best practice dropped object hand handbook
TRANSCRIPT
HandbookBest practice DroppeD oBject ManageMent
www.samarbeidforsikkerhet.no
rev. 02
abbreviations / termsHSE• –Health,safetyandenvironmentDO• –Droppedobject,anuncontrolledmovementofanobjectfromoneleveltoanotherCCTV• –(Closed-circuittelevision)surveillancecamera.Documented training• –trainingwherebypersonsusinganequipmenthavereceiveddocumentablepracticaltrainingandtheoreticaltuitionthathasprovidedthemwithknowledgeof:Structure/composition,operation,propertiesandareasofuse,aswellasmaintenanceandcontrol,allincompliancewiththesafe-useandoperatingrequirementsintheapplicableregulationsandinstructionsforuse.Competent person• –Apersonthatcandocumentpracticalandtheoreticalknowledgeinthedisciplinearea,forexampleintheformofanexaminationcertificateoracertificateofcompetence.SfS• –SamarbeidforSikkerhet(“WorkingTogetherforSafety”)Atripartitecooperationwithinthefieldofhealth,safetyandtheenvironment(HSE)intheoiland-gasindustry.
2 Dropped Object Management
Fallingobjectsrepresentasignificantsafetychallengeinouroperations.
Studieshaveshownthatourgreatestchallengesareconnectedtoworkprocessesandinadequatelysecuredequipment.AsacorrectiveactionWorkingTogetherforSafety(SfS)hasdecidedtopublishthishandbook,whichsummarizesrelevantrequirementsforsecuringfixedandlooseequipment.
ThishandbookwasfirstestablishedbyStatoiltogetherwiththeircontractorsandusers.OuraimbypublishingthishandbookistocommunicateBestPracticetotheindustry.Themainobjectiveistoavoiddroppedobjects.Toachievethisweneedtoknowhowtosecureequipment.Usethishandbookactivelytobetterunderstandandestablishnecessarybarriers.Alsomakesurethatthesebarriersaremaintained.
SfSwouldliketoexpresssincerethankstoStatoilHydrofortheirwillingnesstosheartheirBestPracticewiththerestofourindustry.
ErikWiigLeaderSfS
introduction
Dropped Object Management 3
table of contentsPurpose of the handbook......................................... 6Barriers.......................................................................8Fall energy and fall factor........................................ 10Galvanic corrosion...................................................12Bolted connections..................................................14 -Specialbolts........................................................16 -Boltedconnections.............................................. 18Correct use of cotter pins....................................... 26Securing pins/ safety pins....................................... 28Securing devices...................................................... 30Correct installation of wire clamps......................... 32Securing of personnel.............................................. 34Derrick evacuation equipment................................ 36Securing of tools at hight........................................ 38 -Handtools<5kg............................................... 38 -Tools5-25kg......................................................40 -Securingofotherportableequipment................ 42 -Toolcabinetsforwork......................................... 44Securing of permanently attached equipment..... 46Walkways -Grating.................................................................46 -Pipeworkandequipmentfeedthroughs.............. 48 -Railings............................................................... 50 -Toeboards.......................................................... 52 -Swinggates........................................................ 54 -Ladders............................................................... 56
4 Dropped Object Management
Electroandinstrument -Floodlights........................................................... 58 -Lightingfixtures...................................................60 -Navigationlights................................................. 62 -CCTVcamera.....................................................64 -Craneboomcamera........................................... 68 -Loudspeakers.....................................................70 -Junctionboxesandcabinetsinstalledaloft........ 72 -Cabletraysandcableladders............................ 74Structures -Windwalls..........................................................76 -Signs...................................................................78Otherequipment -Valvehandlesandwheelsinstalledatheight..... 80 -Locksoninsulationcladding.............................. 82 -Temporary/permanentstorageofgascylinders.. 84 -Snatchblocks....................................................86 -Umbilicalrollersheaves..................................... 88 -Loophoses.........................................................90 -Loadcarriers......................................................92 -Correctuseofshackles...................................... 94 -Correctuseofeyebolts/eyenuts....................... 96Racks and storage..................................................... 98Unnecessary equipment aloft.............................. 100Securing of parts, equipment and material during work aloft ...................................................102Post inspection/ final check of the work site...... 104Observation techniques........................................ 106
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purpose of the handbook Thisdocumentisintendedtohelpeliminatetheriskofdroppedobjects.Itappliesbothtoequipmentprocureandtoequipmentalreadyinusein/onyourownandhiredinstallations.Inmanycases,thefunctionalrequirementsthatareestablishedfortheequipmentinthisdocumentwillsetanewstandardforouractivities.Thedefinitionofbarriersthatpreventdroppedobjects,deployedintheprocurement,useandmaintenanceofequipment,hasbeenanimportantgoal.Whenprocuringnewequipment,wemustendeavourtouseintegratedsolutionsinrespecttobarriers.Inordertominimizethedangerofcollision,wemustalwaysevaluatetheriskassociatedwiththechosenlocationofequipment.Equipmentmustbedesignedandinstalledtoprovidethesafestpossibleaccessformain-tenance,ref.NORSOK,PSA,OLFandtheNorwegianLabourInspectionAuthority.
Thefunctionalrequirementssetforthinthishandbookmustbecompliedwithinthewholevaluechain:- design - procurement - installation- operation - maintenanceBycomplyingwiththeserequirementsyouwillhelpSfSachievethegoalofzerodroppedobjects
Who is responsible? – Everyone in the value chain (see next page).
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Barriersarefunctionsandmeasuresdesignedto•breakaspecifiedundesirablechainsofevents.Inotherwords,theirfunctionistopreventadangerfrommanifestingitselfortolimitthedamagebybreakinganundesirablechainofevents.
Barriers
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Safetybarriersaretechnical,organizationalorotherplannedandimplementedmeasuresintendedtobreakanundesirablechainofevents.- Man (humanknowledge,experienceandqualities)
- Technicalsolutionsalonecanserveasbarrier functions,buttheyoftenneedtobecombinedwith organizationaland/orhumansolutions- Organizational(procedures,specifications, checklistsetc.)
MandOsolutionscannot fillbarrierfunctions alone;theymustalwaysbecombinedwithatleast oneothersolution.
M
t
o
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Fall energy and fall factor
Fall factorsthe “fall factor “de-scribes the severity of a fall. it is an expression of the relationship be-tween the length of the fall and the length of rope available to break the fall.
the fall factor is calcu-lated using the formula on next page.
factor0
lanyardwith
lanyardwithoutenergyabsorber
factor1 factor2
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Fall energy Fallenergy,measuredinJoules(J)asshowninthefiguretotheleft,isonlyusedinconnectionwiththeriskofpersonalinjury(inothercasespotentialfallenergy(Ef)iscalculatedusingtheformulaEf=mghwheremistheweightoftheobjectinkg,histheheightfromwhichtheobjectisdroppedandgisthegravitationalaccelera-tion=9.8m/s).Alimitof40JhasbeendefinedbyOLFandPSANorway,asthecriterionforseriouspersonalinjury.
