi

on/d

epos

ition

mod

ellin

g.

• D

eter

min

e ap

prop

riate

sam

ple

cont

aine

r dep

ende

nt u

pon

radi

onuc

lide(

s) to

be

sam

pled

.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/l.

• R

inse

col

lect

ion

appa

ratu

s an

dco

ntai

ner w

ith s

ampl

e.•

Col

lect

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple

in c

ool,

dark

con

ditio

ns, c

ool

box)

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

yto

min

imis

e gr

owth

of a

lgae

and

avoi

d de

grad

atio

n of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ch

ill at

abo

ut 4

o C in

the

dark

).•

Filte

r sam

ples

thro

ugh

a0.

45 µ

m m

embr

ane

and

anal

yse

filtra

te a

nd re

sidu

e if

the

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive

requ

ires

info

rmat

ion

on th

e pa

rtitio

ning

betw

een

diss

olve

d an

d pa

rticu

late

phas

es.

• E

nsur

e re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

is ta

ken

for a

naly

sis

(for

exam

ple,

sha

ke w

ater

sam

ple)

.•

Con

cent

rate

sam

ple

ifne

eded

(for

exa

mpl

e, th

roug

h io

nex

chan

ge o

r eva

pora

tion)

.•

Pre

serv

e w

ith n

itric

aci

d fo

rlo

ng s

tora

ge (a

naly

sis

depe

nden

t).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

56

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e - T

ode

term

ine

the

pote

ntia

l sou

rce

ofex

posu

re th

roug

h in

hala

tion

and

inad

verte

nt in

gest

ion

durin

gre

crea

tiona

l act

iviti

es.

• W

ildlif

e –

To d

eter

min

e do

ses

tow

ildlif

e.

• Ta

ke s

ampl

es fr

om e

xpos

edriv

er b

ed o

r ban

ks o

f riv

er (i

fre

gula

rly in

unda

ted)

.•

Use

han

d-he

ld d

etec

tors

togu

ide

sam

plin

g•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(dry

wei

ght).

• Ta

ke s

ampl

es fr

om p

redo

min

ant

sedi

men

t typ

e.•

Obt

ain

a sa

mpl

e, w

hich

isre

ason

able

repr

esen

tativ

e ov

er a

scal

e of

up

to 5

-10

m.

This

may

be

achi

eved

by

sele

ctin

g sa

mpl

ing

posi

tions

from

five

poi

nts

alon

g th

eex

pose

d riv

er b

ed o

r ban

k at

dis

tanc

eof

1 m

apa

rt. S

ampl

es m

ay b

ebu

lked

.•

Col

lect

sur

face

sed

imen

t sam

ples

(0-1

cm

) with

flat

han

d sh

ovel

(or

appr

opria

te to

ol) o

ver s

elec

ted

area

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

and

prev

ent f

usin

g of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ov

en d

ry 4

0-10

5o C o

r fre

eze

dry)

.(M

ay n

eed

to a

naly

se w

et fo

rvo

latil

e ra

dion

uclid

es).

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• R

emov

e gr

avel

com

pone

nt b

ysi

evin

g to

<2

mm

and

dis

card

ing

>2 m

m fr

actio

n.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, b

y gr

indi

ng a

nd c

onin

gan

d qu

arte

ring)

.

Fres

hwat

erse

dim

ents

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

- To

mon

itor t

he lo

ng-te

rmco

ncen

tratio

ns.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– Ex

amin

e ar

eas

ofde

posi

tion/

conc

entra

tion.

• A

s ab

ove

• A

s ab

ove

• A

s ab

ove

• M

ay n

eed

to re

stric

t gra

in s

ize

fract

ion

(for e

xam

ple.

sie

ve to

<250

µm

) or r

epor

t fac

tors

whi

chca

n in

fluen

ce c

once

ntra

tions

(suc

has

gra

in s

ize,

loss

on

igni

tion

at45

0o C w

hich

is a

goo

d su

rroga

tefo

r gra

in s

ize)

. R

esul

ts m

ay b

eno

rmal

ised

by

thes

e fa

ctor

s to

redu

ce v

aria

bilit

y [R

ef 8

].

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

57

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Fres

hwat

erse

dim

ents

(con

t)•

Inve

stig

ativ

e/m

odel

che

ck –

To

inve

stig

ate

the

impa

ct o

f his

toric

aldi

scha

rges

and

che

ck m

odel

sag

ains

t the

se d

isch

arge

s.

• Th

is m

ay re

quire

sam

plin

g ov

erw

ater

in a

boa

t.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(dry

wei

ght).

• Ta

ke c

ore

sam

ples

usi

ng a

nap

prop

riate

dev

ice.

• O

btai

n a

sam

ple

whi

ch is

reas

onab

ly re

pres

enta

tive

acro

ss th

ew

idth

of t

he ri

ver.

Thi

s m

ay b

eac

hiev

ed w

ith fi

ve c

ore

sam

ples

of 1

0cm

dia

met

er ta

ken

equi

dist

ant a

cros

sth

e riv

er.

• Th

e de

pth

of th

e co

re s

houl

d en

able

the

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ives

to b

eac

hiev

ed, b

ut m

ay b

e lim

ited

to 5

-10

cm

, if t

here

is li

ttle

sedi

men

t abo

veth

e be

droc

k. I

t sho

uld

be n

oted

that

long

er c

ores

can

be

affe

cted

by

com

pres

sion

, with

this

bei

ng g

reat

est

near

the

(wet

ter)

top.

Acc

ount

of t

his

will

nee

d to

be

take

n w

hen

prep

arin

gth

e co

re fu

rther

.•

Sec

tion

core

into

slic

es w

hich

enab

le th

e m

onito

ring

obje

ctiv

es to

be

achi

eved

. Cor

es a

re ty

pica

llyse

ctio

ned

into

5-1

0 cm

slic

es.

Cle

anco

re s

ectio

ning

tool

(bla

de) b

etw

een

slic

es.

• S

ub-s

ampl

e fro

m c

entre

of e

ach

core

slic

e to

redu

ce s

mea

ring.

• B

ulk

the

sam

e se

ctio

ns o

f cor

esto

geth

er a

s ap

prop

riate

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

and

prev

ent f

usin

g of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ov

en d

ry 4

0-10

5o C o

r fre

eze

dry)

.(M

ay n

eed

to a

naly

se w

et fo

rvo

latil

e ra

dion

uclid

es).

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• R

emov

e gr

avel

com

pone

nt b

ysi

evin

g to

<2

mm

and

dis

card

ing

>2 m

m fr

actio

n.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, b

y gr

indi

ng a

nd c

onin

gan

d qu

arte

ring)

.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

58

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Roa

d dr

ain

sedi

men

ts (g

ully

pots

)

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

– T

opr

ovid

e an

indi

cato

r of a

utho

rised

or u

naut

horis

ed fu

gitiv

e re

leas

es,

land

con

tam

inat

ion

and

mig

ratio

nof

con

tam

inat

ion.

• D

eter

min

e w

hen

gully

pot

last

cle

aned

.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(dry

wei

ght).

• C

heck

that

dra

in is

rece

ivin

gw

ater

run-

off.

• C

olle

ct s

edim

ent s

ampl

e w

ithap

prop

riate

tool

(suc

h as

a lo

ngha

ndle

d tro

wel

).•

Arra

nge

for c

lean

ing

of ro

addr

ain

post

-sam

plin

g, to

pro

vide

bet

ter

info

rmat

ion

on ti

min

g of

any

cont

amin

atio

n.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

lled

at a

bout

4o C

or f

reez

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

t wei

ght

and

prev

ent f

usin

g of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ov

en d

ry 4

0-10

5o C o

r fre

eze

dry)

.(M

ay n

eed

to a

naly

se w

et fo

rvo

latil

e ra

dion

uclid

es).

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• R

emov

e gr

avel

, litt

er a

nd s

o on

by s

ievi

ng to

<2

mm

and

disc

ardi

ng >

2 m

m fr

actio

n.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, b

y gr

indi

ng a

nd c

onin

gan

d qu

arte

ring)

.

Leac

hate

(land

fill)

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

– T

opr

ovid

e an

indi

cato

r of l

and

cont

amin

atio

n an

d m

igra

tion

ofco

ntam

inat

ion.

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Toas

sess

dos

e if

leac

hate

isdi

spos

ed o

f to

sew

age

treat

men

tw

orks

and

then

into

the

envi

ronm

ent.

• D

etai

led

guid

ance

on

colle

ctio

nof

sam

ples

from

bor

ehol

es is

prov

ided

in R

efer

ence

s 1

– 5.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

l (fo

rdi

ssol

ved

and

parti

cula

te p

hase

s)an

d kg

/l of

par

ticul

ate

(ifap

prop

riate

).

• D

eter

min

e sa

mpl

e co

llect

ion

dept

h ba

sed

on m

onito

ring

requ

irem

ents

.•

Sel

ect c

olle

ctio

n ap

para

tus

(e.g

.ba

iler o

r pum

p) –

use

pum

p on

ly if

cont

ent <

5%

sol

id.

Suc

tion

pum

psar

e on

ly re

com

men

ded

for d

epth

s of

<8 m

. A

sub

mer

sibl

e pu

mp

isre

quire

d fo

r dee

per b

oreh

oles

.•

Purg

e bo

reho

le (t

hree

bor

ehol

evo

lum

es).

• R

inse

col

lect

ion

appa

ratu

s an

dco

ntai

ner w

ith s

ampl

e.•

Col

lect

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple,

in c

ool,

dark

con

ditio

ns).

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

min

imis

e gr

owth

of a

lgae

and

avoi

d de

grad

atio

n of

sam

ple

(e.g

.ch

ill at

abo

ut 4

o C o

r fre

eze

in th

eda

rk).

• Fi

lter s

ampl

es th

roug

h a

0.45

µm

mem

bran

e an

d an

alys

efil

trate

and

resi

due

if th

em

onito

ring

obje

ctiv

e re

quire

sin

form

atio

n on

the

parti

tioni

ngbe

twee

n di

ssol

ved

and

parti

cula

teph

ases

(e.g

. mig

ratio

n of

leac

hate

into

gro

undw

ater

).•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, s

hake

liqu

id s

ampl

es).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

59

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Sew

age/

slud

ges

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Toas

sess

dos

e to

sew

age

treat

men

tw

orke

rs a

nd o

ther

exp

osed

gro

ups

as a

resu

lt of

dis

posa

l of s

ludg

e.•

Envi

ronm

enta

l ind

icat

or –

To

chec

k di

scha

rge

of ra

dioa

ctiv

ityin

to s

ewer

age

syst

ems.

• M

odel

che

ck –

To

chec

k m

odel

sfo

r tra

nsfe

r of r

adio

nucl

ides

tosl

udge

.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

l or B

q/kg

(dry

wei

ght)

depe

ndin

g on

wat

erco

nten

t.

• C

olle

ct s

ampl

e in

a c

onta

iner

whi

ch m

inim

ises

any

offe

nsiv

e sm

ell.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

yto

pre

vent

deg

rada

tion

and

loss

of

vola

tiles

, if a

ppro

pria

te (e

.g. c

hill

atab

out 4

o C o

r fre

eze)

.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant w

eigh

tan

d pr

even

t fus

ing

of s

ampl

e (e

.g.

oven

dry

40-

105o C

in a

wel

lve

ntila

ted

oven

or f

reez

e dr

y).

(May

nee

d to

ana

lyse

wet

for

vola

tile

radi

onuc

lides

or i

f sm

ell i

sto

o of

fens

ive

to a

llow

dry

ing)

.•

Rec

ord

dry/

wet

ratio

.•

Ens

ure

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e is

take

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

rex

ampl

e, s

hake

liqu

id s

ampl

es).

Con

tam

inat

edla

nd•

Con

tam

inat

ion

– To

char

acte

rise

cont

amin

atio

n on

site

.

• S

ee g

uida

nce

for s

itech

arac

teris

atio

n [R

ef 1

2] a

nd fo

rae

rial s

urve

ys [R

ef 1

5].

--

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

60

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Drin

king

wat

er(ta

p w

ater

)•

Crit

ical

gro

up d

ose

– To

mon

itor t

he ra

diol

ogic

al e

xpos

ure

path

way

from

con

sum

ptio

n of

radi

oact

ivity

in d

rinki

ng w

ater

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

wat

er.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

drin

king

wat

erar

isin

g fro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

eter

min

e ap

prop

riate

sam

ple

cont

aine

r for

radi

onuc

lide(

s) to

be

sam

pled

.•

Dec

ide

upon

whe

ther

you

wan

t mai

ns ta

p w

ater

or t

he w

ater

from

with

in th

e ho

useh

old

pipe

wor

k.•

Rec

ord

site

loca

tion

ofsa

mpl

e.•

Follo

w ra

don

spec

ific

prot

ocol

if m

easu

ring

for r

adon

[Ref

13]

.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/l.

• R

inse

col

lect

ion

appa

ratu

s an

dco

ntai

ner w

ith s

ampl

e.•

Take

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

ebe

arin

g in

min

d th

e ne

ed to

allo

w ta

pto

run

for a

dequ

ate

time

inte

rval

depe

ndin

g up

on s

ampl

e ty

pere

quire

men

t (ho

useh

old

or m

ains

wat

er).

• C

olle

ct w

ater

sam

ple

dire

ctly

into

the

cont

aine

r.•

Min

imis

e ra

dion

uclid

ead

sorp

tion

to c

onta

iner

wal

ls b

yad

ding

a c

arrie

r or p

rese

rvat

ive

tow

ater

as

appr

opria

te (d

epen

dent

upo

nth

e ra

dion

uclid

e).

