bernard bosanquet the distinction between mind and its objects manchester university press 1913

8/3/2019 Bernard Bosanquet THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MIND AND ITS OBJECTS Manchester University Press 1913

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abbdnwchk~ plcnl awwdkg ~tnl dbbhuw akg

gcudnwchk+ Wld hefdnw c~ ajpas~ khk/odkwaj+

Wld gcudnwchk akg dbbhuw aud ~tnl a~ sht bddj

c+c aks gd~cud hu rhjtkwaus }uh`ud~~chk‗sht




udajc~d plaw cw c~ jcid cb sht aud ~wh}}dg ~lhuw

hb wld hefdnw+ Eudaick` hbb ck a ~dkwdknd

`crd~ a `hhg na~d hb wlc~ bddjck`++

Ikhpjdg`d* wldk* akg wlht`lw* ~h bau a~ cwz

c~ plaw pd wlcki hb* aud khk/odkwaj* hu

[cWs~cnaj+ Wlds aud ~co}js wld d|c~wdkw

wlck`~* hu }auw~ hb wldo* ~h bau a~ pd a}}ud/

ldkg wldo9 kdrdu* hb nhtu~d* nho}jdwdjs

a}}udldkgdg* etw ~h bau a~ htu }hpdu~ `h*

a}}udldkgdg a~ wlds udajjs aud+ Nhjhtu*

~htkg* wa~wd aud khw odkwaj banw~+ Wlds aud

}ls~cnaj udajcwcd~ wh danl hb plcnl wldud c~ a /

nhuud~}hkgck` odkwaj anw* wh ~dd* wh ldau* akg

~h bhuwl+ Etw anw akg hefdnw* drdk anw akg

wld kdaudu hefdnw plcnl ~hod phtjg najj

nhkwdkw* aud khw wh ed cgdkwcbcdg+ Shtu ockg

ghd~ khw ck aks pas oaid kawtud+ Cw ghd~

khw oaid wld hefdnw hb ~dk~d hu }dund}wchk*

hu nhk~wutnw wld hefdnw hb wlht`lw+ Sht aud

ldud9 wld hefdnw c~ wldud+ Cw ~wcu~ shtu ockg

ck a nduwack pas9 akg shtu ockg udanw~ akg

a}}udldkg~* akg bckg~ wld hefdnw a~ cw c~*

annhugck` wh wld gd`udd ck plcnl shtu }hpdu~

hb a}}udldk~chk aud gdrdjh}dg+ Cb sht aud




nhjhtuejckg* wlaw c~ shtu abbacu+ Wldud c~

wldk a gdbdnw ck shtu huàk hb a}}udldk~chk

etw wlaw ghd~ khw ckwdubdud pcwl wld }ls~cnaj

udajcws* plcnl pd ikhp buho edwwdu dqtc}}dg

he~durdu~+ Wlc~ ghnwuckd hb wld9 h}dk gh}u*

a~ C oas najj cw* hu hb wld pckghp pcwl gdùdd~

hb wuak~}audknd* wluht`l plcnl udajcws nhod~

wh sht a~ cw c~* wlht`l pcwl rausck` nho}jdwd/

kd~~* c~ rdus }hpdubtj ck wpdkwcdwl ndkwtus

udajc~o* akg c~ aw wcod~ nhkkdnwdg* ~wuak`djs

dkht`l* pcwl ~hod d|wudod ghnwuckd~ hb hwldu

phujg~+