Fall factorThefallfactoristhetotallengthofthefalldividedbythelengthofthesecuringdevicethatabsorbsthefallenergy.Theforceapersonorobjectisexposedto,dependsontheenergy-absorbingpropertiesofthesecuringdevice(abilitytolengthenwithoutbreaking).Whensecuringpersonsagainstfalling,thefallfactormustundernocircumstancesexceedfactor2.Itshouldpreferablybekeptunderfactor1.
reference: petzl technical guideline.
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galvanic corrosion
Asabasicrule,onlymetalsofthesameoralmostthesamenobilityshouldbecombinedinacorrosiveenvironment.
Anode(lessnobel)
cath
ode
(mor
e no
bel)
Electrochemical series
cathode (protected) more noblegraphitetitanium
silveracid-proof steel a4 – passive stainless steel a2 – passive
iconel – passive nickel – passive
silver solderMonel
copper/nickel alloysBronzecopper
Brassiconel – active nickel – active
TinLead
TinsolderStainlesssteelA4–activeStainlesssteelA2–active
CaststeelSteelandiron
Aluminium2024–T4Cadmium
Aluminium1100Galvanisedsteel
ZincMagnesiumalloys
MagnesiumAnode (corrodes) less noble
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Galvaniccorrosionoccurswhentwodissimilarmetalswithdifferentvoltagepotentialsareincontactwitheachotherinthepresenceofanelectrolyte(dampfilmorseawater/freshwater).Whenthishappens,thelessnoblemetalbecomestheanodeandthemorenoblemetalthecathode.Ifasteelscrewisfixedintoacopperplate,thescrewwillbetheanodesincecopperisthenoblermetal.Thescrewwillcorroderapidlyasthedifferenceinpotentialisgreat.
Ifthesamesteelscrewisfixedintoalessnobleplate,e.g.azincplate,thescrewwillbethecathodeandwillnotrust.Thezincplatewillcorrode,asitislessnoblethanthescrew.
Forthesereasons,itisimportantthatallsecuringdevicesareofthestainlesssteeltype.Thisappliestocotterpins,safetypins,securingwireandlockingwireforthreadingthroughnutsandboltsetc.
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steel screwcurrent
Humidity
copper
steel screwcurrent
Humidity
Less noble plate
Bolted connections
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Atpresent,boltsarebeingproducedtoatleast85differentindustrialstandardsandtherequirementsforboltedconnectionsvaryforthedifferentsectorsdependingonthegivendesign,operationalandmainte-nancerequirements.
Achievingastableboltedconnectionwillthereforerequireaqualifiedevaluationofthefollowingfactors:Loaddesign•Choiceofmaterialswithrespecttomechanical•propertiesandcorrosionresistanceWhereappropriate,useoflubricant•Pre-tensioninganduseofthecorrecttorque•equipment
Locking of bolts to secure against loss of torque and pre-tension, is defined as secondary retention.
Eighty-fivepercentofalldamagetoboltsetc.isduetofatigue: –dynamicloadwithinadequatepre-tensioning –overstrainresultinginreducedpre-tensioning
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special bolts
BONDURA BOLTwww.boltnorge.no
Bondurahasaconstructionthatcantakeupmovementandovalitybyusingexpandingtaperedsleevesatbothendsofthebolt.Thereareseveralvariantsofthebolt,bothstraight-throughversionstootherthatarefittedfromoneside.Standardscrewsaretightenedtopressinthecones.Theboltisfixeddirectlytothemachineorequipmentwithlockingscrews.Thispreventstheboltfromloosening,fallingoutorrotatinginthebolthole.Bonduraboltsmustbefittedandmaintainedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sspecifications.BonduraiscertifiedincompliancewithAPI8CandF.E.M.regulations.
Areas of use:Forexample,asareplacementforclevisboltsintopdrivesandhingeboltsondollies,pipehandlingequipmentandcranes.
Bondura bolt 6.6 Bondura bolt 6.1
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SUPERBOLT / SUPERNUT www.superbolt.com
Superbolt/Supernutareconstructedsuchthatstand-ardnutsarereplacedby“stretchnuts”withintegratedjackboltsandwashers.UsecanbeverybeneficialintermsofHSEbecauseonlyhandtoolsareneededforfittinganddismantling.Riggingofheavytorqueequip-mentanduseofsledgehammersduringinstallationanddisassemblyisavoided.Anadditionalbenefitisthattimeissavedduringtheoperations.Boltsmustbefittedandmaintainedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sspecifications.BothSuperboltandSupernutisavailableinaspecialcorrosionresistantoffshoreversion.
Areas of use:Almostunlimited;availableinbothinchandmillimetredimensionsanddiametersfromM20toM160.
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Bolted connections
nord-Lock bolt securing system
spiralock
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Dual nuts are not recommended for locking of bolted connections. The following methods are recommended for locking bolted connections.
NORD-LOCk BOLT SECURiNG SySTEM www.nordlock.comWhencorrectlyinstalled,theNord-LockBoltsecuringsystemprovidesaguaranteedsecureboltedconnection.Lockingisachievedbymeansoftwowashersthatensuretheclampingforceismaintainedintheboltedconnection.Nord-LockhasDnV(DetNorskeVeritas)typeapproval.
Areas of use:Particularlysuitableforconnectionsexposedtovibra-tions,e.g.grating,loudspeakers,cabletrays,ladders,guiderailsetc.Butithasanalmostunlimitedrangeofapplications.
SPiRAL LOCkwww.spiralock.comSelf-lockisanall-metallocknut/boltandhasaspeciallydesignedthreadedprofilethatlockswhentightenedanddistributesthetensionoverthewholelengthofthethread.Thisprovidesbetterloaddistribution,whichhelpstoimprovethelockingoftheboltconnection.
Areas of use:Almostunlimited,frequentlyusedforcriticalboltconnections.
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correct installation of cotter pins in bolts
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CASTLE NUT WiTH COTTER PiNAdoptedfromtheaviationindustry,Castlenutsprovideavisualandreliablemethodforlockingboltedconnections.Thenuthasradialslotsandislockedbynoncorrosivecotterpinsthatareinsertedthroughaholeinthebolt.
Areas of use:Unlimited,butfrequentlyusedforcriticalboltconnections.
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nyloc lock nut
Lock nut with split top Lock nut with deformed top
tab washer tab plate
22 Dropped Object Management
NyLOC LOCk NUTNyloclocknutsareextensivelyusedthroughouttheindustry.Nyloclocknutsshouldonlybeusedonce.StandardDin985Nylocnutshaveatemperatureratingfrom-70°Cto+120°C.Areas of use:Thistypeofnutisrecognizedforlockinginconnec-tionswhereacertaindegreeoflostpre-tensioncanbeaccepted.