• S

tore

the

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n in

tran

sit t

o th

e la

b (fo

rex

ampl

e in

coo

l, da

rk c

ondi

tions

).

• M

inim

ise

grow

th o

f alg

aean

d av

oid

degr

adat

ion

of s

ampl

e(fo

r exa

mpl

e, b

y ke

epin

g sa

mpl

eco

ol a

nd in

the

dark

dur

ing

stor

age)

.•

Do

not f

ilter

sam

ple.

• C

once

ntra

te s

ampl

e if

need

ed (f

or e

xam

ple,

thro

ugh

ion

exch

ange

or e

vapo

ratio

n).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

61

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Drin

king

wat

er(w

ells

or

grou

ndw

ater

-as

sum

ed to

be

loca

l con

sum

ers

dire

ct fr

omgr

ound

wat

er v

iabo

reho

le o

rsp

ring)

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

drin

king

wat

er.

• R

eass

uran

ce –

Pro

vide

reas

sura

nce

thro

ugh

the

dete

ctio

nan

d m

onito

ring

of a

bnor

mal

rele

ases

, con

tam

inat

ed w

ater

.•

Envi

ronm

enta

l ind

icat

or -

Mon

itor t

he lo

ng-te

rm b

ehav

iour

of

radi

onuc

lides

in d

rinki

ng w

ater

aris

ing

from

rout

ine

auth

oris

edre

leas

es.

• B

asel

ine

– To

pro

vide

aba

selin

e in

the

even

t of a

radi

olog

ical

inci

dent

.

• D

etai

led

guid

ance

on

colle

ctio

nof

gro

undw

ater

sam

ples

ispr

ovid

ed in

Ref

eren

ces

1 –

5.•

Det

erm

ine

appr

opria

tesa

mpl

e co

ntai

ner f

orra

dion

uclid

e(s)

to b

e sa

mpl

ed.

• If

used

, con

firm

bor

ehol

e is

suita

ble

for s

ampl

ing

and

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

wat

erco

nsum

ed.

• R

ecor

d si

te lo

catio

n of

sam

ple.

• Fo

llow

rado

n sp

ecifi

cpr

otoc

ol if

mea

surin

g fo

r rad

on[R

ef 1

3].

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

l.

• Id

entif

y ge

oche

mic

al s

trata

(wat

er o

rigin

).•

Sel

ect c

olle

ctio

n ap

para

tus

(e.g

.ba

iler o

r pum

p) –

use

pum

p on

ly if

cont

ent <

5%

sol

id.

Suc

tion

pum

psar

e on

ly re

com

men

ded

for d

epth

s of

<8 m

. A

sub

mer

sibl

e pu

mp

isre

quire

d fo

r dee

per b

oreh

oles

.•

Purg

e bo

reho

le (t

hree

bor

ehol

evo

lum

es).

• R

inse

col

lect

ion

appa

ratu

s an

dco

ntai

ner w

ith s

ampl

e.•

Col

lect

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e.•

Min

imis

e ra

dion

uclid

ead

sorp

tion

to c

onta

iner

wal

ls b

yad

ding

a c

arrie

r or p

rese

rvat

ive

tow

ater

as

appr

opria

te (d

epen

dent

upo

nth

e ra

dion

uclid

e).

• S

tore

the

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n in

tran

sit t

o th

e la

b (fo

rex

ampl

e in

coo

l, da

rk c

ondi

tions

).

• K

eep

sam

ple

cool

(aw

ayfro

m h

eat s

ourc

es) a

nd in

the

dark

durin

g st

orag

e.•

Do

not f

ilter

sam

ple.

• C

once

ntra

te s

ampl

e if

need

ed (f

or e

xam

ple,

thro

ugh

ion

exch

ange

or e

vapo

ratio

n).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

62

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Milk

and

milk

prod

ucts

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

terre

stria

lfo

odst

uffs

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

data

that

, alo

ng w

ith o

ther

mon

itorin

g of

soi

l, ai

r and

wat

er,

may

be

usef

ul to

che

ck re

porte

ddi

scha

rges

and

dis

pers

ion

and

trans

fer m

odel

s.

• Tw

o m

etho

ds o

fpr

epar

atio

n: e

ither

the

anal

ysis

of

the

raw

edi

ble

fract

ion

(suc

h as

milk

col

lect

ed d

irect

ly fr

om th

efa

rm) o

r via

cul

inar

y pr

epar

atio

n(in

the

case

of m

ilk, t

his

mig

htm

ean

sam

plin

g pr

oces

sed

butte

r,m

ilk a

nd s

o on

).•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/l.

Ifre

sults

are

repo

rted

as d

ry w

eigh

tth

en th

e fre

sh:d

ry w

eigh

t rat

iosh

ould

be

prov

ided

.

• R

inse

col

lect

ion

appa

ratu

s an

dco

ntai

ner w

ith s

ampl

e (if

milk

).•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

eof

the

sour

ce m

ater

ial.

Con

side

r the

area

ove

r whi

ch c

attle

hav

e be

engr

azin

g, if

take

n at

the

farm

, how

man

y an

imal

s sh

ould

be

sam

pled

,sa

mpl

ing

from

the

tank

er a

nd s

o on

.•

Rec

ord

the

prov

enan

ce o

f the

sam

ple

to e

nsur

e tra

ceab

ility

of t

hesa

mpl

e ba

ck to

the

field

(lin

ks to

repr

esen

tativ

e na

ture

of t

he s

ampl

e).

• A

dd c

arrie

r or p

rese

rvat

ive

tom

ilk a

s ap

prop

riate

dep

endi

ng u

pon

the

radi

onuc

lide.

• S

tore

the

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n in

tran

sit t

o th

e la

b (fo

rex

ampl

e, s

tore

in a

ir tig

ht c

onta

iner

s,co

ol b

ox).

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

shak

e m

ilk s

ampl

e).

• C

once

ntra

te s

ampl

e if

need

ed (f

or e

xam

ple,

by

evap

orat

ion,

ion-

exch

ange

, fre

eze

dryi

ng).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

63

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Cer

eal

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

terre

stria

lfo

odst

uffs

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

data

that

, alo

ng w

ith o

ther

mon

itorin

g of

soi

l, ai

r and

wat

er,

may

be

usef

ul to

che

ck re

porte

ddi

scha

rges

and

dis

pers

ion

and

trans

fer m

odel

s.

• P

repa

re th

e ra

w e

dibl

e fra

ctio

n(s

uch

as m

atur

e gr

ain)

for

anal

ysis

. C

ulin

ary

prep

arat

ion

may

nee

d to

be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt(in

the

case

of c

erea

l, th

is m

ight

mea

n sa

mpl

ing

brea

d).

• A

ppro

ach

outli

ned

is fo

r lon

ger-

lived

radi

onuc

lides

that

will

stil

lex

ist b

y th

e tim

e th

e fo

od p

rodu

ctis

ava

ilabl

e fo

r hum

anco

nsum

ptio

n.•

For t

he o

bjec

tive

of u

nder

stan

ding

dist

ribut

ion

in th

e fie

ld, a

naly

sis

does

not

nee

d to

focu

s on

mat

ure

grai

n an

d an

y st

age

of th

e cr

opm

ay b

e sa

mpl

ed a

nd a

naly

sed

fresh

and

imm

edia

tely

to d

etec

tsh

ort-l

ived

radi

onuc

lides

.•

Con

side

r the

nee

d fo

r loc

alsa

mpl

ing

vers

us re

tail

sam

plin

g fo

rna

tiona

l ave

rage

s.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(fre

shw

eigh

t). I

f res

ults

are

repo

rted

asdr

y w

eigh

t the

n th

e fre

sh:d

ryw

eigh

t rat

io s

houl

d be

pro

vide

d.

• Id

entif

y ce

real

type

.•

Sam

ple

the

mat

eria

l at a

nap

prop

riate

tim

e (fo

r exa

mpl

e, a

sm

atur

e gr

ain

stra

ight

from

the

field

or

as g

rain

that

has

bee

n ha

rves

ted)

.•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

eof

the

sour

ce m

ater

ial.

Whe

nsa

mpl

ing

in th

e fie

ld, c

onsi

der t

helo

catio

n an

d si

ze o

f are

a to

be

sam

pled

(for

exa

mpl

e, in

the

field

colle

ct s

ampl

e fro

m th

e en

ds o

f a W

or X

sha

ped

sam

plin

g pa

ttern

). W

hen

sam

plin

g gr

ain

from

sac

ks a

fter

harv

estin

g, c

onsi

der h

ow m

any

sam

ples

, whi

ch s

acks

and

so

on to

sam

ple.

• R

ecor

d th

e pr

oven

ance

of t

hesa

mpl

e to

ens

ure

trace

abili

ty o

f the

sam

ple

back

to th

e fie

ld (l

inks

tore

pres

enta

tive

natu

re o

f the

sam

ple)

.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple,

sto

re in

air

tight

con

tain

ers)

.

• S

tore

sam

ples

in la

b to

prev

ent d

eter

iora

tion

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e)•

Pre

pare

sam

ples

to p

rovi

deed

ible

frac

tion

(may

requ

irecu

linar

y pr

epar

atio

n de

pend

ing

upon

the

obje

ctiv

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

tw

eigh

t (e.

g. a

ir dr

y, o

ven

dry

40 –

105º

C, f

reez

e-dr

y), b

ut a

naly

sefre

sh fo

r vol

atile

radi

onuc

lides

.•

Rec

ord

dry/

fresh

ratio

.•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e,by

hom

ogen

isin

g dr

y sa

mpl

ed in

mill

or b

lend

er o

r ble

ndin

g fre

shsa

mpl

es, C

one

and

quar

ter i

fap

prop

riate

).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

64

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Mea

t and

mea

tpr

oduc

tsin

clud

ing

wild

or

gam

e fo

ods

such

as

hare

,ra

bbit

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

terre

stria

lfo

odst

uffs

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

data

that

, alo

ng w

ith o

ther

mon

itorin

g of

soi

l, ai

r and

wat

er,

may

be

usef

ul to

che

ck re

porte

ddi

scha

rges

and

dis

pers

ion

and

trans

fer m

odel

s.

• Pr

epar

e th

e ra

w e

dibl

efra

ctio

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e,fro

m a

mat

ure

anim

al th

at w

ould

be s

old

com

mer

cial

ly.

Cul

inar

ypr

epar

atio

n m

ay n

eed

to b

e ta

ken

into

acc

ount

).•

App

roac

h ou

tline

d is

for

long

er-li

ved

radi

onuc

lides

that

will

still

exis

t by

the

time

the

food

prod

uct i

s av

aila

ble

for h

uman

cons

umpt

ion.

• C

onsi

der t

he n

eed

for l

ocal

sam

plin

g ve

rsus

reta

il sa

mpl

ing

for

natio

nal a

vera

ges.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg(fr

esh

wei

ght).

If r

esul

ts a

rere

porte

d as

dry

wei

ght t

hen

the

fresh

:dry

wei

ght r

atio

sho

uld

bepr

ovid

ed.

• Id

entif

y sa

mpl

e ty

pe a

ndde

term

ine

a re

pres

enta

tive

cut/p

art o

fth

e an

imal

(e.g

. the

thig

h, n

eck

etc

toen

sure

sel

ect t

he e

dibl

e fra

ctio

n th

atw

ould

be

cons

umed

).•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

eno

ting

that

it m

ay n

ot b

e po

ssib

le to

be s

elec

tive

(e.g

. som

e w

ild fo

ods

may

be

colle

cted

from

road

kills

/nat

ural

dea

ths

as o

ppos

ed to

culli

ng).

• S

elec

t sam

ple(

s) o

f mus

cle,

liver

and

kid

ney

as th

ese

cove

r the

mai

n si

tes

of ra

dion

uclid

eac

cum

ulat

ion

and

are

all c

onsu

med

insi

gnifi

cant

qua

ntiti

es.

• R

ecor

d th

e pr

oven

ance

of t

hesa

mpl

e to

ens

ure

trace

abili

ty o

f the

sam

ple

back

to th

e fie

ld (l

inks

tore

pres

enta

tive

natu

re o

f the

sam

ple)

.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(e.g

.st

ore

in a

ir tig

ht c

onta

iner

s).

• S

tore

sam

ples

in la

b to

prev

ent d

eter

iora

tion

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• P

repa

re s

ampl

es to

pro

vide

edib

le fr

actio

n (m

ay re

quire

culin

ary

prep

arat

ion

depe

ndin

gup

on th

e ob

ject

ive)

.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant

wei

ght (

e.g.

ove

n dr

y 40

– 1

05ºC

,fre

eze-

dry)

. An

alys

e fre

sh if

dete

ctio

n lim

its c

an b

e ac

hiev

edan

d a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

eca

n be

take

n; o

r if v

olat

ilera

dion

uclid

es a

re p

rese

nt).

• R

ecor

d dr

y/fre

sh ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(e.g

. by

hom

ogen

isin

g dr

y sa

mpl

e in

mill

orbl

ende

r; or

min

cing

fres

h sa

mpl

e.C

one

and

quar

ter i

f app

ropr

iate

).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

65

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Pou

ltry,

egg

san

d ho

ney

incl

udin

g w

ild o

rga

me

food

ssu

ch a

s go

ose,

mal

lard

,pa

rtrid

ge,

phea

sant

,pi

geon

, tea

l

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

terre

stria

lfo

odst

uffs

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-m

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

data

that

, alo

ng w

ith o

ther

mon

itorin

g of

soi

l, ai

r and

wat

er,

may

be

usef

ul to

che

ck re

porte

ddi

scha

rges

and

dis

pers

ion

and

trans

fer m

odel

s.