Cw bhjjhp~‗akg wlc~ c~ jau`djs wld }hckw hb

wld ghnwuckd‗wlaw wld }ls~cnaj udajcws plcnl

c~ wld hefdnw hb ockg c~ wld wlck`* hu }auw hb

wld wlck`* plcnl sht ~t}}h~d shtu~djb wh

a}}udldkg+ C odak* cw c~ ck kh ~dk~d }auw hb

shtu hpk ehgs hu ockg+ Shtu huàk~ jdw cw

ck* etw wlds gh khw* ck }ucknc}jd* ohgcbs cw*

d|nd}w ck gdùdd+ YWld qtd~wchk hb duuhu

nak* C wlcki* ed gdajw pcwl buho wlc~ }h~cwchk*

ck aùddodkw pcwl wld ed~w wlckidu~* aw jda~w

cb pd udag % udaj % bhu % }ls~cnaj+% Duuhu c~

ajpas~ aehtw a udajcws+_ Shtu ockg* wldk*




c~ khw* a~ ^}ckhva najjdg cw* wld cgda hb shtu

ehgs* akg hb hwldu wlck`~ hkjs wluht`l wlaw+

Sht h}dk shtu dsd~* akg aud apaud hb a wudd

edbhud sht+ Wlc~ c~ a banw ft~w jcid wlaw hb

a waejd edck` hk wld bjhhu+ Hkjs ck wlc~ na~d

hkd hb wld d|c~wdkw~ c~ a ockg+ Wld hwldu c~*

ft~w a~ wld ockg c~ apaud hb cw* ak d|wdukaj

}ls~cnaj udajcws+

Akg* a~ C tkgdu~wakg wld au`todkw* wld

wudd cw~djb c~ oagd t} hb hefdnw~ nhuud~}hkg/

ck` wh shtu odkwaj anw~ 9 hb plaw sht % ~dk~d*%

hb plaw sht }dundcrd* hb plaw sht wlcki

wlaw c~* hb bja~ld~ hu btj`tuawchk~ hb cw~

qtajcwcd~* hb qtajcwcd~ wldo~djrd~* ~hodwlck`

ohud }duoakdkw wlak wld bja~ld~* akg hb a

tkcrdu~aj kawtud hu udaj jap `hrdukck` wld

nhoeckawchk akg anwchk hb cw~ qtajcwcd~+ Pdlard hb nhtu~d wh ud~c~w edck` jdg apas es

wld ~htkg hb wlc~ ghnwuckd* wh co}twd wh wld

udajc~w ak d|wudod cgdajc~o+ Pldk sht

udag [ wlaw a }ls~cnaj wlck`* a oawducaj ~te/

~waknd* ' c~ oagd t} hb ~dk~a* }dund}wa* akg

wlht`lw~ ' sht lard laug phui wh udodoedu

1+ Au+ ]uhn* 13=3/1=* }+ >5+



5= WLD GC^WCKNWCHK EDWPDDK

wlaw bhu wld atwlhu ajj wld~d aud wld hefdnw~

hb wld odkwaj anw~* khw wld anw~ wldo~djrd~*

akg aud wldudbhud }ls~cnaj udajcwcd~* akg ck

kh pas ecw~ hb ockg+

Ldknd auc~d wph btuwldu }dntjcaucwcd~* hkd*

cb khw ehwl* hb plcnl nlauanwduc~d oh~w

wpdkwcdwl ndkwtus udajc~o* akg ~ard cw ck a

`udaw oda~tud buho wld gdbdnw~ hb wld hjgdu

dnjdnwcn hu gdoaunawck` udajc~o~* ck a phug*

gtajc~wcn udajc~o~* plcnl kdnd~~aucjs jdakdgwhpaug oawducajc~o+ C gh khw ~as wlaw wld