ALL-METAL LOCk NUTSAll-metallocknutscanbeusedonallboltdimensions.Thenutlocksbythethreadedsectionortopofthenutdeforms/splits,orthroughthenuthavingatoothedringunderthecollar.Thisprovidesgreaterfrictionbetweenthebolt/underlayandnut,providingasecurecon-nection.Therearemanyvarietiesandsuppliersonthemarket.Areas of use:Thesenutshaveanalmostunlimitedareaofuse.
TAB WASHER / TAB PLATE DiN 93/463 Tabwasherscanbeusedonalldimensionsandinanyplacedesignedfortheuseoftabwashers.Thereareseveraltypeswithdifferentareasofuseforlockingeithernutsorbolts.Itisimportanttousetherighttypeforeachpurpose.Areas of use:Typicallyinuseonmachinerywhereitisimportanttopreventtheboltfromrotating.
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Lock-wiring of bolts
paLnUt (Din 7967) lock nut
24 Dropped Object Management
PALNUTPalnutlocknut(DIN7967)hasbeenonthemarketforseveraldecadesasanalternativeforlockingofboltedconnections.Palnutlocksby“cutting”itselfintothethreadsontheboltwhenitistightened.Intheoffshorecontexttheyarenormallyusedforlockingontopofstandardnuts.Areas of use: Onthrough-boltsinfixedequipmentanddrillingequip-ment.Easytoinstallwheresecondaryretentionarenotinplace.
LOCk-WiRiNGLock-wiringofboltsisalockingmethodadoptedfromtheaviationindustry.Inbrief,themethodinvolvesthreadingaspecialstainlesswirethroughaholeinthebolthead,twistedandlockedtothenextboltorstruc-ture,thuspreventingthebolttorotateandloosen.Thewirecanbeusedtolockamaximumofthreeboltsinarow,asshownintheillustration.(Forinfoonthesizeoftheholeinthebolthead,seeISO7378).Areas of use: Usedextensivelyforlockingexternalboltedconnec-tionsondrillingandpipe-handlingequipment.Oftenusedwheretherearenothrough-boltsand/orthereisaneedforeasyvisualcontrolofthelocking.
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correct use of cotter pins
cotter pin in a shacklebolt
correct installation of cotter pins in bolts
26 Dropped Object Management
Theindustryhasexperiencedproblemswiththecorrectuseofcotterpinsandthechoiceofmaterials.
Best practiceCotterpinsmustbebenttopreventthemfrombeing•knockedout-Wherethereisadangerofpersonnelexposed,thecotterpinmustbebentasshownintheillustrationWhenhoistingpersonsandloads,alwaysuseshack-•leswithtwobarriers.Preferably:nutandcotterpinLinchpins,springtypesplitpinsoranyothertypeof•safetypinsthatcanbeknockedoutmustnotbeusedforliftingoperations•Cotterpinsshouldbemadeofstainlesssteel•Forstaticloads,shackleswithtwobarriersarerec-•ommendedItisarequirementthatcotterpinsasdescribed•aboveareinspectedregularlyandreplacedwhenrequired.
references: norsoK r-003, norsoK r-005 and Din-en-iso 1234
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securing pins/ safety pins
28 Dropped Object Management
Withintheindustryvarioustypesofinappropriatesecur-ingpinsareused.Theseareunsafebecausetheycaneasilybeknockedout,forexample;springtypesplitpin.
Best practiceNB!Securingpinsofthetypeshowninthepictures•must never be usedinliftingappliancesSecuringpinsshallprovidesecondaryretention•Securingpinsshallbeofthepropersizeandquality•Securingpinsshallbesecuredbywire(wherethisis•appropriate)topreventdropItisarequirementthatsecuringpinsasdescribed•aboveareinspectedregularlyandreplacedwhenrequired.
Areas of use:Scaffoldingbolts,securityboltsonremovablerailings,clawcouplingsandsecuringbracketsongascylinderracksetc.
references: norsoK r-003 and norsoK r-005
Dropped Object Management 29
securing devices (wires, chains and couplings)
Whereverpossible,equipmentinstalledatheightshallhaveintegratedsecondaryretention.Ifnotpossible,orwhereequipmentisexposedtotheriskofcollision,theequipmentmustbeequippedwithsecondaryretentionsecurelyattachedtothestructure.
30 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceSecuringdevicesmustbedimensionedinaccord-•ancewiththeequipmentsupplier’scalculations.Thequalityofmaterialsusedmustbeconsistentthrough-outtheentireassemblyOnlyacid-proofsecuringwire(AISI316,type7x19•IWRC)shallbeused.Wiresmustbelockedwithdoublepresslocks(forexampleTaluritlocks).ThelocksmustbemadeofcopperandtheminimumdistancebetweenthelocksmustbeapproximatelyequaltothelengthofafullycrimpedlockAllconnectors/snaphooksmustbemadeofacid•proofsteel(AISI316)andbeequippedwithlocks.SnaphooksattachedtoshacklesshouldhaveeyeletsChainmustbemadeofacid-proof(AISI316)or•galvanizedsteelShacklesforusewithsecuringdevicesshouldhave•rotatingboltwithnutandcotterpin,markedwith“CE”,“WLL”andtraceability,atleastintheformofbatchmarkingThechainorsecuringwiremustbeasshortas•possibletominimizethepotentialfallenergySecuringdevicesmustbeinstalled,maintained•andinspectedinaccordancewiththeinstructionsprovidedintheusermanualormaintenanceinstructions.
references: sfs recommendation 024/2008 and page 10 and 11 in this handbook.
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correct installation of wire clamps
correct installation of iron grip wire clamps.
WireropeØMinimumnumberofwireclamps
mm perpiece
3-9 3
10-16 4
17-20 5
21-26 6
27-37 7
32 Dropped Object Management
Corrosionandincorrectinstallationofwireclampsarechallengesintheindustry.
Best practiceWireclampsmustbeofthecorrectnumberandsized•tothedimensionofthewireItisarequirementthatwireclampsareassembled,•inspectedandmaintainedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’susermanual/maintenanceinstruc-tions.
Note: Wire clamps of the U-bolt type must not be used in connection with lifting operations.
reference: norsoK r-003 and norsoK r-005
Dropped Object Management 33
securing of personnelDocumentedtrainingisamandatoryrequirementforallpersonnelusingfallarrests.