• Pr

epar

e th

e ra

w e

dibl

efra

ctio

n fo

r ana

lysi

s (e

.g. f

rom

am

atur

e bi

rd th

at w

ould

be

sold

com

mer

cial

ly).

Cul

inar

ypr

epar

atio

n m

ay n

eed

to b

e ta

ken

into

acc

ount

.•

App

roac

h ou

tline

d is

for

long

er li

ved

radi

onuc

lides

that

will

still

exis

t by

the

time

the

food

prod

uct i

s av

aila

ble

for h

uman

cons

umpt

ion.

• C

onsi

der t

he n

eed

for l

ocal

sam

plin

g ve

rsus

reta

il sa

mpl

ing

for

natio

nal a

vera

ges

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg(fr

esh

wei

ght).

If r

esul

ts a

rere

porte

d as

dry

wei

ght t

hen

the

fresh

:dry

wei

ght r

atio

sho

uld

bepr

ovid

ed.

• Id

entif

y sa

mpl

e ty

pe a

ndde

term

ine

a re

pres

enta

tive

cut/p

art o

fth

e fo

od s

tuff

(for e

xam

ple,

the

thig

hor

bre

ast f

or th

e bi

rd to

ens

ure

sele

ctio

n of

the

edib

le fr

actio

n).

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sam

ple

notin

g th

at it

may

not

be

poss

ible

tobe

sel

ectiv

e (fo

r exa

mpl

e, s

ome

wild

food

s m

ay b

e co

llect

ed fr

om ro

adki

lls/n

atur

al d

eath

s as

opp

osed

tocu

lling

)•

Sel

ect s

ampl

e(s)

of m

uscl

e,liv

er a

nd k

idne

y as

thes

e co

ver t

hem

ain

site

s of

radi

onuc

lide

accu

mul

atio

n an

d ar

e al

l con

sum

ed in

sign

ifica

nt q

uant

ities

.•

Rec

ord

the

prov

enan

ce o

f the

sam

ple

to e

nsur

e tra

ceab

ility

of t

hesa

mpl

e ba

ck to

the

field

(lin

ks to

repr

esen

tativ

e na

ture

of t

he s

ampl

e).

• S

tore

the

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n in

tran

sit t

o th

e la

b (fo

rex

ampl

e, s

tore

in a

ir tig

ht c

onta

iner

s).

• S

tore

sam

ples

in la

b to

prev

ent d

eter

iora

tion

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• P

repa

re s

ampl

es to

pro

vide

edib

le fr

actio

n (m

ay re

quire

culin

ary

prep

arat

ion

depe

ndin

gup

on th

e ob

ject

ive)

.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant

wei

ght (

e.g.

air

dry,

ove

n dr

y 40

–10

5ºC

, fre

eze-

dry)

. A

naly

se fr

esh

if de

tect

ion

limits

can

be

achi

eved

and

a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

can

be ta

ken;

or i

f vol

atile

radi

onuc

lides

are

pre

sent

.•

Rec

ord

dry/

fresh

ratio

.•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e,by

hom

ogen

isin

g dr

y sa

mpl

e in

mill

or b

lend

er;

blen

ding

/whi

skin

g/st

irrin

gho

ney/

eggs

; or m

inci

ng fr

esh

sam

ple.

Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if

appr

opria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

66

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Frui

t and

vege

tabl

esin

clud

ing

wild

food

s su

ch a

s:

appl

e, b

ilber

ry,

blac

kber

ry,

cher

ry, c

hest

nut,

chiv

e,co

bnut

/haz

elnu

t,cr

ab a

pple

,da

mso

n,da

ndel

ion,

elde

rber

ry,

elde

rflow

er,

garli

c, h

awth

orn

berr

y,ho

rser

adis

h,m

ayflo

wer

, min

t,m

ushr

oom

,ne

ttle,

pepp

erm

int,

plum

, ras

pber

ry,

rose

hip

,ro

wan

berr

y,sl

oe, s

traw

berr

y,w

ater

cres

s

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

terre

stria

lfo

odst

uffs

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

data

that

, alo

ng w

ith o

ther

mon

itorin

g of

soi

l, ai

r and

wat

er,

may

be

usef

ul to

che

ck re

porte

ddi

scha

rges

and

dis

pers

ion

and

trans

fer m

odel

s.

• Pr

epar

e th

e ra

w e

dibl

efra

ctio

n (fo

r exa

mpl

e, m

atur

efru

it/ve

geta

ble

as m

ay b

e so

ldco

mm

erci

ally

) for

ana

lysi

s.C

ulin

ary

prep

arat

ion

may

nee

d to

be ta

ken

into

acc

ount

.•

App

roac

h ou

tline

d is

for

long

er-li

ved

radi

onuc

lides

that

will

still

exis

t by

the

time

the

food

prod

uct i

s av

aila

ble

for h

uman

cons

umpt

ion.

• C

onsi

der t

he n

eed

for l

ocal

sam

plin

g ve

rsus

reta

il sa

mpl

ing

for

natio

nal a

vera

ges.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg(fr

esh

wei

ght).

If r

esul

ts a

rere

porte

d as

dry

wei

ght t

hen

the

fresh

:dry

wei

ght r

atio

sho

uld

bepr

ovid

ed.

• Id

entif

y sa

mpl

e ty

pe.

• C

olle

ct s

ampl

e an

d re

mov

e an

yex

trane

ous

mat

eria

l.•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

eof

the

sour

ce m

ater

ial.

Whe

nsa

mpl

ing

in th

e fie

ld, c

onsi

der t

helo

catio

n an

d si

ze o

f are

a to

be

sam

pled

(for

exa

mpl

e, c

olle

ct s

ampl

efro

m th

e en

ds o

f a W

or X

sha

ped

sam

plin

g pa

ttern

). W

hen

sam

plin

gsa

cks/

boxe

s af

ter h

arve

stin

g, h

owm

any

sam

ples

, whi

ch s

acks

/box

esan

d so

on

to s

ampl

e. F

or w

ild fo

ods,

cons

ider

num

ber o

f pla

nts

sam

pled

(for e

xam

ple,

for b

lack

berri

es a

ndot

her h

edge

row

spe

cies

, sam

ple

from

alon

g a

10 m

leng

th o

f hed

ge).

• R

ecor

d th

e pr

oven

ance

of t

hesa

mpl

e to

ens

ure

trace

abili

ty o

f the

sam

ple

back

to th

e fie

ld (l

inks

tore

pres

enta

tive

natu

re o

f the

sam

ple)

.•

Sto

re th

e sa

mpl

e to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

in tr

ansi

t to

the

lab

(for

exam

ple,

sto

re in

air

tight

con

tain

ers)

.

• W

ash

in w

ater

to re

mov

eso

il (v

eget

able

s) a

nd c

hem

ical

s(fr

uit).

• S

tore

sam

ples

in la

b to

prev

ent d

eter

iora

tion

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e)•

Pre

pare

sam

ples

to p

rovi

deed

ible

frac

tion

(may

requ

irecu

linar

y pr

epar

atio

n de

pend

ing

upon

the

obje

ctiv

e).

• D

ry s

ampl

e to

con

stan

tw

eigh

t (e.

g. a

ir dr

y ov

en d

ry 4

0 –

105º

C, f

reez

e-dr

y), b

ut a

naly

sefre

sh fo

r vol

atile

radi

onuc

lides

.•

Rec

ord

dry/

fresh

ratio

.•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e,by

hom

ogen

isin

g dr

y sa

mpl

e in

mill

or b

lend

ing

fresh

sam

ples

.C

one

and

quar

ter i

f app

ropr

iate

).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

67

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Fres

hwat

er fi

shan

d cr

usta

cean

• C

ritic

al g

roup

dos

e –

Tom

onito

r the

radi

olog

ical

exp

osur

epa

thw

ay fr

om c

onsu

mpt

ion

ofra

dioa

ctiv

ity in

terre

stria

lfo

odst

uffs

.•

Rea

ssur

ance

– P

rovi

dere

assu

ranc

e th

roug

h th

e de

tect

ion

and

mon

itorin

g of

abn

orm

alre

leas

es, c

onta

min

ated

food

stuf

fs.

• En

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

-M

onito

r the

long

-term

beh

avio

ur o

fra

dion

uclid

es in

food

stuf

fs a

risin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.•

Bas

elin

e –

To p

rovi

de a

base

line

in th

e ev

ent o

f ara

diol

ogic

al in

cide

nt.

• D

istr

ibut

ion

– D

eter

min

e th

esp

read

of r

adio

nucl

ides

thro

ugh

food

stuf

fs/th

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

mra

dioa

ctiv

ity a

risin

g fro

m ro

utin

eau

thor

ised

rele

ases

• M

odel

che

ck –

Pro

vide

dat

ath

at, a

long

with

oth

er m

onito

ring

ofso

il, a

ir an

d w

ater

, may

be

usef

ulto

che

ck re

porte

d di

scha

rges

and

disp

ersi

on a

nd tr

ansf

er m

odel

s.

• S

elec

t spe

cies

to m

eet

mon

itorin

g ob

ject

ive

(for e

xam

ple,

stag

e of

gro

wth

, ava

ilabi

lity)

.•

Rep

ort r

esul

ts a

s B

q/kg

(fre

shw

eigh

t).

• C

orre

ctly

iden

tify

spec

ies

caug

ht b

yne

t or l

ine.

• S

tore

sam

ples

dur

ing

trans

port

topr

even

t det

erio

ratio

n.

• S

tore

sam

ples

at l

abor

ator

y to

prev

ent d

egra

datio

n an

d lo

ss o

fvo

latil

es, i

f app

ropr

iate

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e).

• P

repa

re th

e ra

w e

dibl

e fra

ctio

nfo

r ana

lysi

s. C

ulin

ary

prep

arat

ion

may

nee

d to

be

take

n in

toac

coun

t.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant w

eigh

t(e

.g. o

ven

dry

40 –

105

ºC, f

reez

e-dr

y), b

ut a

naly

se fr

esh

for v

olat

ilera

dion

uclid

es.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/w

et ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

ple

inm

ill or

ble

ndin

g fre

sh s

ampl

es.

Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if a

ppro

pria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

68

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Wild

life

(all

spec

ies

but

not

dom

estic

ated

spec

ies

such

as

cattl

e, s

heep

)

• W

ildlif

e –

To d

eter

min

e th

era

diol

ogic

al e

xpos

ure

to w

ildlif

e.•

Envi

ronm

enta

l ind

icat

or -

Mon

itor t

he lo

ng-te

rm b

ehav

iour

of

radi

onuc

lides

in w

ildlif

e ar

isin

gfro

m ro

utin

e au

thor

ised

rele

ases

.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg (f

resh

wei

ght).

If r

esul

ts a

re re

porte

d as

dry

wei

ght t

hen

the

fresh

:dry

wei

ght r

atio

sho

uld

be p

rovi

ded.

• S

elec

t spe

cies

for r

equi

red

sam

plin

g.•

Cor

rect

ly id

entif

y sp

ecie

s an

dco

llect

road

kill

or c

ull i

f nee

ded

(bea

ring

in m

ind

the

lega

l pro

tect

ion

affo

rded

to s

ome

spec

ies)

.•

Rec

ord

the

prov

enan

ce o

f the

sam

ple

to e

nsur

e tra

ceab

ility

of t

hesa

mpl

e ba

ck to

the

field

(lin

ks to

repr

esen

tativ

e na

ture

of t

he s

ampl

e).

• S

tore

the

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n in

tran

sit t

o th

e la

b (fo

rex

ampl

e, s

tore

in a

ir tig

ht c

onta

iner

,co

ol b

ox).

• S

tore

sam

ples

in la

b to

prev

ent d

eter

iora

tion

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abou

t 4o C

or f

reez

e)•

Prep

are

sam

ples

as

who

le(in

clud

ing

entra

ils) O

R p

repa

resp

ecifi

c po

rtion

of s

ampl

e (s

uch

asth

e th

yroi

d).

• R

ecor

d w

eigh

ts o

f par

tsre

quire

d fo

r ana

lysi

s an

d fo

rdi

scar

ded

parts

.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant

wei

ght (

e.g.

ove

n dr

y 40

– 1

05ºC

,fre

eze-

dry)

. An

alys

e fre

sh if

dete

ctio

n lim

its c

an b

e ac

hiev

edan

d a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

eca

n be

take

n; o

r if v

olat

ilera

dion

uclid

es a

re p

rese

nt.

• R

ecor

d dr

y/fre

sh ra

tio.

• S

elec

t a re

pres

enta

tive

sub-

sam

ple

for a

naly

sis

(for e

xam

ple,

by h

omog

enis

ing

dry

sam

ple

inm

ill or

ble

nder

; or m

inci

ng fr

esh

sam

ple.

Con

e an

d qu

arte

r if

appr

opria

te).

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

69

Tabl

e 4b

:C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

type

Obj

ectiv

eG

ener

alSa

mpl

ing/

Mon

itorin

gSa

mpl

e pr

epar

atio

n

Wild

life

(con

t)(a

ll sp

ecie

s bu

tno

tdo

mes

ticat

edsp

ecie

s su

ch a

sca

ttle,

she

ep)

• R

eass

uran

ce –

Pro

vide

reas

sura

nce

thro

ugh

the

dete

ctio

nan

d m

onito

ring

of a

bnor

mal

rele

ases

.•

Con

tam

inat

ion

- To

dete

rmin

eth

e po

tent

ial f

or w

ildlif

e to

spr

ead

radi

onuc

lide

cont

amin

atio

n.

