besser--metadata (ala) 6/16/01 1 introduction to metadata for digital asset management howard besser...
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Besser--Metadata (ALA) 6/16/01 1
Introduction to Metadatafor Digital Asset Management
Howard Besser
UCLA School of Education & Information
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard
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Metadata: A fancy word for something familiar
_ Cataloging_ Indexing_ Description_ …
_ But also new elements of technical description (file format, compression schemes, file names, …)
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Metadata for Digital Asset Management-
Importance of Metadata Standards Types and Uses of Metadata Discovery Metadata: The Dublin Core Administrative and Structural Metadata: The Making of
America II Project Longevity Metadata Identification/Provenance The 4/99 NISO/DLF Image Metadata Workshop Various other Metadata
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What is Metadata
_ Structured data describing other data used to find or help manage information resources
_ Aids in interoperability_ Titles, dates, captions, cataloging and
indexing data, file headers, rights info, provenance, code books, transaction logs, ...
_ One person’s metadata is another’s data
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Sorting through the Standards Morass
_ Data Structures (DC, CDWA, MARC, VRA Core, TEI, EAD, MESL data dict)
_ Data Interchange (Z39.50)
_ Data Values/vocabularies (LCSH, AAT, ULAN, TGN)
_ Data Content/syntax (AACR2)
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Semantics/Syntax/Structure
_ Semantics– meaning, as defined by a community to meet their particular needs
(DC)
_ Syntax– a systematic arrangement of data elements for machine processing
– facilitates the exchange and use of metadata among various applications (HTML, XML, RDF)
_ Structure– a formal arrangement of the syntax with the goal of consistent
representation of the semantics (rules defining field contents like 1/11/99)
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What is MetadataTypes & Uses
lots of different ways of dividing the clusters
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Uses of Metadata
_ Discovery & Retrieval_ Identification/Provenance_ Rights Management_ Viewing_ Integrity_ Longevity_ Content rating
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Containers and Packages of Metadata
Warwick, not MARC
_ modular_ overlapping_ extensible_ community-based_ designed for a networked world to aid
commonality btwn communities while still providing full functionality within each community
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Some different schemes where Metdata is kept
_ embedded within the object (HTML tags)_ in a separate related DB maintained by same
organization (OPAC, MOA II)_ in a separate DB maintained by a separate
organization (Books in Print, ratings systems)
_ derived on-the-fly from a different scheme (MARC-to-DC)
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Collaborative Metadata Projects
Dublin Core NSF/ERCIM Digital Collaboratory OCLC CORC Project- Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Computerized Interchange of Museum Information
(CIMI)- Records Export for Art and Cultural Heritage
(REACH)
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CORC--Cooperative Online Resource Catalog
_ both bib records & webliographies (pathfiinders)
_ supports both AACR2/MARC and DC_ began 1/99_ participants
– Academic libraries– OCLC networks, special libraries, public
libraries, state & national libraries, consortia
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Dublin Core (3/95)
_ improve resource discovery_ anticipate precision problems of Web Crawler-
based searching tools_ existing metadata could be “dumbed down”_ elements should be simple to understand and use,
so that any individual should be able to assign terms him/herself
_ software might eventually automatically generate very base-level metadata
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Dublin Core
Title Creator Subject Description Publisher Contributors Date Type
Format Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights
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Dublin Core
every element is both optional and repeatable elements are cross-disciplinary elements are extensible by organized communities can employ a syntax such as html’s
<META> tagset for use by Spiders and HarvestersMay 2000 DLF Metadata Harvesting Project
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DC Qualifiers
_ allows one community to express important nuances and qualifications, while still making the basic importance available to communities with simple needs
_ our community can reflect alternate title, transliterated title, and main title, yet they will all be found under a simple Web search under “title”
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Discovery Metadata:Recent History
_ Dublin Core (3/95)_ Warwick Framework (4/96)_ Image Metadata Workshop (9/96)_ Canberra, Helsinki, ... DC (98)_ Digital Library Collaboratory (97-)_ DC-8, Frankfurt 10/99
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Dublin Core--further work
_ Warwick Framework– metadata packages for extensible functions
– layed groundwork for RDF
_ Canberra Qualifiers– refining the semantics of the element set to provide more precise info
– SUBELEMENT, SCHEME, LANG
_ Granularity– no hierarchical relationships w/i a given DC record; only one record
per discrete object (collection or item-level), and relationship field plus qualifier links them
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The Research Process and Functional Categories of
Metadata_ Discovery_ Retrieval_ Collation_ Analysis_ Re-presentation
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Making of America II-
Background of the DLF Project Administrative Metadata Structural Metadata
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MOA2 Goal is Interpoerability
Book example
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DLF Metadata for Interoperability Testbed:
the MOA II Project R & D Distributed Repositories Transportation, 1869-1900 Testbed Project Best Practices Structural and administrative metadata
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Previous Projects/Background
Library Standards Background UC Berkeley Background Finding Aids EAD SGML EAD “Digital Archives”
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MOA II Classes of Objects
Continuous Tone Photos Photo Albums Diaries, journals, letterpress books Ledgers Correspondence
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MOA II Metadata
_ Administrative Metadata– for enhancing resource management
_ Structural Metadata– for reflecting internal hierarchies and
relationships btwn parts
_ Raw/Seared/Cooked
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Administrative Metadatato uniquely identify a digital resource and manage it
over time
_ Information about where the various pieces/versions of the object reside
_ Information to view the digital object_ Information about the scanning process
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Structural Metadata:that which is relevant to presentation of the
digital object to the user
_ metadata defining the "object”: a book, a diary, a photo album
_ metadata defining the “sub-objects”: pages (physical) or chapters and subheads (intellectual)
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SGML, XML, HTML
_ TEI for structured humanities text_ EAD for Finding Aids
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Other Types of Metadata-
_ Longevity_ Identification/Provenance_ Rights Management
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NISO/DLF Image Metadata WorkshopPossible Goals
Metadata fields Rules for Field Contents (authority control)
Core set of necessary fields
Syntax for expressing fields and contents (headers)
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Image Metadata
Focus on Metadata that may prove helpful for
management use preservation ...