Fall strap reel with shock absorber
saLa trauma strap
34 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceTheestablishedcontrolprocedures,bothbeforeand•afteruse,mustbefollowedNobodyshallworkaloneorunattended,whenusing•fallarrestequipmentPersonalusingfallprotectionequipmentmusthave•documentedtrainingthatincludesrescuemethods.(Ref.page2)Necessaryrescueequipmentmustalwaysbeavail-•ableattheworksitePersonalprotectiveequipmentagainstfallsmustbe•CEmarkedTheequipmentmustbecheckedatleastevery12•monthsbyacompetentpersonandshallbemarkedwiththedateforthenextinspectionAbuddycheckofriggingandequipmentmustbe•carriedoutChoiceofsecuringequipment,shallbedecidedafter•evaluationoftheworksiteTheanchorpointforsuspensionshallbeabletosup-•portatleast10kN(seerequirementinNS-EN795)Theharnessshouldpreferablybeequippedwitha•safetystrap.(E.g.:SALAtraumastrap,whichallowsyoutorestonyourfeetafterafall,inordertoensurebloodcirculationtothelegs).
references: the norwegian Working environment act, the norwegian Labour inspectorate’s regulation - including; nos. 500, 523, 524 and 555. Module o-2.2 training plan for documented safety training; Fall arrestequipment and basic lifting appliances. oLF guidelines for construction of scaffolding (no. 105), oLF guidelines for fall arrest and rescue (no. 113) and sfs recomandation 023/2008
Dropped Object Management 35
Derrick evacuation equipment
36 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceEquipmentmustbeprotectedfromwearandharsh•environmentEquipmentshouldbestoredincabinet/lockerto•protecteditfromUVradiationandweatherEvacuationblocksmustbeCE-marked•Theridingbeltorharnessmustbeattachedtothe•evacuationblockortotheguidelinewhereappro-priateEvacuationblock,guideline,attachmentpoint,•couplingsandshacklesaredefinedasevacuationequipment/antifallingdevicesandmustbechecked,certifiedandmarkedaccordinglyAnchorpointsforsuspensionmustbeabletosupport•atleast10kNTheequipmentmustbecheckedatleastevery12•monthsbyacompetentpersonandshallbemarkedwiththenextinspectiondateSafeaccesstoanduseoftheequipmentmustbe•ensured.
references: norsoK D-001, norwegian Labour inspectorate’s regulations no. 555, ns en 341 (evacuation Blocks), ns en 362 (connectors) ns en 795 (anchor points) and ns en 813 or 1497 (riding belts)
Dropped Object Management 37
securing of tools at height (<5kg)
internal securing loops
safety wires and connectors securing of tools
tool belt for scaffolder
Weaklink
38 Dropped Object Management
Thereisasignificantpotentialofdroppedobjectswhenusingtoolsatheight.
Best practiceUseoftoolsatheightmustberisk-assessed•Wiresandconnectorsmustbeusedbetweenthe•tools,beltorbagSwivelswithsetscrewsshouldnotbeused•Weaklinkshallbeinstalledbetweenthebag/belt•andsafetywireAtoolbagwithinternalloopsshouldbeusedwhen•varioustoolsaredeployedatheightWriststrapsmustnotbeusedbecauseofpotential•personalinjuryIfanattachmentpointotherthanthebeltorbagis•required,useanappropriatepartofthesurroundingstructure,preferablyabovetheworklevelInlimitedareas,forexamplethederrick,flareboom•andcranes,toolsusedatheightmustbeloggedoutandintoensurethatnothingisleftbehind.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 39
securing of tools at height (5-25kg)
40 Dropped Object Management
Methodsforsecuringheavytoolsandhand-heldmachineryforuseatheighthavenotbeenadequatelydefined.Inviewofthemajorpotentialforseriousdamageifsuchtoolsormachineryaredropped,itisimportanttohaveclearguidelines. Best practiceAlluseofheavytoolsandhand-heldmachineryat•heightmustberisk-assessedAllheavytoolsandhand-heldmachineryusedat•heightmustbesecuredagainstdropbothwheninuseandwhilebeingtransportedSecuringdevicesmustbedimensionedinaccord-•ancewithverifiablecalculationsanddocumenteddroptests(seethesectiononsecuringdevices)Securingpointsfortoolsandmachinerymustbein•placeabovetheworksiteandthesecuringdevicemustbeastautaspossibleInlimitedareas,forexamplethederrick,flareboom•andcranes,toolsusedatheightmustbeloggedoutandintoensurethatnothingisleftbehind.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
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securing of other portable equipment at height
42 Dropped Object Management
Severalofreporteddroppedobjectincidentsarerelatedtoradios,pagersandgasdetectors.Best practiceAllportableequipmentusedatheightmustbese-•curedagainstbeingdroppedCarryingpouchesmustalwaysbeusedforradios•andanyotherportableequipmentthatdon’thavecertifiedsecuringpoints-LocksonthepouchesmusthaveadoublesecuringmechanismtopreventunintentionalopeningBeltclipswhichallowequipmenttobecomedetached•whenturned180ºshouldnotbeusedBeltswithsnapfastenersarenotrecommendedfor•securingofequipmentatheight.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 43
tool cabinets for work at height
Toolcabinets/lockersforworkatheighthavenowbeeninstalledatmanyfacilities,offshoreinmostcasesnearthedrillfloor.Unfortunately,anumberofirregularitieshavebeenobservedregardingsecuring,controlandregistrationoftools..
44 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceEachcabinet/lockershallbeequippedwithalistof•contentsandbekeptlockedAdesignatedpersonmustberesponsibleforthecab-•inettoensurethatalltoolstakenfromandreturnedtothecabinetareloggedThecontentsofthetoolcabinetforworkatheight•anditsaccompanyinglogbookmustbecheckedattheendofeveryshiftAlltoolsmustbeadequatelyequippedforsecuringat•heightandmusthavedocumentedattachmentpointsInadditiontothenecessarytools,cabinetsshouldbe•equippedwithasufficientnumberof:-correctlydimensionedsafetywireswithapprovedswagelocks-connectors/snaphookswithlocking-toolbagswithinternalfasteningdevices-specialbeltsforfasteningoftoolsandbag-weaklinksforfasteningbetweentheharness/beltandsafetywire.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 45
securing of permanently attached equipment grating
Atpresentthereareanumberofdifferentwaysoffasteninggratingtounderlyingstructuresorframes.Asaresultofvibrationsanddefectivelockingoffastening,thereareincidentsofloosegratingandlooseormissingfasteningclips.
46 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceGratingmustbeadequatelyfixedtounderlying•structurestopreventlooseningduetovibrationsorloadsGratingshouldbesecuredagainstmajorsideways•displacementinalldirectionsThrough-boltsorthreadedconnectionswithlocknut,•arerecommendedforsecuringtostructureOpeningsinthegratingmustnotexceed20mm•wherepersonnelmaytraffictheareabelow,andshouldotherwisenotexceed35mm.
reference: norsoK c-002, norsoK s-002, en-iso 14122-2 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines.
Dropped Object Management 47
piping and equipment feedthroughs
Significantshortcominginpipingandequipmentfeed-throughandmissingholecoveringarefoundthroughouttheindustry.
48 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceAllpipingandequipmentfeedthroughsindecksand•gratingmusthaveatoeboardandmustbecoveredtothegreatestextentpossibleCanvasoracladdingmaterialcanbeused.Thisis•especiallyimportantinareaswherethereisequip-mentrequiringperiodicmaintenance.Doneproperlyandpreferablypermanently,itwillbeanefficientmeasureagainstdroppedobjects.
references: norsok D-001, norsoK c-002 and norsoK s-002
Dropped Object Management 49
railings
Majordefectsinrailingshavebeenobservedintheindustry,andparticularlyincollapsible,movableandaluminiumrailings.