• Th

is is

like

ly to

be

ad h

ocm

onito

ring

or b

ased

on

sam

ple

avai

labi

lity

rath

er th

an ro

utin

eta

rget

ed s

ampl

ing.

• R

epor

t res

ults

as

Bq/

kg(fr

esh

wei

ght).

If r

esul

ts a

rere

porte

d as

dry

wei

ght t

hen

the

fresh

:dry

wei

ght r

atio

sho

uld

bepr

ovid

ed.

• S

elec

t spe

cies

for r

equi

red

sam

plin

g.•

Cor

rect

ly id

entif

y sp

ecie

s an

dco

llect

road

kill

or c

ull i

f nee

ded

(bea

ring

in m

ind

the

lega

l pro

tect

ion

affo

rded

to s

ome

spec

ies)

or s

ampl

efa

eces

or l

ive

mon

itor.

If fa

eces

colle

cted

then

gui

danc

e on

sto

rage

and

prep

arat

ion

of s

ewag

e sl

udge

shou

ld b

e co

nsid

ered

.•

Rec

ord

the

prov

enan

ce o

f the

sam

ple

to e

nsur

e tra

ceab

ility

of t

hesa

mpl

e ba

ck to

the

field

(lin

ks to

repr

esen

tativ

e na

ture

of t

he s

ampl

e).

• S

tore

the

sam

ple

to p

reve

ntde

terio

ratio

n in

tran

sit t

o th

e la

b (fo

rex

ampl

e, s

tore

in a

ir tig

ht c

onta

iner

s,co

ol b

ox).

• S

tore

sam

ples

in la

b to

pre

vent

dete

riora

tion

(e.g

. chi

ll at

abo

ut4o C

or f

reez

e).

• Pr

epar

e sa

mpl

es a

s w

hole

(incl

udin

g en

trails

) OR

pre

pare

spec

ific

porti

on o

f sam

ple

(suc

h as

feat

hers

).•

Rec

ord

wei

ghts

of p

arts

requ

ired

for a

naly

sis

and

for d

isca

rded

parts

.•

Dry

sam

ple

to c

onst

ant w

eigh

t(e

.g. o

ven

dry

40 –

105

ºC, f

reez

e-dr

y).

Ana

lyse

fres

h if

dete

ctio

nlim

its c

an b

e ac

hiev

ed a

nd a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e ca

n be

take

n; o

r if v

olat

ile ra

dion

uclid

esar

e pr

esen

t.•

Rec

ord

dry/

fresh

ratio

.•

Sel

ect a

repr

esen

tativ

e su

b-sa

mpl

e fo

r ana

lysi

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e,by

hom

ogen

isin

g dr

y sa

mpl

e in

mill

or b

lend

er; o

r min

cing

fres

hsa

mpl

e. C

one

and

quar

ter i

fap

prop

riate

).


Appendix A – Initial guidance forworkshopThis appendix contains the following preliminary documents presented to the workshop:

• Table A1a: Analysis of costs, risks/weaknesses and benefits/strengths – Terrestrialsampling/monitoring

• Table A1b: Analysis of costs, risks/weaknesses and benefits/strengths – Inter-tidalsampling/monitoring

• Table A2: Best practice environmental monitoring guidance, which was used as the basis fordiscussion at the workshop.

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

73

Tabl

e A

1a: C

osts

, ris

ks/w

eakn

esse

s an

d be

nefit

s/st

reng

ths

of a

ltern

ativ

e ap

proa

ches

(pre

sent

ed to

wor

ksho

p) –

Terr

estr

ial m

onito

ring

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isks

/Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/Str

engt

hs

TLD

s•

TLD

dev

ice

• A

naly

tical

cos

ts•

Lab

staf

f tim

e

• U

ncer

tain

ty d

ue to

envi

ronm

enta

l dam

age,

vand

alis

m a

ndco

ntam

inat

ion

• R

elat

ivel

y ex

pens

ive

(sta

ff/an

alyt

ical

) for

frequ

ent s

urve

ys•

Del

ayed

qua

litat

ive

resu

lts•

Unc

erta

inty

in d

evic

eun

til a

naly

sis

com

plet

ed

• C

heap

er fo

r inf

requ

ent

surv

eys

• Le

ss s

taff

time

• P

re-c

alib

rate

d fro

mm

anuf

actu

rer

• N

o m

aint

enan

ce o

rbr

eakd

own

cost

s

Dos

e ra

tem

onito

ring

Dos

eB

ackg

roun

d fo

r inc

iden

tsM

odel

val

idat

ion

Rea

ssur

ance

Tren

ds

Min

i 6-8

0•

Det

ecto

rs•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• In

stru

men

t fai

lure

(mec

hani

cal o

rop

erat

ion

in fi

eld)

• Q

uick

qua

ntita

tive

resu

ltson

site

• E

stab

lishe

d m

etho

dolo

gy

Air

pass

ive

shad

es•

Spe

cial

ist m

ater

ial

and

fram

es•

Sta

ff co

llect

ion

time

• D

amag

e to

clo

ths

and

fram

es (w

eath

er a

ndva

ndal

ism

)•

Del

ayed

qua

litat

ive

resu

lts•

Can

not d

eriv

e ai

rco

ncen

tratio

ns

• C

heap

er s

tart-

up c

osts

• Lo

w m

aint

enan

ce•

No

brea

kdow

n co

sts

Air

pass

ive

shad

es a

ndH

VAS/

MVA

S

Dos

eM

odel

val

idat

ion

Rea

ssur

ance

Tren

dsS

ea-to

-land

tran

sfer

Abn

orm

al re

leas

es

HVA

S/M

VAS

• H

VA

S/M

VA

S s

ampl

er•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l or w

eath

er)

• C

ontin

uous

pow

erso

urce

requ

ired

• S

emi-q

uant

itativ

ere

sults

pos

sibl

e (d

ue to

larg

e pa

rticl

es)

• In

let a

nd w

all l

osse

spr

oduc

es e

rror

s in

resu

lts•

Del

ayed

resu

lts

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

Scie

nce

Rep

ort:

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

74Tabl

e A

1a: C

ontin

ued

– Te

rres

tria

l mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isks

/Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/Str

engt

hs

Fiel

d la

bora

tory

gam

ma

spec

trom

etry

• D

etec

tor

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

cean

d ca

libra

tion

• R

epai

rs•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l or w

eath

er)

• N

eed

for a

con

tinuo

uspo

wer

sou

rce

• D

amag

e to

col

lect

ion

appa

ratu

s (w

eath

er a

ndva

ndal

ism

)

• Q

uick

sem

i-qua

ntita

tive

resu

lts o

n si

te•

Est

ablis

hed

met

hodo

logy

Wet

, dry

, tot

alde

posi

tion

Dos

eM

odel

val

idat

ion

Tren

dsA

bnor

mal

rele

ases

Lab

gam

ma

spec

trom

etry

• D

etec

tor

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

cean

d ca

libra

tion

• R

epai

rs•

Lab

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l)•

No

resu

lts o

n si

te

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

• M

ore

accu

rate

resu

ltsdu

e to

furth

er p

repa

ratio

nbe

fore

cou

ntin

g•

Like

ly to

hav

e m

ore

than

one

dete

ctor

• E

stab

lishe

d m

etho

dolo

gyC

ores

and

fiel

dla

bora

tory

gam

ma

spec

trom

etry

• D

etec

tor

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

cean

d ca

libra

tion

• R

epai

rs•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l or w

eath

er)

• N

eed

for a

con

tinuo

uspo

wer

sou

rce

• Q

uick

sem

i-qua

ntita

tive

resu

lts o

n si

te•

Est

ablis

hed

met

hodo

logy

In s

itu g

amm

asp

ectro

met

ry•

Det

ecto

r•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l or w

eath

er)

• N

eed

for a

con

tinuo

uspo

wer

sou

rce

• N

eed

to e

stab

lish

calib

ratio

n

• O

nce

calib

rate

d, n

o ne

edto

take

soi

l sam

ples

and

henc

e no

pre

para

tion

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

tical

cost

s•

Bet

ter i

nteg

ratio

n of

conc

entra

tion

over

aw

ider

are

a an

d de

pth

Soil

Dos

eB

ackg

roun

d fo

r inc

iden

tsM

odel

val

idat

ion

Tren

dsA

bnor

mal

rele

ases

Cor

es a

nd la

bga

mm

asp

ectro

met

ry

• D

etec

tor

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

cean

d ca

libra

tion

• R

epai

rs•

Lab

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l)•

No

resu

lts o

n si

te

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

• M

ore

accu

rate

resu

ltsdu

e to

furth

er p

repa

ratio

nbe

fore

cou

ntin

g•

Like

ly to

hav

e m

ore

than

one

dete

ctor

• E

stab

lishe

d m

etho

dolo

gy

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

75

Tabl

e A

1a:

Con

tinue

d –

Terr

estr

ial m

onito

ring

Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isk/

Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/ Str

engt

hs

Sur

face

sam

plin

g•

Col

lect

ion

mat

eria

ls•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime

• S

urfa

ce la

yer r

esul

tson

ly•

Qua

ntita

tive

resu

ltsG

roun

dwat

erD

ose

Con

tam

inat

ion

Tren

dsD

epth

• P

umps

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

cean

d ca

libra

tion

• R

epai

rs•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime

• Fa

ilure

of p

ump

(mec

hani

cal o

r clo

ggin

gw

ith s

uspe

nded

mat

ter

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

• D

epth

pro

file

with

resu

lts

In s

itu g

amm

asp

ectro

met

ry•

Det

ecto

r•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l or w

eath

er)

• N

eed

for a

con

tinuo

uspo

wer

sou

rce

• N

eed

to e

stab

lish

calib

ratio

n

• O

nce

calib

rate

d, n

o ne

edto

take

soi

l sam

ples

and

henc

e no

pre

para

tion

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

tical

cost

s•

Bet

ter i

nteg

ratio

n of

conc

entra

tion

over

aw

ider

are

a an

d de

pth

Fres

hwat

erse

dim

ents

Dos

eTr

ends

Mod

el v

alid

atio

n

Gra

b or

cor

ing

• G

rab

or c

orer

s•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

repa

irs•

Poss

ible

hire

/pur

chas

e of

asu

itabl

e ve

ssel

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of g

rab

or c

orer

• A

dver

se w

eath

erco

nditi

ons

for v

esse

l•

Pen

etra

tion

ofgr

ab/c

orer

of

sand

/gra

vel

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

• D

epth

pro

file

with

resu

lts

Con

tam

inat

edla

ndD

ose

Con

tam

inat

ion

Tren

dsR

emov

al o

f hot

par

ticle

s

Foot

sur

veys

• G

eige

r-M

ulle

rde

tect

or•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of d

etec

tor

(mec

hani

cal o

r det

ecto

rw

indo

w b

eing

pun

ctur

edby

gro

und

debr

is )

• Le

ngth

of t

ime

take

n fo

rsu

rvey

may

be

subs

tant

ial

• R

apid

qua

litat

ive

data

• D

etec

tion

of 'h

ot s

pots

'•

Che

ap d

etec

tors

Scie

nce

Rep

ort:

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

76Sam

ple

Type

Obj

ectiv

eC

ompa

rison

Cos

tsR

isk/

Wea

knes

ses

Ben

efits

/ Str

engt

hs

Veh

icle

sur

veys

• N

aI (T

l) de

tect

ors

and

atta

chm

ent

mou

nts/

brac

kets

for

vehi

cles

• R

outin

e m

aint

enan

cean

d ca

libra

tion

• R

epai

rs (i

nstru

men

ts/

vehi

cles

)•

Hire

/pur

chas

e of

vehi

cles

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of d

etec

tors

and

vehi

cles

• A

bilit

y of

veh

icle

totra

vers

e di

fficu

lt te

rrain

• N

ot c

arrie

d ou

t rou

tinel

yno

r est

ablis

hed

met

hodo

logy

• E

ffect

ive

and

effic

ient

inco

verin

g la

rger

are

as a

ndin

less

tim

e•

Sem

i-qua

ntita

tive

resu

lts

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

77

Tabl

e A

1b:

Cos

ts, r

isks

/wea

knes

ses

and

bene

fits/

stre

ngth

s of

alte

rnat

ive

appr

oach

es (p

rese

nted

to w

orks

hop)

–In

ter-

tidal

mon

itorin

g

Sam

ple

Type

Com

paris

onC

osts

Ris

ks/W

eakn

esse

sB

enef

its/S

tren

gths

Foot

sur

veys

• G

eige

r-M

ulle

rde

tect

or•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of d

etec

tor

(mec

hani

cal o

r det

ecto

rw

indo

w b

eing

pun

ctur

edby

gro

und

debr

is)