kdp Udajc~o c~ khw cw~djb ck a ~dk~d gtajc~wcn+

Bcu~w* wld ghnwuckd hb wld h}dk ghhu* a~ C

lard oagd ehjg wh najj cw* gd~wuhs~ wld

~t}du~wcwchk wlaw ~}awcaj }uh}duwcd~ aud gc~wck/

`tc~ldg es edck` ~djb/d|c~wdkw* plcjd ~dk~a/

wchk~ hb wld ~}dncaj ~dk~d~* akg wld~d hkjs*

aud gd}dkgdkw t}hk ockg+ Cw~ awwcwtgd c~

ckgddg wld udrdu~d hb wlaw wh plcnl wlc~

gd~wutnwchk c~ t~tajjs a~nucedg+ Cw ghd~ khw

[ ~as wlaw }ucoaus qtajcwcd~* jcid ~dnhkgaus* aud

ockg/gd}dkgdkw9 etw wlaw ~dnhkgaus* jcid

}ucoaus* aud ockg/ckgd}dkgdkw+ Etw bhu wld

coodgcawd }tu}h~d hb gd~wuhsck` wld gc~wckn/




wchk dcwldu hb wld wlhuht`l/`hck` rcdp~ pcjj

~durd+ Cw c~ hkjs wld dnjdnwcn rcdp wlaw c~

ehtkg wh ed`dw ~t}du~wcwchk+ Wlt~ a nho/

}jdwd }ls~cnaj udajc~o* drdk cb cw njaco~ wh ed

oawducajc~o* c~ jau`djs budd buho wld rcnd

ckldudkw ck wld hjgdu ghnwuckd hb wlaw kaod*

wlaw cw gc~nudgcw~ a~ tkudaj wld oh~w }udncht~

djdodkw~ hb wld phujg+ Bhu htu ohgduk

udajc~w* pldwldu uc`lw hu puhk`* wld phujg c~

`dktckdjs a~ cw ~ddo~ wh ed‗euc`lw* pauo*

ud~}hk~crd9 khw a~ drdk Faod~ Lckwhk ~acg

wlaw ~ncdknd ~lhp~ cw wh ed‗

% gaui* nhjg* akg

~laick` jcid a fdjjs+% Ak d|wuahugckaus

nhkbt~chk* wh }ud~t}}h~d wld h}duawchk hb wld

~dk~d/hu`ak~ ck he~durck` wld nhk~dqtdknd~*

hb wldcu hpk ~t}}h~dg ae~dknd ! Wld wduucejd

akg ~ckc~wdu }udftgcnd hb oawducajc~o plcnl

ldud bckg~ d|}ud~~chk c~* a~ pd ~acg* do}lawc/

najjs akg kdnd~~aucjs ud}tgcawdg es wld

ghnwuckd edbhud t~+ Pd aud paukdg hb wlc~

ck gdbckcwd jak`ta`d+ % Wh ~tnl a nhknd}/

wchk*% a~ wlaw khp }uhotj`awdg+ ]uhbd~~hu

Ajd|akgdu he~durd~* % pd h}}h~d htu laecwtaj

khwchk hb oawducaj wlck`~ a~ edck` ~hodlhp




auuak`dodkw~ hu ohwchk~ hb plawdrdu nhk~wc/

wtdkw~ pd udàug a~ tjwcoawd+ Etw cw nakkhw

ed whh hbwdk ud}dawdg* bhu wlh~d plh aud

Tidjs wh bhu`dw wld jd~~hk* wlaw d|wdk~chk akg

ohwchk hu oawducaj ~te~waknd aud ck wldo/

~djrd~ hk wld ~aod coodgcawd bhhwck` a~

nhjhtu~ akg ~odjj~9 wlaw wlds* whh* aud oagd

t} hb ~dk~a akg bdund}wa akg wlht`lw~* akg

d|lcecw wld ~aod }uhejdo hb }ud~dkwck` wld~d

bdawtud~ ck wldcu nhoeckawchk+%[

C ot~w he~durd* lhpdrdu* aw wlc~ }hckw*

wlaw plcjd oawducajc~wcn }udftgcnd c~ wlt~

wlhuht`ljs ud}tgcawdg a~ udàug~ wld

~dnhkgaus qtajcwcd~ hb wlck`~* C nakkhw ~dd

lhp wld wduwcaus qtajcwcd~* ~as* bhu d|ao}jd*

wlh~d plcnl pd najj ad~wldwcn* nak lard ft~wcnd

ghkd wldo hk wlc~ }ucknc}jd+ Nak wlds

d~na}d edck` udàugdg a~ gc~wcknwcrdjs }~s/

nlcnaj akg ~h bau hb ckbduchu udajcws* ~h jhk`

a~ drdk bddjck` c~ ud~durdg a~ ~hodwlck`

edjhk`ck` wh ockg 8 Wlc~ udoaui akwcnc}awd~

htu jawdu au`todkw* wh wld dbbdnw wlaw wlhuht`l

akg ~hjcg a~ wlc~ kdp udajc~o awwdo}w~ wh ed*

1+ Au+ ]uhn* 13=3/1=* }+ >5+



OCKG AKG CW^ HEFDNW^ 5>

cw }uhrd~ wlaw ck wld dkg wldud c~ kh udaT~o

wlaw nak ed nho}jdwdjs ~hjcg akg wlhuht`l9