50 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceRailingmustbe1100mmhighasaminimumand•haveintegratedtoeboardsthatareatleast100mmhigh•Railingmusthaveafunctionaldesignfortheareaitisintendedtosecure,e.g.wiremeshmustbeinstalledasrequired(lockedareas)Railingsshallnothavedeformationsorcracksthat•affectsthefunctionalityorstrengthItmustalwaysbepossibletoinsertmovablerailings•intothefasteningsandinsertasecuringthrough-boltThesafetyboltmustbeadequatelylockedusinga•securingpin,snaphook(witheyelet)oracotterpin(seealsothesectiononsecuringpins)Boththesafetyboltandlockingmustbesecuredin•theimmediatevicinityoftheattachmentAllconnectionsbetweenelementsintherailingmust•besecuredwiththrough-boltandlocknutUseofsetscrewsarenotrecommendedin•permanentrailingsRailingsandattachmentpointsforcollapsibleand•movablerailingsmustbeinspectedonaregularbasistomaintainadequatesecuringandfunctionality.
reference: en iso 14122-3, norsoK D-001, norsoK c-002, norsoK s-002 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines
Dropped Object Management 51
toe boards
52 Dropped Object Management
Shortageofandincorrectlyinstalledtoeboardsareobservedthroughouttheindustry.Commonlythegapbetweenthetoeboardanddeckareexceedingrequirements.
Best practiceDecks,gangwaysandplatformsmusthavetoe•boardswithaminimumheightof100mmOnstairways,everystepmusthaveatoeboardwith•aminimumheightof50mmAlllandingsinstairwaysmusthavetoeboardswitha•minimumheightof100mmThegapbetweenthedeckorgratingandtoeboard•mustnotexceed10mm.
references: en-iso 14122-3, norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002, norsoK c-002 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines
Dropped Object Management 53
swing gates
54 Dropped Object Management
Onmanyswinggatesthehingesarefittedwithouttherequiredmaterialqualityordesignstrengthtoservetheintendedfunction.Manyoldergatesalsolackintegratedtoeboards.
Best practiceGatesmustbeofthesamestrengthasthe•surroundingrailingsGatesmustbesecuredinordertoprevent•disengaging.Gatesmustopen/swinginwardstotheplatform•ordeckGatesmustbedesignedtoautomaticallyreturn•toandremaininclosedposition.Onfloatingrigs/installationsitisrecommended•tofitalatchtosecuredthegateinclosedposition.Toeboardsmustbeintegratedingates•Whereverpossible,thehingesshouldbeanintegral•partofthegateSwinggatesmustbeinspectedandmaintainedon•aregularbasistoensureadequatefunction.
references: norsoK D-001, norsoK c-002, norsoK s-002 and
en-iso 14122-3
Dropped Object Management 55
LaddersDamagedladdersandsafetycageshavebeenobservedintheindustry.Crackshavebeenfoundinbothladdersandcages,especiallyinderricksandareasarulecausedbycollisionwithmovingequipment/objects.
56 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceLaddershigherthan9mmusthaveincorporateda•restplatformevery6thmorbeequippedwithafixedfallarrestdevice(ref.NORSOK)Laddershigherthan6mshouldhavearestplatform,•incompliancewithTheNorwegianLabourInspectionAuthority’srecommendationsSafetycagesmustbeinstalledonladdersofmore•than3mandonshorterladderswherethereisariskoffallingtoalowerlevelThesafetycagemuststartatamaximumof2.2m•abovethedeck/floor.Minimizethedistancebetweentheupperpartoftherailingandthelowerpartofthecage,byusingextraprotectionasappropriatewherethereisariskoffallingtoalowerlevelThesafetycagemustextendtoatleast1.1mabove•thetoplevelThediameterofthesafetycagemustbeatleast•70-80cmAlldamageanddeformationmustbereportedand•correctedassoonaspossibleLaddersandsafetycagesmustbeinspectedona•regularbasistouncovercracksordamage.
reference: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002, en-iso 14122-1,en-iso 14122-4 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 170 with guidelines
Dropped Object Management 57
Floodlights
58 Dropped Object Management
Floodlightsarerarelyadequatelysecuredagainstdropcausedbyhitsfrommovingequipment.
Best practiceFloodlightsmustbepositionedtopreventbeinghitby•equipment/loadsIfthereisapotentialofthefloodlightsbeinghitby•mobileequipment/loads,theymusteitherbeprotec-tedwithreinforcedcagesorbefittedwithsafetywiresFloodlightsmustbeequippedwithtwoindependent•barriers.Theattachmentpointsshouldbeintegrated,forexamplewitheyeboltsthreadedintothefloodlighthousingCalculationsmustbeavailableforattachmentpoints•andsecuringdevicesrelatedtotherelevantfallener-giesFasteningdevicesforsecuringofequipmentto•bracketorstructureshouldbefittedwithsecondaryretentionHatchesforreplacementoflightbulbsmustbe•hingedorsecuredwithwiretothefloodlighthousing/frameFornewinstallationsorforinstallingsecuringdevices•onexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.
references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 59
Lighting fixtures
60 Dropped Object Management
Therehavebeenseveralseriousincidentswhereboththecoverandthecasinghavedropped.
Best practiceLightingfixturesmustbepositionedtopreventbeing•hitbymobileequipment/loadsLightingfixturesandbracketsshouldbefittedwith•secondaryretentionSafetywiresattachmentpointsshouldbeintegrated•inbothendsofthefixtureBatterypacksmustbefittedwithsecondaryretention•Theearthingwireshouldbeattachedinternallyto•functionasasecondaryretentionAbovewalkwaysandothertraffickedareasfixtures•withpowercableinfromonesideonly,requiresthattheoppositeendissecuredwithasafetywireThecovershouldhavehingesthatcanbefittedon•eithersideThecomponentrailshouldbehingedandmustallow•foradequatesecuringintheclosedpositionStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesmustbeeva-luatedFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingfixtures,usermanuals/main-tenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsmustalsocoversecuringdevices.
references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 61
navigation lights
62 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceTheboltsusedtoattachnavigationlightstobrackets•andstructuresshouldbeequippedwithsecondaryretentionAttachmentbracketsmusthaveholesforattachment•ofsafetywiresCoverforelectricalconnectionsmustbehingedor•securedwithwireStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergimustbeeva-luatedNavigationlightswithslidinggroovesforboltatta-•chmenttothestructure,arenotrecommendedFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/main-tenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsmustalsocoversecuringdevices.
references: norsoK D-001 and sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 63
cctV camera
64 Dropped Object Management
Withintheindustry,itisidentifiedthatCCTVcamerashavebeeninadequatelysecured.