• Le

ngth

of t

ime

take

n fo

rsu

rvey

may

be

subs

tant

ial

• R

apid

qua

litat

ive

data

• D

etec

tion

of 'h

ot s

pots

'•

Che

ap d

etec

tors

Estu

ary/

coas

tal

cont

amin

atio

nm

onito

ring

-sm

all p

artic

les

Dos

eC

onta

min

atio

nTr

ends

Rem

oval

of h

ot p

artic

les

Veh

icle

sur

veys

• N

aI (T

l) de

tect

ors

and

atta

chm

ent

mou

nts/

brac

kets

for v

ehic

les

• R

outin

em

aint

enan

ce a

ndca

libra

tion

• R

epai

rs(in

stru

men

ts/v

ehic

les

)•

Hire

/pur

chas

e of

vehi

cles

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of d

etec

tors

and

vehi

cles

• A

bilit

y of

veh

icle

totra

vers

e di

fficu

lt te

rrain

• N

ot c

arrie

d ou

t rou

tinel

yno

r est

ablis

hed

met

hodo

logy

• E

ffect

ive

and

effic

ient

inco

verin

g la

rger

are

as a

ndin

less

tim

e•

Sem

i-qua

ntita

tive

resu

lts

Estu

ary

dose

rate

Dos

eM

odel

val

idat

ion

Rea

ssur

ance

Tren

ds

TLD

s•

TLD

dev

ice

• A

naly

tical

cos

ts•

Lab

staf

f tim

e

• U

ncer

tain

ty d

ue to

envi

ronm

enta

l dam

age,

vand

alis

m a

ndco

ntam

inat

ion

• R

elat

ivel

y ex

pens

ive

(sta

ff/an

alyt

ical

) for

frequ

ent s

urve

ys•

Del

ayed

qua

litat

ive

resu

lts•

Unc

erta

inty

in d

evic

eun

til a

naly

sis

com

plet

ed

• C

heap

er fo

r inf

requ

ent

surv

eys

• Le

ss s

taff

time

• P

re-c

alib

rate

d fro

mm

anuf

actu

rer

• N

o m

aint

enan

ce o

rbr

eakd

own

cost

s

Scie

nce

Rep

ort:

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

78Sam

ple

Type

Com

paris

onC

osts

Ris

ks/W

eakn

esse

sB

enef

its/S

tren

gths

Min

i 6-8

0•

Det

ecto

rs•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• In

stru

men

t fai

lure

(mec

hani

cal o

rop

erat

ion

in fi

eld)

• Q

uick

qua

ntita

tive

resu

ltson

site

• E

stab

lishe

d m

etho

dolo

gy

Scie

nce

Rep

ort

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Te

chni

ques

for E

nviro

nmen

tal R

adio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

79

Tabl

e A

1b:

Con

tinue

d –

Inte

r-tid

al m

onito

ring

Sam

ple

Type

Com

paris

onC

osts

Ris

k/ W

eakn

esse

sB

enef

its/ S

tren

gths

In s

itu g

amm

asp

ectro

met

ry•

Det

ecto

r•

Rou

tine

mai

nten

ance

and

calib

ratio

n•

Rep

airs

• Fi

eld

staf

f tim

e

• Fa

ilure

of i

nstru

men

t(m

echa

nica

l or w

eath

er)

• N

eed

for a

con

tinuo

uspo

wer

sou

rce

• N

eed

to e

stab

lish

calib

ratio

n

• O

nce

calib

rate

d, n

o ne

edto

take

soi

l sam

ples

and

henc

e no

pre

para

tion

and

labo

rato

ry a

naly

tical

cost

s•

Bet

ter i

nteg

ratio

n of

conc

entra

tion

over

aw

ider

are

a an

d de

pth

Sedi

men

tH

isto

rical

dis

char

ges

Mod

el v

alid

atio

n

Sed

imen

t cor

es•

Gra

b or

cor

ers

• R

outin

em

aint

enan

ce a

ndre

pairs

• Po

ssib

lehi

re/p

urch

ase

of a

suita

ble

vess

el•

Fiel

d st

aff t

ime

• Fa

ilure

of g

rab

or c

orer

• A

dver

se w

eath

erco

nditi

ons

for v

esse

l•

Pen

etra

tion

ofgr

ab/c

orer

of

sand

/gra

vel

• Q

uant

itativ

e re

sults

• D

epth

pro

file

with

resu

lts


Table A2: Best practice environmental monitoring guidance (presented toworkshop)

Terrestrial non-food sample type

Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo monitor the long-term concentrations ofradionuclides in airfrom routine releases,with particularemphasis on thoseradionuclides forwhich the inhalationexposure pathwaymay be significant(such as actinides). Tovalidate reporteddischarges and airdispersion modelling.To provide informationon sea-to-land transferof radionuclides forcoastal sites.

Results reported asBq/m3

APS• Select monitoring grid of

~ 1 km and increments of5 km, up to 20 km, in allland directions.

• Construct monitoringsupport and attachshade.

• Monitor monthly.

OR

HVAS/MVAS• Select monitoring point,

within ~ 1 km of source inopen space.

• Secure power supply.• Sample for 24 hours.

Preparation for fieldwork

HVAS/MVAS• Calibrate instrument to

determine air volume.

Air passiveshades(APS) andHigh/MediumVolume AirSampling(HVAS /MVAS)

To detect abnormalreleases. To provideinformation on sea-to-land transfer ofradionuclides forcoastal sites.

Results reported asBq/m3 or Bq/shade

APS• Select monitoring grid of

~ 1 km and increments of5 km, up to 20 km, in allland directions.

• Construct monitoringsupport and attachshade.

• Monitor daily.

OR

HVAS/MVAS• Select monitoring point,

within ~ 1 km of source inopen space

• Secure power supply.• Sample for between one

and 24 hours.


HVAS/MVAS• Calibrate instrument to

determine air volume.



Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo determine theextent ofcontamination andassessment of doseusing generalsurveys.

Results reported ascounts/s

• Identify substrate typeand weather conditions.

• Identify transects 5 mapart.

• Monitor area using aprobe with a Geiger-Muller detector, justabove the surface, sweepat no more than 0.5 m/s.

• Continue measurementsabove surface at fixedpoints along transects.

• Determine integratedcount over time oftransect.


• Calibrate instrument toknown standard.

Contaminatedland

To detect andremove any hotparticles depositedon land.

Results reported asµSv/h (for eachparticle)

By foot:• Following general survey,

spot count (15s)suspected contaminationabove ground surface,using Berthold LB 122 (orsimilar).

• Collect hot spots usingsurface scrapes intosuitable containers.

• Continue to monitor aftersurface scrapes toremove small particles atdepth.

By vehicle:• Monitor using four

independent NaI (Tl)detectors,vehicle/detectors travel at1m/s, and count for 1s,20 cm above ground.

• Travel the area usingsweeps - no more than50cm apart.







Sampletype

Objective Sampling Preparation

To providemeasurements ofexternal radiation dosefrom airborne anddepositedradionuclides, anddirect radiation. Closeto nuclearestablishments, theremay also be asignificant contributiondue to direct radiation(shine) from the siteand this monitoringtherefore provides ameasure of totalexternal dose to themost exposed (critical)population groups.Routine monitoring alsoprovides referencelevels in the event of aradiological incident.(TLD)

Results reported asµSv/h

• Determine samplingposition and timescale formeasurements.

• Ensure TLDs arecalibrated to a knownstandard.

Dose ratemonitoring

To providemeasurements ofexternal radiation dosefrom airborne anddepositedradionuclides, anddirect radiation. Closeto nuclearestablishments, theremay also be asignificant contributiondue to direct radiation(shine) from the siteand this monitoringtherefore provides ameasure of totalexternal dose to themost exposed (critical)population groups.Routine monitoring alsoprovides referencelevels in the event of aradiological incident.(Mini 6-80)

Results reported asµGy/h

• Identify substrate type.• Choose location away

from walls, trees, hedgesand roads.

• Set up detector in avertical position, with itscentre 1m above theground.

• Measure spot dose rateusing Mini 6-80instruments (or similar)for 600s.

• Operator should stand atleast 10m from detectorto prevent effects ofshielding.

• Carry out duplicatecounts of 600s.

• Carry out measurementsat two locations at adistance of 10m apart.




Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo provide validationof modelling.

Report results asBq/kg (dry weight).

For over water sampling:• Ensure safe access.• Identify sediment type.• Use coring device or grab

sampler to obtainsediment sample (50 cmdeep).

• Collect five core samplesat equidistance acrossriver.

• Section core into 5-10 cmslices, clean coresectioning tool (blade)between slices.

• Sub-sample from centreof each core slice toreduce smearing.

• Store sub-samples insuitable containers.

• Keep chilled at 2°C.

• Oven dry (40°C) toconstant weight.(Analyse wet for volatileradionuclides).

• Record dry/wet ratio.• Homogenise by sieving (< 500 µm) or crushing.• Further prepare sample

dependent uponanalyses required.

Freshwatersediments

To determine thepotential source ofexposure throughinhalation andinadvertent ingestionduring recreationalactivities.


For exposure from river bed orbanks of river:

• Ensure safe access.• Identify sediment type.• Select sampling positions

from five points, ideally inan X shape, within acircle of 4 m in diameter.

• Collect surface sedimentsamples (0-1 cm) with flathand shovel (orappropriate tool) overselected area.







Sampletype


Grass/Herbage

To monitor foodsources for livestockthat, in turn, provideproducts for humanconsumption (aparticularly importantexposure pathwaybeing milk). The datamay also be used tovalidate reporteddischarges and resultsfrom environmentaltransfer modelling. Todetect abnormalreleases; thesematerials provide amore sensitive indicatorthan milk since animalsmay graze overrelatively large areas.

Report results as Bq/kg(wet weight) and Bq/m2

• Avoid crosscontamination bycollector treading onsampling area.

• Record area wherequadrates are placed.

• Select three samples tobe taken in a quadrate(0.25 m2).

• Trim sample approx. 10mm above soil surfacewith shears (or similar)and collect samples(exclude non-herbagematerial).

• Keep sample in airtightcontainer (to preventdeterioration).


• Oven dry sample (60°C)to constant weight.(Analyse wet for volatileradionuclides).

• Record dry/wet ratio.• Homogenise sample in

mill or blender.• Further prepare sample




Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationLeachate(landfill)

To provide anindicator of landcontamination andmigration ofcontamination.

Report results asBq/l

• Determine drainage layers(water origin).

• Select collectionapparatus – weightedplastic bucket or pump –use pump only if content< 5% solid. If sampledepth is < 8 m, use asuction pump, if > 8 m,use a submersibleelectric pump.

• Rinse collectionapparatus and containerwith sample.

• Collect sample.

• Keep sample cool (awayfrom heat sources) and inthe dark during storage.

• Filter samples through a0.45 µm membrane(analysis dependent).

• Retain membrane todetermine particulatefraction.

• Preserve with nitric acidfor long storage (analysisdependent).

• Analyse ASAP.



Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationRoad drainsediments(gully pots)

To provide anindicator of fugitivereleases, landcontamination andmigration ofcontamination.


• Check that drain isreceiving water run-off.

• Identify sediment type.• Collect surface sediment

samples (0-1 cm) with flathand shovel (orappropriate tool) oversurface of gully pot, ifsediment is exposed.Collect sediment sampleusing a long handledsampling trowel (orappropriate tool) ifsediment is not exposed.







Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationSewage/sludges

To assess dose. Tomonitor authorisedand unauthoriseddischarge ofradioactivity intosewerage systemsfrom non-nuclearsites. To validatedose models.

Report results asBq/kg (dry weight) orBq/l depending onwater content.

• Address health andsafety issues forcollectors and analysts.

• Select collectionapparatus (use tap ifavailable or weightedplastic bucket if content >5% solid for liquids orsuction pump if content <5% solid for liquids i.e.sewage. A spade forthickened sludge.

• Rinse collectionapparatus and containerwith sample, if liquid.

• Collect sample.• Keep sample in airtight

container (to preventdeterioration).


• For liquid samples, addH2O2 to solubiliseparticles. Analyse ASAP.

• Oven dry (60°C) solidsamples to constantweight. (Analyse wet forvolatile radionuclides).






Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo monitor part ofenvironmental transferpathway to milk. Rootzone (the top fewcentimetres is therelevant zone).Potentially lessvariability than grass,thus better long-termmeasure ofenvironmental quality(laboratory gammaspectrometry.


• Select location for fiveroot zone samples in anX shape, within a circle of10 m diameter.

• Remove surface litter andoverlying vegetation.

• Using a turf cutter,extract a 10 cm x 15 cm x2 cm sample.

• Trim remaining surfacevegetation off with aknife.

• Collect each sample intoa container.





Soil

To enable themeasurements of totaldeposition of short-lived radionuclides tobe made. Importantbackgroundmeasurement in caseof incident (mobilegamma spectrometry).

Report results asBq/m2.

• Select location for fivecores in an X shape,within a circle of 10 mdiameter.

• Remove surface litter andoverlying vegetation.

• Using a stainless steelcoring device (10 cmdiameter, 50 cm depth),extract cores.

• Section core into 5-10 cmslices, clean sectioningtool (blade) betweenslices.

• Sub-sample from centreof each core slice toreduce smearing


• Keep chilled at 2°C.• Record area of cores.



Preparation for analysis

• Pre-prepare sample inreadiness to pack astandard geometry (forexample, remove stonesout of soil).

• Pack a standard geometrycontainer for in situgamma counting.



Sampletype


To monitor the long-term deposition ofradionuclides fromroutine releases and toprovide field data tovalidate reporteddischarges and airdispersion anddeposition modelling (insitu gammaspectrometry).

Report results asBq/m2 or µGy/h

Deposition (excluding cosmic):• Record details about the

site (e.g. a description ofthe weather conditions).

• Identify samplingposition.

• Set up in situ gammaspectrometer with crystal(facing downwards)supported at 1 m abovethe ground, with a view of> 10 m radius.

• Count for 20 minutes.

Total deposition (includingcosmic) and validation of in situgamma spectrometry:

• Set up detector (Mini 6-80 instruments or similar)in a vertical position, withits centre 1 m above theground.

• Measure spot dose ratefor 600 seconds.

• Operator should stand atleast 10 m from detectorto prevent effects ofshielding.

• Carry out duplicatecounts of 600 seconds.


• Calibrate instruments toknown standard.