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Image Metadata
Break-out Groups: Work Done
Characteristics and Features of Images Image Production and Reformatting
Features Image Identification and Integrity
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Other Metadata
_ Description of depiction/surrogate (What VRA calls its "Surrogate Categories")
_ Description of original object
_ Rights and Reproduction Information_ Location Information
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Data Structures:The VRA Core
28 elements specifically for visual resource collections
Work Description Categories- Visual Document Description Categories- http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html
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VRA Core:Work Description Categories
Work type Title Measurements Material Technique Creator Role Date Repository name Repository place
_ Repository number_ Current site_ Original site_ Style/period/group/
movement_ Nationality/culture_ Subject_ Related work_ Relationship type_ Notes
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VRA Core:Visual Document Description
Categories Visual document type Visual document format Visual document measurements Visual document date Visual document owner Visual document owner number Visual document view description Visual document subject Visual document source
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Data Value Metadata(vocabularies)
LCSH TGM AAT ULAN TGN VRA Core
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LCSH
very general
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Thesaurus for Graphic Materials
designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images
for cataloging and retrieval good for general audiences and broad approaches
to the material TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and
Physical Characteristic Terms http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm/toc.html
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AAT
120,000 terms for describing objects, textual materials,
images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present
large and complex http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/
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ULAN
name authority http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/
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Thesaurus of Geographic Names
over 1 million records hierarchical and global throughout history most records include coordinates and
descriptive notes
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Metadata for Digital Commerce
DOI <indecs>-
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<Indecs>
formal structure for describing and uniquely identifying intellectual property itself, the people and businesses involved in its trading, and the agreements which they make about it (primarily for publishing, music, and visual arts)
will develop high-level specifications for the services that will be required to implement a global IP trading system based on this <indecs> generic data model
focus is on encoding rights at a high level, not on resource discovery likely to involve metadata schma registration and directory to allow
interoperation of personal identifiers for rightsholders and users supported by EEC DG-13 First meeting July 1999 http://www.indecs.org/
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Metadata Mapping-
Crosswalks Resource Description Framework (RDF)
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Crosswalks
mapping btwn differing metadata structures eliminate the need for monolithic,
universally adopted standards focus on flexibility and interoperatiblity RDF-based metadata registries
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Crosswalk ExampleCDWA Object ID
CIMISchema
FDAVRA CoreCategories
USMARCDUBLINCORE
OBJECT/WORK (core)
DocumentClassification-CatalogLevel (core)DocumentClassification-Group Type
Object/Work-Type (core)
Type ofObject
objectNAME DocumentClassification- DocumentType (core)Purpose-Purpose(Broad) (core)Purpose-Purpose(Narrow)
W1. WorkType
655 Genre-Form
Type
Object/Work-Components
quantity DocumentClassification-Extent
300a PhysicalDescription-Extent
ORIENTATION/ARRANGEMENT
Description
TITLES ORNAMES(core)
Title objectTitlebibliographicTitle
Group/ItemIdentification-RepositoryTitleGroup/ItemIdentification-DescriptiveTitle (core)Group/ItemIdentification-InscribedTitle
W2. Title 24Xa Titleand Title-RelatedInformation
Title
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Resource Description Framework (RDF, spec released 2/99)
_ W3C Metadata activity_ designed to move the Web beyond simple links to
semantically-rich relationships btwn resources_ metadata application using XML as a common syntax for
exchange and processing_ flexible architecture for managing diverse application-
specific metadata packets that can be processed by machines_ associates resources, property types, and corresponding
values_ http://www.w3.org/RDF/
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RDF
_ Resources (character strings, names, digital objects)
_ Property (“is the author of”)_ Value
_ resources+properties=relationships_ many different relationships can be reflected
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XML-encoded RDF
_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://www.w3.org/RDF/RDF prefix="RDF" ?>
_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://purl.oclc.org/DC/ prefix="DC" ?>
_ <RDF:RDF>_ <DC:Creator>Howard Besser</DC:Creator>_ </RDF:Description>_ </RDF:RDF>
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Should you start building with RDF today?
_ Tools are primitive_ Standard still likely to evolve
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Metadata for Digital Asset MgmtHoward Besser
UCLA School of Education & Information
Baca, Murtha (ed). Introduction to Metadata, Los Angeles: Getty Information Institute, 1998
http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/intrometadata/
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Imaging/Databases/#standards
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/moa2/
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Longevity/
http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm
http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/
http://purl.oclc.org/corc/
http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/image-meta.html
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Metadata/UC-May00/
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Metadata/sp2000.html