wlaw c~ wh ~as* wlaw nak ~pdd} ajj nlauanwdu~

hb wlck`~* plcnl aud hk wld ~aod jdrdj hb

hefdnwcrcws* ckwh wld oa~~ hb khk/odkwaj

udajcws+ A wlck` oas ed nlauock` qtcwd a~

udajjs akg wutjs a~ cw c~ udg9 etw cw~ nlauo

annhugck` wh udajc~o* akg drdk annhugck` wh

wld udajc~o edbhud t~* ot~w ed a ockg/&

gd}dkgdkw awwucetwd ,bhu wh ed nlauodg c~ a

odkwaj anw#* plcjd cw~ udgkd~~ c~ }ls~cnaj akg

ockg/ckgd}dkgdkw+

Lhpdrdu* hk wld plhjd wld wdkgdkns hb

udajc~o wh/gas c~ apas buho dnjdnwcnc~o akg

whpaug~ a nho}jdwd annd}waknd hb d|wdukaj

wlck`~* ck ajj wldcu nhknudwd ucnlkd~~ hb d|c~w/

dknd* a~ udajcws ckgd}dkgdkw hb ockg+ Akg

~h bau pd aud gdajck` pcwl a kdp awwcwtgd*

pcwl a }ls~cnaj udajc~o plcnl la~ ck wld oack

~wuc}}dg hbb wld nlauanwdu hb oawducajc~o+

Akg ~dnhkgjs‗akg ldud C wlcki ajj

wpdkwcdwl ndkwtus udajc~o `hd~ wh`dwldu

tkcrdu~aj~ aud agocwwdg wh ed udaj* wlht`l es

kh odak~ odkwaj+ Htu }auwcntjau udajc~w




drdk najj~ wldo }ls~cnaj banw~+' Aks pas*

wlds aud ldjg wh d|c~w hu ~te~c~w ckgd}dkgdkwjs

hb ockg hu ikhpjdg`d+ [Wld kawtud hb a

wlck`* ck ud~}dnw hb plcnl cw c~ ak hefdnw hb

htu wlht`lw* wld `dkduaj jap hb anwchk akg

nhk~wutnwchk plcnl ghockawd~ cw* c~ ~}hidk hb

a~ a tkcrdu~aj akg a~ nhuud~}hkgck` wh htu

nhknd}w+ A oawducaj hefdnw* pd aud whjg es

hwldu ohgduk udajc~w~* nhk~c~w~* a}auw buho

ockg hu ikhpjdg`d* ck a nhkkdnwchk hb

tkcrdu~aj~+[ A }ls~cnaj udajc~o hb wlc~ ickg

waid~ t~ C coa`ckd ckwh a kdp nhtkwus* plcnl

Udcg }dula}~ rc~cwdg* etw gcg khw d|}jhud hu

~tegtd+ Najj t~ cgdajc~w~ hu plaw sht pcjj*

pd plh bhjjhp wld pawnlphug % Ga~ Palud

c~w ga~ @akvd % oc`lw }ucoa bancd bckg ck cw

otnl hb plaw pd gdoakg9 akg plaw kh

dnjdnwcnc~o hb wld oawducajc~w ws}d nak es aks

}h~~cecjcws abbhug t~+ Cb y9}du co}h~~cecjd* a~

C ~wcjj ot~w lhjg# ajj wlaw c~ }udncht~ akg

~te~wakwcaj nhtjg wutjs ed bt~dg akg bhnt~~dg

ck ak agocwwdg udaj* C aw jda~w ~lhtjg khw ed

`udawjs wuhtejdg aw edck` hugdudg wh najj cw

1+ ]ucnlaug* Iakw'~ %Wldhus hb Ikhpjdg`d*% }+ 57>+




}ls~cnaj+ Najj wld~d wlck`~ }ls~cnaj hu plaw*

sht pcjj* cb wlds aud wld oh~w udaj hb udajcwcd~*

wldk khockajc~o la~ `hkd es wld ehaug* akg

wld udajc~o hb wld ohgdukc~w c~ fhckck` lakg~

pcwl wld udajc~o hb wld ~nlhhjoak+ Wldud

a}}dau~ wh ed ckgddg a wpdkwcdwl ndkwtus

udajc~o plcnl ntw~ ghpk }ls~cnaj udajcws wh

wld co}dund}wcejd~ hb ~ncdknd‗~hodwlck`

~naundjs edjhk`ck` drdk wh wld phujg hb

}ucoaus qtajcwcd~9 etw wlc~ c~ a lajb/wldhus hb

wld Jhnidcak ws}d* wlht`l cw }t~ld~ ae~wuan/

wchk hkd ~wa`d btuwldu wlak lc~+ Htu udajc~w'~

ghnwuckd hb wld }ls~cnaj phujg `crd~ t~ a bau

btjjdu }cnwtud hb wld udajcws plcnl c~ ck

}ucknc}jd wld ~aod bhu ajj akg annd~~cejd wh

ajj+ C Akg ohudhrdu* a~ C ~acg* ajj wld ohgduk

udajc~w~* C wlcki* a`udd ck udnh`kc~ck` wld