Wet, dry,totaldeposition

To monitor the long-term deposition ofradionuclides fromroutine releases and toprovide field data tovalidate reporteddischarges and airdispersion anddeposition modelling(laboratory gammaspectrometry).

Report results asBq/m2 /day or Bq/m2/sor Bq/l/day

• Record details about thesite (e.g. a description ofthe weather conditions).

• Identify sample.• Choose appropriate

collection apparatusdepending upon samplematrix (such as frisbeegauge, rain gauge).

• Use collection time ofone month (or less ifincident occurs).

• Determine quantity(volume/mass) ofdeposition.

• Transfer sample into anair tight container (toprevent deterioration).


Preparation for liquids• Keep sample cool (away

from heat sources) and inthe dark during storage.

• Do not filter sample, addH2O2 to solubiliseparticles.

• Analyse ASAP.

Preparation for solids• Oven dry sample (60°C)

to constant weight.(Analyse wet for volatileradionuclides).





Terrestrial food sample type

Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationCereal To monitor

secondary foodradiologicalexposure pathways.

Report results asBq/kg (wet weight)

• Identify cereal type.• Collect sample in air tight

container (to preventdeterioration).

• Prepare samples as perculinary use to provideedible fraction.



mill or blender.• Sub-sample for analysis

by coning and quartering.• Further prepare sample




Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationDrinking water(tap water)

To monitorsecondaryconsumptionradiologicalexposure pathway.



• Allow tap to run for 10seconds.

• Collect water sample.


• Do not filter sample, addH2O2 to solubiliseparticles.

• Analyse ASAP.



Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationEggs, gameand honey

To monitorsecondary foodradiologicalexposure pathways.

Report results asBq/kg (fresh weight)

• Identify/select choice ofretail meat from thigh orbreast (game) – collect insuitable clean airtightcontainer (game, eggsand honey).



• Homogenise eggcontents by whisking,mincing for game andstirring for honey.

• Oven dry sample (60°C)to constant weight.(Analyse wet for volatileradionuclides)






Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationFreshwater(lakes, riversand streams)

To monitor secondaryconsumptionradiological exposurepathways from rivers,lakes and streams. Toindicate a measure ofabnormal releases,land contamination.To provide validationof modelling.

Report results as Bq/l

• Rinse collectionapparatus and containerwith sample. Discarddownstream of samplinglocation.

• Collect water (use watersubmersible pump forlarge volume samples orbucket/carboy for smallvolume samples).





• Analyse ASAP.



Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationFruit andvegetables

To monitorsecondary foodradiologicalexposure pathwaysand to validate dosemodels.

Report results asBq/kg (wet weight).

• Collect sample andremove any extraneousmaterial.

• Wash in water to removesoil (vegetables) andchemicals (fruit).










Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationGroundwater To monitor migration

of radionuclides fromauthorised andunauthoriseddisposals. Indicatorof landcontamination andmigration ofcontamination.


• Identify geochemicalstrata (water origin).

• Purge groundwater.• Rinse collection

apparatus and containerwith sample.

• Collect water (use watersubmersible pump forlarge volume samples.Use suction pump < 8 mdepth, submersibleelectric pump > 8 m.





• Analyse ASAP.



Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationMeat and meatproducts

To monitorsecondary foodradiologicalexposure pathwaysand to validate dosemodels. Animals thathave recently grazedat locations ofinterest, particularlyin summer.

Report results asBq/kg (fresh weight).

• Identify/select choice ofretail meat from thigh,neck or liver (sheep andcows)

• Collect sample in airtightcontainer (to preventdeterioration).









Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationMilk To determine

important potentialexposure pathway.Animals graze overrelatively large areasand thus spatialaveraging is inherentin sampling thismaterial (c.f. grassand soil sampled atfixed locations).




• Prepare samples aswhole by shaking toensure homogeneity

• Further prepare sampledependent uponanalyses required.



Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo determine theexposure pathwaythrough consumptionof wildlifeincorporatingradionuclides.


• Select species forrequired sampling.

• Correctly identifyspecies and cull.








Wildlife (suchas feralpigeons andgulls)

To determine thepotential for wildlife tospread radionuclidecontamination. Todetermine whole bodyconcentrations fromwhich dosepredictions can bemade for theorganisms.



• Correctly identifyspecies from finds ofdead birds.



• Prepare samples aswhole (including entrails)OR prepare specificportion of sample (suchas the thyroid).

• Record weights of partsrequired for analysis andfor discarded parts.






Inter-tidal sample type

Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationContaminationmonitoring

To establish β/γcontact dose rate toenable dose to skinto be assessed.


• Identify samples type.• Measure 10 spot dose

rate readings (15s)across surface usingBerthold LB 122 (orsimilar) with shield on (γonly) and with shield off(β & γ).





Sampletype


To providemeasurements ofexternal radiation dosefrom radionuclidesincorporated insediments and tovalidate models.

Results reported asµGy/h over sedimenttype (including naturalbackground)

• Identify sediment typeand weather conditions.

• Set up detector in avertical position, with itscentre 1m above theground.

• Measure spot dose rateusing Mini 6-80instruments (or similar)for 600s.

• Operator should stand atleast 10m from detectorto prevent effects ofshielding.

• Carry out duplicatecounts of 600s.

• Carry out measurementsat two locations at adistance of 10m apart.



Estuary/coastaldose ratemonitoring

To establish β/γ contactdose rate (such as onfishing nets) to enabledose to skin to beassessed.


• Identify sediment typeand weather conditions.

• Measure 10 spot doserate readings (15s)across surface usingBerthold LB 122 (orsimilar) with shield on (γonly) and with shield off(β & γ).





Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationEstuary/coastalcontaminationmonitoring -generalcontamination

To determine theextent ofcontamination usinggeneral surveys.

Results reported ascounts/s

• Identify substrate typeand weather conditions.

• Identify transects 5 mapart.

• Monitor area using aprobe with a Geiger-Muller detector, justabove the surface, sweepat no more than 0.5 m/s.

• Continue measurementsabove surface at fixedpoints along transects.

• Determine integratedcount over time oftransect.





Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo monitor theimpact of recentdischarges onenvironmentalconcentrations. Todetermine thepotential source ofexposure throughinhalation andinadvertent ingestionduring recreationalactivities.


• Allow for tide times andsafe access

• Locate fine-grainedsediment and ensuredepositionalenvironment OR thepredominant sedimenttype (if no fine-grainedsediment available).

• Collect five surfacesediment samples (0-1cm) with flat handshovel (or appropriatetool) from point in an Xshape within a circle of4 m diameter.





Estuary/coastalsediments

To provide validationof historicaldischarges and seadispersionmodelling.


• Allow for tide times andsafe access.

• Identify sample locationwith depositionalhistory.

• Use coring device (ableto withstand salineenvironment) to obtaincore sample (50 cmdepth). Take five coresfrom points in an Xshape within a circle of4m.

• Section core into 5-10cm slices, cleansectioning tool (blade)between slices.

• Sub-sample from centreof each core slice toreduce smearing








Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo detect andremove any hotparticles depositedon beaches (byfoot).



• Monitor strandline (orderof importance; mostrecent tide-line, theextreme high water markand wind blown debrisabove the extreme highwater mark) using aprobe with a Geiger-Muller detector, countabove ground surface insweeping motion todetect increase in counts.





Estuary/coastalcontaminationmonitoring –small particles

To detect andremove any hotparticles depositedon beaches (byvehicle).



• Monitor using fourindependent NaI (Tl)detectors,vehicle/detectors travel at1m/s, and count for 1s,20 cm above ground.

• Travel the area usingsweeps - no more than50cm apart.







Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo determine theexposure pathwaythrough consumptionof fish incorporatingradionuclides.



• Correctly identifyspecies caught by net orline.








Fish

To determine thepotential for fish todisperse radionuclidecontamination. Todetermine whole bodyconcentrations fromwhich dosepredictions can bemade.



• Correctly identifyspecies caught by net orline.



• Prepare samples aswhole (including entrails)OR prepare specificportion of sample (suchas the thyroid).

• Record weights of partsrequired for analysis andfor discarded parts (toallow for total bodyburden).







Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationSeawater To provide precursory

information withregard to incorporationof radionuclides insediment, fish andshellfish. To providevalidation of reporteddischarges and seadispersion modelling.To provide aninventory in a givenarea.

Report results as Bq/l

• Allow for tide times andsafe access (for beachcollection).


• Collect water (use watersubmersible pump forlarge volume samples orbucket/carboy for smallvolume samples).





• Analyse ASAP.



Sampletype


To indicate a measureof response toenvironmental changeand hence to provide agood indicator of recentdischarges, particularlyfor more solubleradionuclides.Consider seasonal(annual) cycle onsampling strategy.

Report results as Bq/kg(wet weight).


• Correctly identify singlespecies (includinghybrids).

• Collect and trim recentgrowth from fronds.

• Wash in water to removeparticulate.



• Oven dry (60°C) toconstant weight. (Analysewet for volatileradionuclides).




To assess dose toexposed populationgroups fromconsumption as food.



• Correctly identify foodspecies.

• Collect fresh seaweed(recent growth) or partsused for food accordingto local practice.

• Wash in water to removeparticulate.



• Oven dry (60°C) toconstant weight. (Analysewet for volatileradionuclides).




Seaweed

To assess dose fromuse of seaweed ascompost andconsumption of food.



• Correctly identify thespecies used for thecompost and collectsample (according tolocal practice).



• Oven dry (60°C) toconstant weight. (Analysewet for volatileradionuclides)

• Homogenise sample inmill or blender.

• Record dry/wet ratio.• Further prepare sample

dependent uponanalyses required



Sample type Objective Sampling PreparationTo determine theexposure pathwaythrough consumptionof crustaceans andmolluscs incorporatingradionuclides.


• Allow for tide times.• Select species for

required sampling.• Correctly identify

species and collect byhand sampling/diggingor using pots (molluscand crustacean). Do notdepurate.

• Collect sample in asuitable container.


• Prepare samples as perculinary use to provideedible fraction either rawor by boiling in artificialseawater.





Shellfish

To determine thepotential forcrustaceans andmolluscs to disperseradionuclidecontamination. Todetermine whole bodyactivity concentrationsfrom which dosepredictions can bemade.


• Allow for tide times.• Select species for

required sampling.• Correctly identify

species and collect byhand sampling/diggingor using pots (molluscand crustacean). Do notdepurate.

• Collect sample in asuitable container.


• Prepare softer-shelledspecies (such asshrimps) whole. Forharder-shelled species(such as lobsters,whelks) prepare samplesinto two portions: 1) fleshand 2) shells. Treat astwo separate samples insubsequent stages ORprepare specific portionof sample (such as thegut).

• Record weights of partsrequired for analysis andfor discarded parts (toallow for total bodyburden).






Appendix B – Workshop

Workshop on Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring

Hosted by Cefas on behalf of the Environment Agency, heldat Defra, Ashdown House on 8th February 2006

Note of workshop

Part A – Background and event format

1. Aim of workshopThis workshop aimed to provide Cefas and the Environment Agency with the opportunity toreview and scrutinise the findings and information reported in the draft guidance and standardson best practice techniques for radiological monitoring and sampling in the environment.

In particular, the workshop provided the opportunity to incorporate the views of others andwiden ownership for draft project products – in order to add value and rigour to this researchcontract.

The specific objectives of the workshop were to:

Check broadly whether participants agree with the Environment Agency’s monitoring objectives. Examine whether this study had missed any examples of best practice. Explore implementation factors associated with the draft guidance (such as cost). Afford some prioritisation to the monitoring methods presented. Collaboratively discuss research needs, including any gaps identified via this study. Discuss the requirements of participants in relation to implementation of the Best Practice

Guidance (such as technical barriers, cost implications of different methods).

2. AttendanceThis workshop was attended by key individuals drawn from across the United Kingdom withexpertise in the field of radiological monitoring. A copy of the delegates list is attached withinAnnex 1.

Across the group there was some variety in terms of depth of understanding of radiologicalmonitoring techniques. The group included both technical specialists and policy makers – thiswas an important strength of the event.

3. Workshop formatWorkshop format comprised a morning of presentations and full group discussion focusing on aseries of draft tables on radiological monitoring prepared by Cefas for the Environment Agency.Following this, the afternoon session aimed to examine specific monitoring practices acrossthree topic areas:

terrestrial non-foods terrestrial foods inter-tidal

Broadly, the morning was spent familiarising workshop participants with the objectives of thisstudy and collaboratively discussing a series of strategic issues associated with theidentification of best practice methods in radiological monitoring. In order to effectively run the

Science Report – Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitorin 109

workshop, getting the best out of all attendees, both morning and afternoon sessions weremanaged using a series of previously devised structured questions. These questions werepresented in tandem with a set of draft tables which were prepared as part of, and oncecompleted, would form the core source of results for this study. A copy of the workshop agendaand the series of structured questions used to direct the event are set out for information withinAnnex 2. The draft tables form a sizeable document, and are available in Appendix A.

Finally, workshop participants were asked to complete an assessment form in order to evaluatethe workshop. All participants were broadly happy with the event and their input to it. However,some expressed concern at the usage of the phrase ‘best practice’ within the title for the study.A list of the points raised by delegates on their assessment forms is supplied in Annex 3.

Part B – Key workshop findingsThe remainder of this section presents a summary, in bullet form, of the principle points raisedduring the course of workshop discussions.

1. Warm up discussion sessionAn early interactive element of the workshop was the scheduling of a discussion session whichaimed to build group participation via a series of structured questions linked to some draft tableson best practice options. In this session, workshop participants generally concurred with theoptions put forward, and the specific points raised are captured within the following sets oftables (Tables 2.1, 3.1 and 3.2) which provide a detailed breakdown of the findings of the day.