Best practice (integrated solution)CCTVcameralocationmustbeevaluatedtoprevent•riskofbeinghitbymovingequipment/loadsInareaswherethereiscraneactivity,cameras•shouldbeshieldedbyprotectivecagesThecameracasingmustbefastenedtothebracket•andstructurewithadequatelockingofattachmentboltsTheattachmentpointforsecuringdevicesshould•formanintegratedpartofthecameracasingandbracketStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesmustbeeva-luatedFornewinstallationorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.
references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation
024/2008
Dropped Object Management 65
66 Dropped Object Management
Best practice (non-integrated solution)CCTVcameralocationmustbeevaluatedtoprevent•riskofbeinghitbymovingequipment/loadsWherethereisdangerofthecamerabeingstruckby•mobileequipment/loads,itmusteitherbeprotectedbyareinforcedcageorbefittedwithsafetywiretostructureThecamerashouldbefittedwithtwoindependent•barriersonthecameracasing,themotorizedpan-tiltzoomunit,thewipermotorandthelenscoverThecameracasingandmotorizedpan-tilt-zoomunit•shouldbeattachedtothebracketandstructurewithadequatelylockedattachmentboltsTheattachmentpointforthesecuringdevicesshould•beintegratedintothecameraparts.AlternativelyspecialclampscanbeusedasattachmentpointsCalculationsmustbeavailableforattachmentpoints•andsecuringdevices,relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.
references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation
024/2008
Dropped Object Management 67
crane boom camera
68 Dropped Object Management
Withintheindustrytherehavebeenseveralincidentswhereacranecamerahasbeenstruckduringliftingoperations.
Best practiceCraneboomcamerasmusthavetwoindependent•barriersBoltsusedforattachingthecraneboomcamerato•bracketsandstructuresshouldbefittedwithsecon-daryretentionAttachmentpointsforthesafetywireshouldbe•integratedaspartofthecameracasing.Alternatively,specialclampscanbefittedroundthecameracasingThesafetywiremustrunfromthecameracasing•throughthecamerabracketandthenthroughtheattachmentbracketbeforebeingattachedsecurelytothestructureofthecraneboomCalculationsmustbeavailableforattachmentpoints•andsecuringdevices,relatedtotherelevantfallenergiesFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 69
Loudspeakers
70 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceLoudspeakerslocationmustbeevaluatedtoprevent•riskofbeinghitbymovingequipment/loadsIfthereisariskofbeinghitbymobileequipment•/loads,loudspeakersmusteitherbeprotectedbyreinforcedbracesorequippedwithasafetywireBoltsusedtofastenloudspeakerstobracketsand•thestructureshouldbefittedwithsecondaryreten-tion,asanalternativeasafetywirecanbeattachedbetweenbracketandstructureStrengthofattachmentpointsandsecuringdevices,•relatedtotherelevantfallenergimustbeeva-luatedFornewinstallationsorwheninstallingsecuring•devicesonexistingequipment,ausermanual/maintenanceinstructionsmustbeavailable.Theinstructionsshouldalsocoversecuringdevices.
references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation
024/2008
Dropped Object Management 71
junction boxes and cabinets
installed at hight
72 Dropped Object Management
Withintheindustryitisrevealedincorrectpositioningofjunctionboxesandcabinets,defectivesuspension/fasteningandinadequatesecuringofhatches,doorsandcovers.
Best practiceJunctionboxesandcabinetsmustbelocatedwhere•theydonotobstructpassageways,evacuationroutesormovingequipmentThetypeanddesignofattachmentandsafety•devicesmustbeinaccordancewithcalculatedloadsandknownpotentialexternalstressfactorsFasteningdevisesforsecuringofequipmentto•bracketorstructureshallbefittedwithsecondaryretentionWherethereisdangeroftheequipmentbeingstruck•bymovingequipment/loads,itmustbeprotectedbyareinforcedcageorbefittedwithasafetywireCoversmustbesecuredbyfastenersthataresecu-•redandlockedtopreventloosening,andmustbesecuredwithwireorchainHingedhatches/doorsshouldbesecuredagainst•unintendedunhookingandlockingdevicesshouldbefittedwithbarrieragainstopeningAsaminimum,themanufacturer’sinstructionsfor•installationandmaintenance(usermanual)mustbecompliedwith.
references: norsoK D-001, norsoK s-002 and sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 73
cable trays and cable ladders
74 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceOnlyapprovedboltconnectionsshallbeusedfor•fasteningandcouplingsCablefixingclampswithscrewconnectionsareused•forsafeandfunctionalsecuringofinstrumentcablesWhenattachingthecablesupportsystemtoastruc-•ture,theriskofgalvaniccorrosionmustbeassessedandinsulationconsideredwhereappropriateTheusermanual/instructionsforusemustalso•provideguidelinesforcorrectinstallation,bothinthejointsandtheattachmentInaddition,theusermanual/instructionsforuse•mustprovideguidelinesfornecessarymaintenance/retighteningandinspectionofbothelectro-steelandboltandscrewconnections.
references: norsoK s-002, sfs recommendation 001/2001 and sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 75
Wind walls
76 Dropped Object Management
Withintheindustrymanydamagedandlooseplateshavebeenrevealedinwindwalls.Thisisduebothtofaultyinstallationandtoexternalfactors(collisionswithmobileequipmentandharshenvironment).Best practiceWind-wallpanelsmustbefastenedtoaseparate•support/structureandnevertothemainstructureWind-wallpanelsmustalwaysbereinforcedusing•horizontalsteelbeamsinaccordancewiththedesignloadsAreasthatareexposedtocollisionriskmusthave•strongercornermountingssecuredbythrough-boltsandlocknutsThepreferredattachmentsolutionisthrough-bolts•withwashersandlocknutsTheusermanual/instructionsmustalsoprovide•guidelinesforcorrectinstallationofbothjointsandattachmentpointsGuidelinesmustbeavailableonessentialmainte-•nanceandinspectionofwind-wallpanelsandtheirattachmentpoints.
reference: norsoK c-002
Dropped Object Management 77
signs
78 Dropped Object Management
Signinstallationmethodshaveinmanycasesbeenfoundinadequate.
Best practiceTherequirementsoftheNorwegianLabourInspec-•tionAuthorityinrespecttopostingofsignsmustbefollowedSigns,bracketsandframesforsignsmustalwaysbe•securelyattachedandtheframesshouldbeofmetalWheretheunderlyingmaterialpermits,signframes•shouldbeattachedusingthrough-boltswithlocknutsFastenersusedforattachmenttobracketsandstruc-•turesshouldbefittedwithsecondaryretentionIdentificationtagsthatarepaintedorgluedare•recommendedforidentificationofpipingsystems.Onhotsurfaces,identificationtagsshouldbeattachedwithplastic-coatedsteelbands.
references: norsoK D-001 and the norwegian Labour inspection authority’s regulation no. 526 -chapter 3 - §§ 10 and 11.
Dropped Object Management 79
Valve handles and valve wheels installed at height
80 Dropped Object Management
Manycaseshaveoccurredwherevalvewheelsandvalvehandlesformanualvalvesarenotadequatelysecured.