udajcws‗[pldwldu a~ d|c~wdknd hu a~ ~te~c~w/

dknd‗hb tkcrdu~aj~+ F

Wld ckwdud~w hb wld wldhus pd lard eddk

nhkwdo}jawck` la~ jack bhu od ck khwck` plaw

C waid wh ed wld ckdrcwaejd ud~tjw~ hb udgtnck`

wld }jand hb wld ockg ck wld anwtaj phujg wh

cw~ kauuhpd~w nhkndcraejd jcocw~* bWlc~ ud~tjw




c~* a~ C rcdp cw* wlaw hk wld hkd lakg wld `udaw

ehgs* hu wld nhu}~d a~ C ~lhtjg najj cw* hb

~h/najjdg }ls~cnaj udajcws* la~ eddk ntw hbb

akg ~dw hrdu a`ack~w wld jcrck` kawtud hb

ockg‗[plcnl c~ udgtndg* a~ pd ~ap* wh a

~nldod hb gcudnwchk~ hb dbbhuw aggud~~dg wh

hefdnw~ htw~cgd wldo+ Etw hk wld hwldu lakg*

ft~w ednat~d wlc~ c~ ghkd ~h wlhuht`ljs* cw

es ckldudkw kdnd~~cws ~lhp~ ~c`k~ hb jcbd* akg

ed`ck~ wh d|lcecw pcwlck cw~djb a rcwajcws*

}ucoaucjs jh`cnaj* etw* bhu wlc~ uda~hk* tjwc/

oawdjs akg ck d~~dknd ckrhjrck` nhkwcktcws

pcwl a }~snlcnaj ~s~wdo+#

,c+# Bcu~w* a phug a~ wh wld akajh`s hb wld

wph ~}awcaj wlck`~* hk plcnl wld plhjd }h~cwchk

c~ bhtkgdg+ Hkd nakkhw ed whh naudbtj +aw wld

ed`ckkck`9 akg C ~lajj oaid ak he~durawchk

plcnl oas ed ldjg wucrcaj akg ls}dunucwcnaj*

etw plcnl* C ao cknjckdg wh wlcki* pcjj jdag

t~ ck wld dkg wh qtcwd a gcbbdudkw awwcwtgd

whpaug~ wld plhjd udjawchk hb ockg akg cw~

hefdnw~+

Wld udoaui c~ odudjs wlc~9 wlaw ockg c~

kdrdu nhkbuhkwdg es hkd hefdnw hkjs+ Wld



OCKG AKG CW^ HEFDNW^ 5(

banw~ aud khw gd~nucedg es ~asck` wlaw pd

~wauw pcwl a }acu hb hefdnw~ banck` danl hwldu*

hb plcnl hkd oas ed a ehgs larck` a ockg+

Wld udjawchk c~ khw wlaw hb a ockg hk hkd ~cgd

akg a wudd hk wld hwldu+ Cb wldud c~ a ockg

hk hkd ~cgd wldud c~ aw jda~w a nho}jd| hb

hefdnw~ hk wld hwldu+

Etw bhu os hpk d|}ducdknd drdk wlc~ ghd~

khw ~ddo wutd+ % Hk hkd ~cgd*% akg % hk

akhwldu ~cgd % aud cknhuudnw d|}ud~~chk~+

^}daick` hb banw a~ C bckg cw* C ~lhtjg nho/

}aud os nhk~ncht~kd~~ wh ak awoh~}ldud* khw

wh a wlck` aw ajj+ Cw~ kawtud c~ wh cknjtgd+

Wld kawtud hb cw~ hefdnw~ c~ wh ed cknjtgdg+[

Pldk C naod ckwh wlc~ lajj* htw hb wld ~oajjdu

uhho ck plcnl pd odw* wld ncuntobdudknd hb

os ockg ~ddodg wh d|}akg+ Wld jcocw~ hb

os nhk~ncht~kd~~ ednaod* aw aks uawd* khw

kauuhpdu wlak wld pajj~ hb wlc~ nlaoedu+

Buho wld ed`ckkck`* wldk* wld akajh`s hb wph

hefdnw~ nhkbuhkwck` hkd akhwldu ~ddo~ wh od

cka}}jcnaejd+ C kdrdu ~ddo wh wlcki ck wld

bhuo* % os ockg c~ ldud* akg wld wudd c~

wldud+% Ockg waid~ cw~djb ae ckcwch a~ a



5< WLD GC^WCKNWCHK EDWPDDK

phujg* khw a~ ak hefdnw ck a phujg+ C wlcki

% wld wudd c~ wldud* ck wld }akhuaoa*% akg wld

}akhuaoa c~ d~~dkwcaj wh os ockg* wlht`l

os ockg la~ ohud edbhud cwf d+`+* wlht`lw~ [hb

hwldu }jand~* akg hb ckncgdkw~ aw hwldu wckcd~+

C ao gd~nuceck` banw~+ Z C ao khw oaick` aks

au`todkw wlaw wld d|c~wdknd hb wld hefdnw~ c~

ck os ockg hu c~ ockg/gd}dkgdkw+ C ao