2. Table 2,1: Overview of general information captured during discussions over thecourse of the day.

Terrestrial food Terrestrial non-food Inter-tidalHealth and safety

• Generic reminder• Specific for particular hazards

Legality of collecting some samples?Expand preparation box – pre, post,during, and so onStudy pathway/value for dose – differentsampling

Take out ‘secondary’ in the objectives.Missing and/or extras to sample types.

• milk powder, dairy products• fish, crustacean• watercress• mushrooms, berries and so on

Generic statement for :BulkingDrying

Need to specify units or conversion factorCereal – determine an appropriatesampling scheme.

• traceability of batch• marine or harvested crop

Split objectives between:Assessment of food stuff for doseDistinguish between the pathways

Too much detail for preparationNo edible fraction – whole sampleAssessment for dose – look at raw

Drinking water – Acidification or carrieraddition to prevent radionuclide sorption tocontainer walls if applicable to a particulardeterminand

APS + HVAS / MVASMay not be appropriate for measuring sea-to-land transfer

APS cannot address all issuesHow efficient is the filter material?

IAEA – resource of infoSample for longer than 24 hours“May pack” for I. Tritium, gases missing.1 km is too restrictiveNumbering filtersNoise issuesEquipment fit for purpose

Contaminated land“Hot” – needs defining“Any” – Needs redefine objectiveDefine performance e.g. > 105 Bq

20 cmDose rate measureUnits – Objective?TimescaleObjectiveSecurityLevels of detectionQuarter cycles?PositionIntegrated measurementCheapRepeat measurements at same locationsOptimal location?

Freshwater sedimentsSample depends on size of riverDepth?2°C?Perhaps < 5°C

ObjectivesObjective – frequency of sampling?– general point throughout– contain monitoring on nets, ropes –define distance from objectEstuary/coastal dose rate monitoring –applies to sedimentsLink top 10 Environment Agency objectivesand sub-definitions of individual objectivesValidate models – site operatorsCloser collaboration between modellersand monitoring dataGeneral surveys – to identify anomalousareasSample types – split shellfish intocrustacean + molluscFish – commercial sizeSeawater: partitioning betweenBql-1 (dissolved) and Bqkg-1 (particulate).Need to measure/determinemgl-1 (suspended load)

Seaweed – environmental change =fluctuating discharge

Coning and quarteringTo be performed on all sub-sampling ofground samples where necessaryBulking of samples – recommendedespecially = for example, five fish.

All biota Bqkg-1 fresh weightSediment Bkg-1 dry weightWater Bkql-1


Terrestrial food Terrestrial non-food MarineTake out H2O2 – too specificGive reasons for length of time to run thetap

Wild foods, eggsLocally producedIdentifiable source – origins are knownSplit objectiveSee cereal – dryingFreshwater foods missingFruit and vegetables – take out culinaryOrigin/production areaInconsistency of validate dose models’ inobjectivesSplit objective

Meat + meat products• split objective• take out reference to summer• freezing dependent upon

radionuclide

Poultry?More offal than liver (i.e.) kidneyWet is “fresh”Continuity from sampling to end resultsand report

Milk• Origin• Preservatives dependent upon

radionuclide

Sampling/storage/preparation• Liquids• Solids• Radionuclides

Wildlife – licensingNot frequentThree objectivesCould use wildlife extras – faeces?

Why chill?Reporting dry/wet10 < sieve sizeObjective dependent% < 250 µmHow many samples?Sample pattern?Dry at 105°C

Grass/herbageSample grass 1st

Fence off an area – if possibleAvoid collecting soil16 m2 – sample allOr 5-6 kg – area depends on growth ~ >0.5 m2.2°C too difficult in field

LeachateVery difficult to achieve - 0.45 micromembraneSpot samples of time integrated estimateRoad drain sedimentsToo specificSurface sediment OK.Appropriate toolSample road sweepingsRemove cigarette ends, crisp packets etc

Sewage/sludgesFreeze + analyse ASAP or analyse wetsampleAdding H2O2?Smelly!Health & safety

SoilToo prescriptiveSeparate root ball?In situ missing – short half-life nuclides?Stainless steel etcSample size + number

40°C oven dried – higher temps give moredifficult sample to handleWe agree that freeze drying is analternative preparation process – anyreasons why freeze drying should not beused? – cost and ease

Sample and preparationContaminant monitoringdistance + how long to count forWhat is performance of counter?Function tests for instruments

Est. dose rate monitoring – use of TLDsGeneral contamination – GM, Na(I), mobiledetector

Coastal sedimentspredominant sediment type to be sampledinclude LOI analysis (surrogate for particlesize distribution)discard gravels > 2 mmanalyse < 2 mm

Small particles – why 4 independent NaI’s?Remove fish

Wet + dry total depositionLots

1. Structure of format points Objective 1st

2. Scope + missing pointsAerial survey+ Scales of sampling+ Minimum sample size

3. Bulking + HomogenisationDepends on objectiveLoss of sampling uncertaintyDetection limitRisk + history

4. Sub-samplingConing + quarteringSub-sampling for report analysisTime seriesInvestigating unusual results

5. Reporting -Consistency

6. Health + safetyConsistencyOwn risk assessmentsToo generic


3. Record of afternoon group work sessions

3.1. Responses to initial questions

Table 3.1: Responses to initial questions

Terrestrial food – initial questions• Are you happy with the scope of guidance (i.e. preparation before sampling in laboratory, preparation in field before

sampling/monitoring, sampling/monitoring and sample preparation; analysis excluded)?

Need to consider/mention legal aspects of sampling (for example, wildlife work needs to be licensed).Keep generic - preparation of sampling/monitoring, weigh materials and so on.Keep objective close to the sampling process, for example avoid mismatch between the details and through the objectivenot matching the process. Honey example: is it sampling for pathway or monitoring for dose assessment – may beimportant distinction between the two (is pathway monitoring actually covered by routine?).Question over secondary in objectives - What does this mean? Remove from the objective and leave as a pathway (foodmay turn out to be important or unimportant).Define problem carefully, define the options, score and evaluate in a systematic approach.

• Any sample/monitoring types missing? Should some be excluded as more detailed reference sources can bereferred to?

Milk products such as butter, cheese, powder (important pathways); freshwater fish and crustaceans amongst others aremissing. Should use recent habit survey – see the FSA reports on wild foods – to understand which the types of foodsshould be included.

• Should bulking of samples be included in scope to ensure practicability?

Bulking allows you to reduce the number of analyses and it is really a decision based on economics – for example ifyou’re expecting little activity concentration and the analysis is for long-lived radionuclides, then annual bulks are costeffective. Samples need to be fit for purpose, balance between the count time versus sample size and so on.

• Should coning and quartering be included for dry granular samples other than cereal?

Should use a phrase such as representative sub-sampling, dry using suitable temperature, and need to be set up,calibrated, standardised, for routine use.

• Should the units and wet/dry state be defined for reporting?

Yes

• Should there be more guidance on health and safety?

Health and safety issues – generic reminder to ensure that all practices are inherently safe or should be assessed. Butparticularly hazardous aspects should be highlighted.

Generic link is needed between the objectives and the samplers via the analysts to ensure all are clear on what they aredoing and why – there should be a joined up process that all are aware of. This point should be made in the text, whereno one type of person should dictate the sampling requirement – analysts need to say how much material and in whatform it should arrive, samplers need to understand the objective and analyst requirements to ensure sample is takenfrom appropriate location/is representative (for example, the sampling of retail versus local sites of food production)depending upon objective (national or local assessment)

Storage – may want to give a separate section which describes the options and the advantages/disadvantages of theprocessing material.


Terrestrial non-foods – initial questions• Are you happy with the scope of guidance (preparation before sampling in laboratory, preparation in field before


Objective is more important than sample type – especially the case with grass and soil.Table of objectives linked to sample type needs to be presented.


Issue of scale requires consideration.Need to address and define ‘surface water.’Indicative minimum sample size would be beneficial.Practical issues associated with weight and logistics of sampling.

• Should bulking of samples be included in scope to ensure practicability?

With bulking you loose matters associated with spatial variability.Danger of overcomplicating.Sub-core sampling?Bulk in two ways; time or location.Detection.Risk history and objective.

• Should coning and quartering be included for dry granular samples other than cereal?

Rather than specify one type, better to refer to ‘representative sub-sampling’. However, this may be impractical from atime perspective.Large degree of variation potentially.Need to assure adequate sample to repeat if necessary.Best practice is to take a bigger bulk sample in case the need for repeat analysis arises.Time series is essential to understand.Investigate unusual results.

• Should the units and wet/dry state be defined for reporting?

Consistent reporting is important. Especially for the ‘less experienced’ user.


Aim for consistency in level of detail throughout the report.Take care not to become a hostage to fortune. Legislation is in place and ample guidance on risk assessment.

UK has a strong regulatory framework in place.


Marine / estuarine – initial questions• Are you happy with the scope of guidance (i.e. preparation before sampling in laboratory, preparation in field before


Frequency of monitoringLink to Environment Agency top objectives – one or more – then sub -definitions as necessary. Check have monitoring tomet all objectives.Closer contact between modellers and monitoring data.To spot anomalies – for contamination monitoring.Suspended sediment in seawater – transport mechanism – split into aqueous and suspended (discussion onconcentration factors in models).

Seaweed – response to environmental change – meaning response to change on discharge – use environmentalindicator as the term.Seawater or seaweed - which is better indicator? Generally seaweed, but for some nuclides seawater might be better.


Split shellfish to crustacean and molluscs.Benthic versus pelagic fish, size.

• Should bulking of samples be included in scope to ensure practicability?Yes – removing variability, getting a more representative sample. Closer to the mean.

• Should coning and quartering be included for dry granular samples other than cereal?Should be used for all ground samples, where sub-samples are required.

• Should the units and wet/dry state be defined for reporting?Yes and happy with the units as presented. Could call wet fresh.


What happened to freeze drying? Better for volatile radionuclides.Need to identify that freeze drying is a good method.Volatile radionuclides have not been defined.Forty degrees needed for sediment as harder to disaggregate if ‘bake’ it any higher temperature. Freeze drying better forsediment handling afterwards. Throughput slower. No comparative studies between methods.

3.2 Responses to method-specific questions applied across all three groups

The following questions were commonly applied across all three groups:

Do you understand and are you happy with monitoring objective? How should sampling/preparation protocols be adopted in relation to specific

radioanalytical requirements? Does the sampling/monitoring method as described broadly conform to your practices? If

not, what are the main differences? Are all the key points here in each method? What is missing? Is the guidance too detailed or not detailed enough? What should be removed or what

should be excluded? Are there any benefits related to the application of a particular sampling method? Are there any constraints on the application of a particular sampling method? Are there any practical issues related to the application of a particular sampling method? What are the implications of any change in methodology for sampling; for example, will it

invalidate the previous results or make the data incompatible? Are the units and wet/dry state defined for reporting acceptable?

The comments made in response to these questions are set out within the table below.Responses have been grouped together for each monitoring medium. Please refer to the moredetailed documents generated by each group for the full breakdown of questions/answers.


Table 3.2: Responses to method specific questions applied across all three groups

Terrestrial foodCereal Harvested or mature grain in the field – it has to sample the foodstuff in the appropriate condition for use

in human consumption.

How to sample: there are different quantities that could have been sampled so sampling design (such asrandom, non-random, representative) is important; for example, if the sacks of grain area available forsampling how do you test them? Do you sub-sample out of every other one, pick one bag out of every 10and so on? How to determine that the sampling is representative.

Traceability of the product is very important, in case it turns out the batch is affected.

How to capture short-lived radionuclides if the aim is dose assessment of the finished (consumable)product? Therefore, is the objective for food dose assessment appropriate for these situations?

On the other hand, you have an objective for pathways/investigation (may be research orientated). Here,short-lived radionuclides might help you to understand the pathways but unlikely to be in the final product.

Too much detail for generic, too little detailed for SOP, key point that came out in all aspects of foodassessment was that the food should not prepared as culinary practice, it should just be the edibleproportion analysed raw. Work has been done on this by HPA and over in Ireland to assess theconsequences of food preparation and it is easier to quantify if the foods are not prepared. Prepare rawfoods to avoid losses of materials. Some culinary preparation may lead to concentration or losses – 50 to80 per cent, for example depending on use of liquor or not from cooking. Often this culinary preparationcan be used to reduce food consumption rates (as advice) under circumstances where It is applied as acountermeasure to reduce the activity concentration in a given food product. Therefore, the doseassessment would be conservative by analysing raw.

Tap water Omission when describing sample water from tap – needs the addition to the bottle of a carrier andacidification if needed and as appropriate for the radionuclide(s) of interest suggest tabulate theradionuclides that required a carrier. Radon – the sampling would be more important and likely to requireseparate protocol. Do we need to consider naturals? Generally felt should be generic – and therefore notspecific to the technique. Too far with the particles in the preparation describing the use of H2O2. What areyou trying to do when running the tap for 10s? Why is this? Maybe longer? Do we want mains water orwhat is in the tap?

Eggs,game,honey

Wild foods should be considered and not just retail, depending upon the purpose. If you want to know thedose to the local population from a nuclear site need to focus on locally identified, source of production(origins are known) foodstuffs to identify the impact of local site. But for the population/national, then youmay choose a supermarket/retail approach. Needs to cover both options.

Culinary as above in cereal

Specify units – fresh/dry matter basis. Standards should be appropriate to the material being sample.