Best practiceValvewheelsandhandlesmustbefittedwithsecond-•aryretentionWherepossible,nutsandcotterpinsshouldbeused•inthevalvestemonstationaryvalvehandlesandwheels(NordlockandNylocnutscanalsobeusedwhereappropriate)-Onlargehandlesandwheels,boltsandlocknutsshouldbeusedinsteadofcotterpinsWhenmobilehandlesorwheelsareused,they•shouldbesecured-Whennotinuse,handlesandwheelsshouldbestoredinasuitableandsafelocationIfSeegerringsareusedforlocking/securing,•frequentinspections/maintenanceshouldbecarriedouttocheckforcorrosionand/ormechanicaldam-ageOnwheelsthataresecuredbyasetscrewonly,•replacethesetscrewwithathrough-boltandlocknutSafetywirewithalockablesnaphookmaybean•alternativeifthesecuringmethodsmentionedabovecannotbeused.
references: sfs recommendations 001/2001 and
sfs recommendations 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 81
Locks on insulation cladding
82 Dropped Object Management
Therehavebeenmanyinstanceswithintheindustrywherepiecesofinsulationcladdinghavedroppedfromheightsduetovibrations,corrosionorstrongwinds.
Best practiceInsulationcladdingmustbesecurelyfastenedto•preventlocksfromlooseningunintentionallyThelocksshouldbesecuredwithsecondaryreten-•tion,eitherbyusingaboltandlocknutorbyinsertingastainlesscotterpinthroughthesecuringholesinthelocksorsimilar.Maintenanceroutinesmustincludeinspectionofthe•claddingtoensurethatitisingoodcondition.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 83
temporary / permanent storage of gas cylinders
storage rack with bolted cylinder brackets
temporary storage, secured with chain
84 Dropped Object Management
Gascylinderstemporarilystoredareoftenpoorlysecuredwithropeorcargostraps.
Best practiceStoringofgascylindersmustnotobstructpassage•Gascylindersmustbestoredandsecuredsafely•Storingofgascylindersmustberiskassessed•Temporarilystoredgascylindersmustbesecured•withachainPermanentstorageracksmustbeequippedwith•securingbrackets/chains.
references: norsoK s-001 and norsoK s-002
Dropped Object Management 85
snatch blocks
nord lock a set-screw is installed through the nut and into the stem
a set-screw is installed through the nut and into the bearing bolt
86 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceBlocksmusthavetwobarriersbothinthesuspen-•sionandtheshaftAmaintenanceprogrammustbeestablishedin•accordancewiththeusermanual,includingrequire-mentforinspectioneverytwelvemonthsofblocks,shacklesandliftinglugsbyacompetentperson-Blocksmustbedismantledattherequestofthecompetentpersonorinaccordancewiththemanu-facturer’srecommendationsor,inanycase,atleasteveryfifthyearSnatchblocksandsuspensionshacklesshouldpref-•erablybemarkedwithcolouredtiewrapsusingthedesignatedcolourcodeoftheyear.
AcompetencematrixmustbedrawnupinaccordancewithNORSOKforpersonnelwhomaintainandoperatesnatchblocks.
references: norsoK r-003, norsoK r-005 and sfs recommendation 014/2004 (snatch blocks).
Dropped Object Management 87
Umbilical roller sheaves (Banana sheaves)
88 Dropped Object Management
Asaresultofinadequatesecuringofrollersinumbilicalrollersheaves,therehavebeenseveralseriousincidents.
Best practiceAnumbilicalrollersheavemusthavemaintenance•programandbesubjectedtotestingandinspectioneverytwelvemonthsinaccordancewiththemanu-facturer’sinstructionsRollersmustbesecuredwithtwoindependentbar-•riers,forexample,through-boltswithlocknutsorcotterpinsAnumbilicalrollersheavemustbeusedexclusively•forthepurposeforwhichitwasdelivered,i.e.itisnotpermittedtouseitforsuspendingwiresTheumbilicalmustbeinstalledondeckandthesup-•portrollersreinstalledandsecuredAusermanual/maintenanceinstructionsforthe•equipmentmustbeavailableTheinstructionsmustcoverinstallation,inspectionandmaintenance.InstructionmustalsoincludesecuringdevicesSheavesandsuspensiondevicesshouldpreferably•bemarkedwithcolouredtiewrapsusingthedesig-natedcolourcodeoftheyear.
references: norsoK r-003 and sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 89
Loop hoses
Faultyinstallationorinadequatemaintenanceofloophoses,andespeciallyhigh-pressurehoses,isapotentialsafetyrisk.
90 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceTheequipmentmanufacturer’sinstructionsforinstal-•lationandtechnicaldescriptionmustbefollowedClampsmustbeattachedandsecurelyfastened•wherethehoseismarkedwith;“Attachsafetyclamphere”Safetychainsmustbeasshortaspossible-and•installedasclosetotheverticalaspossible,topreventfallenergyandpendulumeffectSecuringdevicesforhosesmustbedesignedtosup-•portthemaximumloadsgeneratedbyabursthose.ThedesignbasismustbedocumentedTherequiredresistancetowearandtear,chemicals,•heatandUVradiationmustalsobedocumentedThesecuringsystemforhosesmustbecertifiedand•traceableThesecuringdevicesmustbecheckedandmarked•inaccordancewiththenormforliftingappliancesInadditiontocorrectinstructionsforinstallation,•theusermanual/maintenanceinstructionsshouldcontainguidelinesfornecessarymaintenanceandinspectionofthehosesecuringsystem.
Dropped Object Management 91
Load carrier Units (LcU)
Severalseriousincidentsrelatedtotheuse-anddispatchofloadcarriershavebeenrevealed.
Forklift pockets and roof
Forklift pockets, frame, tank and tank top
Forklift pockets and frame
92 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceChainslingsmusthavethenecessarycertification,be•intactandwithouttwists.ShacklesmustbeequippedwithnutsandcotterpinsLCU`smusthavethenecessaryidentificationand•certifiedliftinglugsLiftinglugs,doors,hingesandlocksmustnotbe•deformedordamagedPermittedloadsincontainersandbasketsmustbe•welldistributedandadequatelysecuredbystamping,useoflashingandnets(baskets).Lashingmustnotcomeincontactwithsharpedges.Paddingshouldbeusedwhereappropriate.HeavyobjectsmustbeplacedatthebottomOnLCU`swithattachedequipmentsuchaspumps,•tanks,winchesetc.,checkandensurethatnoequipmentprotrudesfromtheframeTanksmusthavesecuredandsealedmanholes/•valves.Allattachedequipment(grids,covers,platesetc.)mustbeadequatelysecured.Thepermittedloadmustnotbeexceeded-ItmustbeensuredthattherearenolooseobjectsintheforkliftpocketsorontopoftheLCU`sorinloads-Checkofequipmentmustbedocumentedbyasignaturebeforetransporttoorfromalocation.
references: DnV 2.7.1, ns-en 12079, norsoK r-003, norsoK r-005, sfs recommendation 024/2008 and oLF guideline no. 116
Dropped Object Management 93
correct use of shackles
safe use of shackles.Limitations.
illustration for shackles > WLL 8.5 t.on small shackles, the load must be distributed across the whole bolt.example: if a load of WLL 10.5 t is distributed across only 40 per cent of the shackle bolt’s length, WLL is reduced to 10.5 x 0.8 = 8.4 t.