odudjs ~wawck` plaw C ao gcudnwjs apaud hb+

Ck gd~nuceck` os apaudkd~~ wldud c~ ajpas~

ak % akg % hu a % edbhud %‗hu % edlckg % hu

% ed~cgd%‗~hod nhkftknwchk hu }ud}h~cwchk+

Cw c~ kdrdu ft~w hkd hefdnw apaud hb hkd hwldu+ (

Wld ickg hb he~durawchk wlc~ ~t``d~w~ wh

od c~ wlaw ae ckcwch hkd ickg hb wlck` c~ a

plhjd* akg akhwldu c~ a bua`odkw+ A ockg c~

a plhjd* wlaw c~ ck cw~ kawtud akg ckwdkw9 ak

hefdnw c~ a bua`odkw+ Wlc~ banw bhudehgd~ a

gcbbcntjws ck a~~d~~ck` wld udajcws hb hefdnw~

a}auw buho ockg* akg ~h ck guapck` a jckd

edwpddk wldo+ Bhu plaw c~ udaj ot~w ~tudjs

ed a plhjd* plawdrdu dj~d oas ed cw~

nlauanwdu+ Pd ~lajj ~dd uda~hk wh udwtuk wh

wlc~ }hckw+




,cc+# Ck wld wldhus edbhud t~* ~dk~d/}ud~dk/

wawchk~ nhtkw a~ khk/odkwaj hu drdk a~

}ls~cnaj+

Wld gc~wcknwchk edwpddk anw akg hefdnw* hu*

a~ ~hod waid cw* edwpddk anw* nhkwdkw* akg

hefdnw* c~ ldud wld `hrdukck` nhk~cgduawchk+

Cw la~ eddk ldjg wh udohrd wld }ucknc}aj

uda~hk bhu wlckick` wlaw ~dk~d/}ud~dkwawchk~

aud ~hodwlck` odkwaj+ C edjcdrd wld phug

odkwaj wh ed oc~jdagck`* a~ C ~lajj d|}jack

jawdu hk+ Etw C gd~cud wh ~t``d~w wlaw wlht`l

cw oas ed pdjj wh gc~wck`tc~l njdaujs edwpddk

~ddck` akg wld hefdnw ~ddk* sdw cw c~ khw a

odud bacjtud wh oaid wlc~ gc~wcknwchk plcnl

nat~d~ ~hod hb t~ wh edjcdrd wlaw wld hefdnw

~ddk la~ a nlauanwdu nhkwcktht~ pcwl htu

odkwaj jcbd+ Odudjs udbduuck` wh wld nhkwuh/

rdu~s edwpddk Oaknld~wdu akg ^w+ Akgudp~*

plcnl C cknjckd wh wlcki la~ d~waejc~ldg wlc~

}hckw ~h bau a~ ~dk~d/}ud~dkwawchk c~ nhk/

ndukdg* C dkgdarhtu wh gd~nuced a ohud

`dkduaj au`todkw plcnl ~wuhk`js a}}daj~ wh

od+

Pldk C ao whjg wlaw C ot~w khw nhkbt~d



>= WLD GC^WCKNWCHK EDWPDDK

ak cgda a~ a odkwaj anw pcwl ak cgda a~ a

nhkwdkw hb ~dk~d hu ak hefdnw hb wlht`lw* C

wlcki C tkgdu~wakg plaw c~ odakw+ Pldk C

ao whjg wlaw wld nhkwdkw hb + ~dk~d hu hefdnw

hb wlht`lw oas wldudbhud ed ~hodwlck` qtcwd

khk/odkwaj hu drdk }ls~cnaj* C ao* wh ~}dai

}jackjs* cknjckdg wh bddj os~djb wld rcnwco

hb ~h}lc~wus+ Cw ~ddo~ hercht~ aw bcu~w ~c`lw

wlaw a ejtd c~ a~ }~snlcnaj a~ a }ack hu ak

ckbdudkwcaj wuak~cwchk+ Akg wlht`l sht oas

au`td aw jdk`wl wlaw cw c~ khwlck` etw ak

d|wdukaj hefdnw* C bddj ajj wld wcod wlaw C ao

edck` gdbuatgdg+ Sht lard }tw wld rcwaj

nlauanwdu hb a nduwack d|}ducdknd ckwh plaw

sht najj ak anw* akg C agocw wlaw cw c~ ~}dncajjs

he~duraejd ck nhkkdnwchk pcwl a nduwack

btknwchk+ Etw khp sht wdjj od wlaw wld oack

wlck` ck wld hefdnw* plaw C rajtd ck cw akg

plaw C pakw cw bhu* c~ udohrdg akg aehjc~ldg

es wld gc~wcknwchk* akg wld d|}ducdknd a~ ~tnl

c~ jdbw bhu gdag+

Khp cw c~ a `hhg }hckw hk os ~cgd wh ~as

wlaw hefdnw~ hb wld ickg ck qtd~wchk nda~d wh

ed* pcwl wld ockg~ plcnl dkwduwack wldo hu



OCKG AKG CW^ HEFDNW^ >

drdk pcwl wld nd~~awchk hb wlh~d ockg~'