Eggs should be removed and kept as a separate item. Other wild foods should be included (see list to begenerated from the wild food reports for FSA).

Freshwater(surface)

Relevance not understood here – is this freshwater consumption or should it be freshwaterfish/crustaceans and so on? Need to clarify objective/sampling type. Points made under other sectionswould be relevant here.

Fruit/vegetables

Culinary issues as noted previously.

Drying too specific? Need to know the wet/dry conversion. Production area needs to be known again fortraceability.

Dose model validation as an objective – the point was made that monitoring approach data has neverbeen very successfully used to validate models in the experience of the group. Furthermore, dose modelvalidation work would need to be broader and include soil and other media for food transfer ofradionuclides and the dosimetry, but it is inconsistent in its application at the moment throughout thetables.

Freshwater(ground)

Similar to drinking water? Where sampling? Using boreholes or at the site where groundwater resurfacesi.e. springs? Need to clarify purpose and sampling point/economics of sampling using boreholes etc. Isthis very different from tap water source in terms of dose monitoring except for a critical group drawingwater locally and direct from groundwater? Appropriateness of objective?

Meat/meatproducts

Sample type is actually meat not the meat products (should it be?). Describe as meat and poultry; i.e., allfarmed meat. For clarity?Samples in summer – note cattle? Dairy in the fields in summer – is this not highly specific? Should themeat/product not be sampled at any time when it is ready and not constrained to the summer?Separate the species?


Culinary preparation as previously.Kidney may want to be considered; liver, muscle already mentioned. The three types of meat productsshould be considered.Drying temperature too specificBasic for all – the list of radionuclides for volatilesNot wet weight but fresh weight.

Milk Dairies not the farms– so locally produced?Preservatives – may be required and this would be related to the radionuclidesDo not let milk rot before freezing?

Wildlife Wildlife – specific mention of culling may not be appropriate within such a document – should theEnvironment Agency advocate culling for wildlife assessments or highlight the need for ad hoc samplingbased on road kill?Need for licences? From wildlife and countryside act list species; that is, cover legal aspects – sources offurther informationTwo objectives: one for assessing exposure to wildlife (hence links to validation of models); other on thetransfer of radioactivity off-site (is this routine monitoring?).Distribution off-site – then you might sample faeces etc? Indirect methods.Transfer and spread, not just identify species present, where are they in the environment? Faeces?Skin feathers – entrails – may need to identify why you are measuring the material and whether there areparticular purposes for doing things, for example low level betas, and consequences of sub-sampling ofthe organisms from whole bodies?

Additionalnotes

As detailed as it is at the moment.Sample design – where, when and how you go. There needs to be more on the broader picture. Reviewof the fitness of purpose for the design side to check that it continues to or meets the objectives.

Common practice versus specific advice for particular areas.Project officer to discuss with the EC organisations to review the concepts of best practice against thedocument.

Terrestrial non-foodAir passiveshades (APS)and High/MediumVolume AirSampling (HVAS /MVAS)

Sea/land transfer may not be appropriate?Don’t think APS can address objective.How efficient do you want your filter to be? What fraction of dust particles do you wish to collect?Flow meter is important.Sample for 24 hours is too specific. Some sample for two weeks.

Tritium is missing – + gases generally.One km too restrictive.Try to stick with general guidance and not get too into the method.Some are happy for Environment Agency to set procedures (AWE/Sellafield).Noise and expense are additional issues.

Contaminatedland

Units keep changing, therefore comparability between time is quite difficult.Timescale - Depends on what you are trying to measure. Also relates to security of sampleprogramme. Quarterly?Position at chest height on a fence.Take care to not stifle innovation by being too prescriptive with regard to instruments used.Determine number of counts required from instrument, rather than time period.Need consistency in terms of monitoring location.Optimal location is away from trees, but in reality may not get a choice.

Dose ratemonitoring

Units keep changing, therefore comparability between time is quite difficult.Timescale - Depends on what you are trying to measure. Also relates to security of sampleprogramme. Quarterly?Position at chest height on a fence.Take care to not stifle innovation by being too prescriptive with regard to instruments used.Determine number of counts required from instrument, rather than time period.Need consistency in terms of monitoring location.Optimal location is away from trees, but in reality may not get a choice.

Freshwatersediments

Depends on size of river and flow.50 cm seems too deep.How do you identify sediment type out in the field?Why 2oC?How do you chill in the field? Why are we chilling them?10 cm core – large diameter, less smearing.Need to mention practicality of freeze drying.Problem when guidance gets too specific.Large stone removal? Sieving or crushing.Be specific about what you are analysing and not.Report dry to wet ratio, and what percentage of material failed to pass particular sieve size.


[Define limitations and assumptions taken].Change from 500 microns to 250?

Grass/Herbage Method seems a bit complicated.Good to have set location to return to.Collect vegetation sample, before soil.Fence sample area if you can.However, not possible to control in a public access area.Is area applicable? 4 x 4 area 16 m2

Grab sample by weight. (5-6 kg?)But have to measure the area.What do you collect (ideally) grass, meadow, rough stuff?Dry at 105oC. But take care for volatiles.Freeze.

Leachate(landfill)

Weigh membrane to see how much solid collected.Take care in practical terms.Horses for courses, decide what you really want?Scientific sense to separate dissolved from particulate. However, this may have practical/costconstraints.Analyse both fractions.Or have a combined sample.Spot samples or time proportional bulk.Purge borehole first.

Road drainsediments (gullypots)

Collect what you can.Too specificAppropriate tool.Consider depth of gully pot.Alternative if you have control over road sweeping is to sample that as well.Remove rubbish. (such as litter, cigarette ends).Clean out after sampling so you can’t resample.Know when drain was last cleaned?

Sewage sludges Freeze and then ash, or analyse wet sample.Can be too liquid, to dry.Query use of peroxide.

Soil Don’t need ‘short-lived’Worried about specifying set methods like this.Cut grass off top, and analyse root and everything below. Practical. Wouldn’t go as deep as 50cm.Look at surface and see if anything is underlying.Remove roots, but really impractical in a turf and most cases.Depends on how dry soil is.Have experimented by digging trial pits (Sellafield).Some just take a turf, due to time constraints. Others take three samples.Galvanised steel not stainless.In situ gamma spectrometry.

Wet, dry, totaldeposition

Collect in a rain gauge.Keep track of rainfall and calculate likely volume.Use a carrier solution.Background to be taking for monitoringCal time is very prescriptive.Calibrations for field work are easy to say, hard to do.


Inter-tidalContaminationmonitoring

Specific to ropes, nets, pots.How close to net, how much net thickness. How long do you count for? Can integrate over timeFunction test before and afterSpecify detection capability, rather than an instrument. Sensitivity/efficiency calibration.

Estuarine/coastal dose ratemonitoring

To sedimentsShould TLDs be included?Refer to Technical guidance note (Monitoring) M5 reportShould be three locations.Function checksIf taking out instrument need to take out count time.

Estuary/coastalcontaminationmonitoring -generalcontamination

How above is just above the surface?You could use a NaI detector – this would be more akin to best practice.

Estuary/coastalsediments

Didn’t like two degrees for chilling.Collect sands and muds, therefore discarding gravel. Sieving to remove larger stones. Whatdoesn’t go though 2 mm does not get analysed.Grain size considerations.Loss on ignition at 450 degrees good proxy for grain size.Go for predominant sediment type at location.Cores can be more than 50 cm. Compression problem going deep, top more compressed.Recommendation on core diameter.

Estuary/coastalcontaminationmonitoring –small particles

Question on the four independent detectorsWhat about depth of particles would you see them?

Fish Human exposure.

Juveniles might be bottom-feeding, but become pelagic as older.

Seawater Dissolved and particulate phases.

Can filter to 0.45 micron.

Seaweed No notes.

Shellfish No notes.


Annex 1Delegates list

Beth Greenaway Defra, MWD

Nick Wood Food Standards Agency

Ian Robertson SEPA

Ciara McMahon RPII, Ireland

George Ham Health Protection Agency

Bernie Wilkins Health Protection Agency RPD

Lorna Mitchell Health Protection Agency Glasgow

Sonja Shaw Harwell Scientifics

Adrian Clacher AmecNNC - NIRAS

Paul McDonald Westlakes Scientific Consulting

Nick Beresford CEH

Julian Dean NPL

Gary Bird LGC

Callum MacNeil Isle of Man Government Lab

David Jones BGS

David Sanderson SUERC

Steve Mudge Bangor University

Jim Desmond BNGSL

Richard Greenwood AWE

Matthew Emptage Environment Agency

Geraldine Guiget-Doran Harwell Scientifics

Andrew Tyler University of Stirling

Stephanie Long RPII, Ireland

Kins Leonard Cefas

Kathy Kennedy Cefas

Stephanie Cogan Cefas

David Copplestone Environment Agency

Rob Allott Environment Agency

Jane Rowe Environment Agency

Tony Ganner Environment Agency


Annex 2

Workshop agenda and list of structured questions

10.00 Arrival and coffee

10.15 Welcome and introductions

10.25 Presentations

Introduction to workshop objectives and methods to be adopted [5 mins]Kathy Kennedy (Workshop facilitator)

Environment Agency Policy on Radiological Monitoring [10 mins]Rob Allott (Technical Manager Monitoring and Assessment, Environment Agency)

Best Practice Techniques for Environmental Radiological Monitoring: Project progress andkey issues for discussion [15 mins]Dr Kins Leonard (Radiological Protection Topic Leader, Cefas)

Questions and answers [5 mins].

11.00 Discussion sessionFacilitator to lead group discussion aimed at warming people up and eliciting key generalitems of information on Best Practice in Radiological Monitoring, using structured questionsand a PowerPoint of draft tables.

12.00 Lunch

12.45 Group workThree parallel groups, each with a facilitator. Focusing on scrutinising of elements of draftreport tables and discussing associated implementation challenges. Groups to be splitthematically:

A. Terrestrial (non-foods) - Dr Rob AllottB. Terrestrial (foods) - Dr David CopplestoneC. Marine - Dr Kins Leonard

14.15 Feedback session – results of group work [10 mins per group]

14.45 Discussion / conclusions session

15.55 Thanks and goodbye.


General questions How do you view the quality/general standard of environmental radiological monitoring

within England and Wales at the moment? Is there room for improvement? Wherespecifically?

What in your opinion are the main barriers to consistent best practice in radiologicalmonitoring across England and Wales? (for example, cost, lack of data, continuityproblems)

How were your own monitoring/sampling procedures developed? Standards, guidance,experience?

Do you feel there any specific monitoring media where there are gaps inmonitoring/sampling procedures? What do we need to do to fill these gaps?

Questions for best practice options (Table 4) – Asked about the options for eachmonitoring type Are you aware of any other means of radiological monitoring for this monitoring type which

would achieve the objective? Are there any other strengths and weaknesses that should be recorded? Do you have a preferred technique and for what reasons?

Questions for sampling methods (Table 3) – Initial questions Are you happy with the scope of guidance (preparation before sampling in laboratory,

preparation in field before sampling/monitoring, sampling/monitoring and samplepreparation; analysis excluded)?

Any sample/monitoring types missing? Should some be excluded as more detailedreference sources can be referred to?

Should bulking of samples be included in scope to ensure practicability? Should coning and quartering be included for dry granular samples other than cereal? Should the units and wet/dry state be defined for reporting? Should there be more guidance on health and safety?

Questions for sampling methods (Table 3) – Asked about each monitoring type Do you understand and are you happy with monitoring objective? Does the sampling/monitoring method as described broadly conform to your practices? If

not, what are the main differences? Are all the key points here in each method? What is missing? Is the guidance too detailed or not detailed enough? What should be removed or what

should be excluded? Are there any benefits related to the application of a particular sampling method? Are there any constraints on the application of a particular sampling method? Are there any practical issues related to the application of a particular sampling method? What are the implications of any change in methodology for sampling; for example, will it

invalidate the previous results or make the data incompatible? Are the units and wet/dry state defined for reporting acceptable?

Questions for wash-up Would your organisation be willing to change or to consider changing their sampling

methods on the basis of any best practice identified within the report to be produced? Should any changes be identified as being needed, should they be done all at once, over

time or should both the existing and new sampling method be run in parallel for a time?What are the implications of the change (financial, staff, equipment issues, public views andso on)?

What level of detail should be included in the final guidance, what should be included or leftout, what would be useful?


Annex 3

Summary of additional reference material/comments supplied within workshopassessment forms

Dave Jones, BGS 2004 IAEA Guidance on Gamma Spectrometry.Ciara McMahon, RPII US MARSSIM and/or MARLAP manuals.Richard Greenwood, AWEAldermaston

Current practice by UK operators (Questionnaire).USEPA for contaminated land, data quality objectives (see website).Blue book methods?An ongoing working group would be valuable ( EA for info).

Andrew Tyler (University ofStirling)

References supplied to Rob Allott

Nick Wood (FSA) Crustacean; work on numbers of animals needed to adequately reflect r/nconcentrations in populations by Dave Swift and Mike Nicholson for MAFF.

Jim Desmond, BNGSL Possible source of outline sampling is the various CEAR documents.Steve Mudge (University ofBangor)

The ‘sample design’ aspect is lacking so how do you link objectives tomethod? Balance on prescription of methods needs to be there – not toovague and not ‘you must use this instrument’.

Callum MacNeil, Govt. Lab.Isle of Man

Potential problems of pseudo-replication of samples needs to be addressed.

Tony Ganner, EnvironmentAgency

Nuclear industry’s ‘Safegrounds’ work on contaminated land, identifying bestpractice.Work on data quality objectives (DQOs) – see DQO on Google search.


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