Load direction on a shackle
Load on shackle bolt
WLL x factor = Lifting capacity
94 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceShacklesmustbecertified,CE-markedandapproved,•i.e.bemarkedwiththedesignatedcolourcodeoftheyear(preferablybyusingcolouredtiewraps).Shacklesmustbeequippedwithtwobarriers:nutand•cotterpinShacklesmustonlybeusedfortheirintendedpur-•poseandmannerTheusermustbefamiliarwiththeapplicablelimita-•tionsandguidelinesforuseShacklesaredesignedtosupporttheloadatthebot-•tomofthehollowtorusandevenlyacrosstheshacklebolt•Ifshacklesareexposedtoloadsinotherplaces,thismustbetakenintoaccountduringuseasitwillreducecapacityPointloadsontheshackleboltshouldbekepttoa•minimumasitwillreducecapacityOnshackleswithacapacityofmorethan8.5t,or•havelargeopenings,thereductionfactorshownatthebottomofthefiguremaybeusedtopreventdeforma-tionoftheshacklebolt.
references: norsoK r-cr-002, norsoK r-003, and norsoK r-005
Dropped Object Management 95
correct use of eye bolts /eye nuts
Before use of grade 80 eye bolts, see designated lifting table
45°
45°
stated WLL
right Wrong
Figure showing correctly and incorrectly installed eye bolts. note: only grade 80 (or better) eye bolts shall be used offshore.
96 Dropped Object Management
Best practiceEyebolts/eyenutsmustbecertified,CE-markedand•approved,i.e.bemarkedwiththedesignatedcolourcodeoftheyear(preferablybyusingcolouredtiewraps)Eyebolts/nutsmustonlybeusedfortheirintended•purposeandmannerTheusermustbefamiliarwiththeapplicablelimita-•tionsandguidelinesforuseEyebolts/nutsforuseoffshoreshallbeatleast•grade80Eyebolts/nutsforuseonshoreshouldbeatleastgrade80Grade80eyebolts/nutsarelabelledwiththepermit-•tedloadintheleastadvantageousdirection,i.e.90degreesonthefasteningboltEyebolts/nutsmustbeadequatelytightenedprior•touseManufacturerinstalledeyebolts/nutsarenormally•appropriateforuseduringinstallation/removaloftheunitstheyareinstalledon,e.g.gearboxes,pumps,motorsandvalvesEyebolts/nutsmustberemovedafteruse,andthe•threadsintheequipmentonwhichtheyhavebeenusedmustbepreservedbyforexample;greaseandaplasticplug.
references: norsoK r-cr-002, norsoK s-002, norsoK r-003 and
norsoK r-005
Dropped Object Management 97
racks and storage
98 Dropped Object Management
Thedesignofracksforstorageofmaterialandequipmentisoftennotappropriatetoensuresafestorage.
Best practiceEnsurethattemporarystorageinmodulesisper-•mittedinacontrolledmannerwithrespecttotypeofgoods,duration,storageareaandhousekeepingStoragemustnotobstructaccessibilityorevacuation•ofthemoduleEnsurethatthestoredmaterialsdonotobstruct•accesstoemergencyequipmentStorageracksandstorageareasmustbedesigned•toensurethatequipmentcannotaccidentallydroptolowerlevelsTheheaviestequipmentshouldbestoredlowest•Onmobileunits,temporarystoragespace/racks•mustbeseafastenedandshelvesshallbeequippedwithbaffleplates.
references: norsoK s-001 and norsoK s-002
Dropped Object Management 99
Unnecessary equipment
at height
100 Dropped Object Management
Obsoleteequipmentisoftenfoundatheight.Thisequipmentisoftenexcludedfromestablishedinspectionandmaintenanceprocedures,andintroducesaconsiderableriskpotential.
Best practiceItismandatoryonregularbasistoevaluatewhat•equipmentisrequiredorshouldberemoved.Theassessmentshouldestablishwhetherequipment•shouldberelocatedtoreducetheriskofcollisionwithmobileequipmentInspectionandmaintenanceproceduresshouldbe•revisedregularly,toensureinspectionandmainte-nanceofallequipmentinstalledatheight.
Finalchecksmustbecarriedoutconsistentlytoensurethatnoequipment/materialsareforgottenatheight.
references: sfs recommendation 01/2001 and sfs recommendation
024/2008
Dropped Object Management 101
securing of parts, equipment and material during work at height
102 Dropped Object Management
Thepotentialfordroppedobjectsduringrepairandinstallationworkatheightissevereandisreflectedinasignificantproportionofreportedincidents.
Best practiceAllrepairandmaintenanceworkatheightmustbe•riskassessedAllparts,equipmentandmaterialusedatheightmust•besecuredagainstdropSmallpartsmustbestoredinsuitablestorage•containersorsimilarInlimitedareas,forexamplethederrick,flareboom•andcranes,toolsusedatheightmustbeloggedoutandintoensurethatnothingisleftbehind.Whentheworkiscomplete,afinalcheckmustbe•carriedout,toensurethatnomaterialorequipmenthavebeenleftatheight.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 103
post inspection/final check of the work site
104 Dropped Object Management
Alwayskeepyourworksitetidy.
Best practiceTools,equipmentandmaterialmustbesecured•inasafelocation,attheendofeachshiftWhentheworkisfinished,afinalcheckand•inventorycountmustbecarriedouttoensurethatnotools,equipmentormaterialisnotleftbehindatheightTheworksitemustbeleftinatidyandcleanstate,•andalltools,equipmentandmaterialmustbereturnedtotheirdesignatedstorageplace.
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
Dropped Object Management 105
observation techniqueInordertoidentifyPotentiallyDroppedObjects(DO),itisimportanttobetrainedinDOobservationtechniques,suchasDROPSorsimilar.Thetrainingmustincludemethodsforreliablesecuringofequipment.
Best practiceinspection:Ampletime•Limitsizeofthearea•Concentrateonasmallnumberofcategories•andinspectinastructuredwaytomaintainanoverviewLimitnumberofpersonnelineacharea,•tokeepanoverviewFindingsnotinconformitywiththeestablished•standardorchecklistarephotographed,givenanaccuratedescriptionandsitereferenceInspection,identificationandcategorizationof•findingsarethefirststepsinminimizingthepotentialfordroppedobjectsFollow-upandcorrectionoffindingsaredecisive•factorsinpreventingdroppedobjects
reference: sfs recommendation 024/2008
106 Dropped Object Management
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