awwdkwchk+ Akg cw ~ddo~ hercht~ wh od wlaw

wlc~ c~ ~h+ Etw wld ghnwuckd hb wld h}dk ghhu

gdkcd~ wld banw9 akg ck aks na~d* wlc~ banw

phtjg hkjs ed ak d|wdukaj }uhhb akg khw ak

akajs~c~ hb wld d~~dknd* akg }ucoa bancd

phtjg khw a}}js wh wld hefdnw~ hb wlht`lw+

C pcjj wus wh ~wawd ak au`todkw `hck` gdd}du

ckwh wld oducw~* a~ C ~dd cw* akg pcjj ~t}}huw

os ~wawdodkw es wph a}}jcnawchk~ hb cw+

Wld a~~duwchk wlaw ak hefdnw hu nhkwdkw la~

hu la~ khw a odkwaj nlauanwdu* ht`lw* cw ~ddo~

wh od* cb cw la~ aks rajtd* wh ed ~t}}huwdg

es }h~cwcrd akajs~c~* akg khw odudjs es

d|wuakdht~ }uhhb+ Pldwldu a nduwack hefdnw

c~ nhkwcktht~ pcwl wld kawtud hb ockg c~ kh

qtd~wchk hb odud huc`ck hu nhknhocwakw

raucawchk9 cw c~ a qtd~wchk hb plaw ~huw hb

wlck` wld hefdnw c~* akg plaw ~huw hb wlck`

ockg c~* akg pldwldu hu kh wld hkd c~ nhk/

kdnwdg pcwl wld hwldu es ckldudkw nlauanwdu+

Khp cb C wus wh d~na}d wld ~huw hb kd`awcrd

~hucwd~ hu `uagtaj pcwlguapaj hb nlauanwdu~

es plcnl wld ~h/najjdg % odkwaj % nlauanwdu



>5 WLD GC^WCKNWCHK EDWPDDK

hb }ud~dkwawchk~ ~ddk[w} od wh ed buatgtjdkwjs

awwanidg* plaw nhod~ wh od a~ ~hodwlck` khw

wh ed uda~hkdg apas c~ ck a phug wld jcbd hb

ockg9 hu* cb pd }udbdu wld hjg wdnlkcnaj

jak`ta`d* cw~ d|}jcncw tkcws+Z[Pdjj* cw oas ed

~acg* etw a eau hb cuhk la~ tkcws* akg sht pcjj

khw ~as wlaw wlc~ c~ a nlauanwdu ckldudkwjs

nhkkdnwck` cw pcwl shtu nhk~ncht~kd~~+( Kh*

C ~lhtjg khw ~as wlaw c~ ~h* gcudnwjs akwc pcwl

udbdudknd wh os ~ck`jd nhk~ncht~kd~~+ Etw

wldk ck wld na~d hb wld eau hb cuhk C nak ~as

hu cb C nakkhw* a }ls~cnc~w nak‗[plaw dj~d c~

odakw es wlc~ tkcws* ck plaw udjawchk~ cw jcd~*

akg hk plaw nlauanwdu~ cw gd}dkg~+ Akg cw

c~* pd wldk ~dd* khw ak d|}jcncw tkcws9 khw hkd

plcnl ~wawd~ cw~djb+ Etw khp nhod wh a nhk/

wdkw hb ~dk~d+ Plaw C ~dd pldk C jhhi aw

a ejtd wlck` la~ tkcws* akg jcbd+ Cw~ }auw~

wlaw c~* wlht`l raucdg* nhkbcuo* ~t}}huw akg

gdwduockd hkd akhwldu es d|}jcncw % nho}ud~/

dknd+% Cw }tj~awd~ pcwl bddjck`* a nhoohk

whkd* plcnl ckrhjrd~ wld }ud~dknd hb a plhjd

ajj aw hknd* udckbhunck` akg ohgcbsck` drdus

}auw es wld ~cotjwakdht~ dbbdnw~ hb ajj+ Plaw

ghd~ a tkcws hb wlc~ ickg nhk~c~w ck 8 Cgdkwcws



OCKG AKG CW^ HEFDNW^ >>

hb dwldudaj pard/jdk`wl~8 Khw aw ajj+

Wlaw oas ed }ud~t}}h~dg* etw cw pcjj khw gh

wld phui es cw~djb+ Ejtd c~ a }dntTau

% dbbdnw % 9 dbbdnw* C odak* ck wld auwc~wcn ~dk~d

hb wld phug9 akg pard/jdk`wl~* udndcrdg ~as

hk a }lhwh`ua}lcn }jawd* aud khw wld }dntjcau

dbbdnw plcnl pd najj ejtd* drdk cb a~ a }ls~cnaj

nat~d wlds pdud wh }uhgtnd cw qta }ls~cnaj

dbbdnw+ Lhp gh wld djdodkw~ hb wld dbbdnw

lhjg wh`dwldu8 Plaw oaid~ wld ejtd udck/

bhund hu ohgcbs wld ejtd 8 Wldud c~ kh }t~l

hu }tjj edwpddk wldo+ Wlds phui hk danl

hwldu wluht`l wldcu cgdkwcws akg gcbbdudknd9

hu* wh arhcg gc~}twd~* ldud cuudjdrakw* wluht`l

wldcu jcidkd~~ akg tkjcidkd~~+ Plaw ~huw hb

odgcto ghd~ ~tnl a tkcws ckrhjrd 8 ^tudjs*

wlaw hb nhk~ncht~kd~~ akg kh hwldu+ Ejtd[

wldk* plcjd cw udwack~ wld nlauanwdu~ hb ejtd*

ot~w lard ck cw wld jcbd hb ockg+ ( gh khw najj

cw %odkwaj*% bhu C ao khw ~tud plaw wlaw odak~+

Etw C pcjj najj cw jh`cnaj+ Wlc~ au`todkw* C

ao nhkrckndg* oc`lw ed otnl edwwdu ~wawdg*

etw cw aw jda~w oaid~ ak awwdo}w wh d|}ud~~

a ndkwuaj nhk~cgduawchk plcnl C lard tkda~cjs




bdjw wh ed dkwcudjs hocwwdg wluht`lhtw ajj wld

udndkw udajc~wcn nhkwuhrdu~cd~+ C pcjj }ud~~

cw btuwldu es wph a}}jcnawchk~+ Bcu~w* pd ~ap

wlaw wld udajc~w hb wh/gas a~~duw~ wld udajcws

drdk wld }ls~cnaj udajcws

‗hb tkcrdu~aj~+

Wld ohgduk wudawodkw hb ]jawh'~ Cgda~* ck

wlc~ nhkkdnwchk* c~ d|wuahugckaucjs ckwdud~wck`*

etw khw }dula}~ a~ kdp a~ cw oc`lw a}}dau+

ZKhp a tkcrdu~aj c~ a phuick` nhkkdnwchk

pcwlck }auwcntjau~+ A`ack pd oc`lw t~d wld

}lua~d plcnl wh od a}}dau~ ~h a}w* akg ~as

cw c~ wld jcbd hb wld }auwcntjau~+ Cw c~* ckgddg*

aw ehwwho* hb wld kawtud hb a nhkawchk+ Khp

wld hefdnw~ hb ~dk~cwcrd akg }dund}wcrd anw~

aud nlau`dg pcwl ~tnl phuick` nhkkdnwchk~*

plcnl aud d|}ud~~js akg }udnc~djs nhkkdnwchk~

hb nhkwdkw akg hb khwlck` dj~d ck wld phujg+

Kh }h~~cejd lakgjck` hb nhkwdkw~ ae d|wua

es a ockg oagd t} hb }tud nhkawchk~ akg

gcudnwchk~ pcjj `dw htw hb wldo wld gdwduockawd

akg }dntjcau ud~tjw plcnl wldcu ckldudkw kc~t~

wh wld plhjd euck`~ htw* a~* bhu ck~waknd* ck

aks na~d hb udjawcrd ~t``d~wchk+ C bckg

os~djb ckgddg nho}auck` htu wpdkwcdwl ndk/



OCKG AKG CW^ HEFDNW^ >4

wtus udajc~o pcwl wld duuhkdht~ ~cgd hb Iakw'~

~skwldwcn tkcws+

Kh ockg nak oaid a phujg ~skwldwcn cb

wlaw phujg c~ khw ~skwldwcn ck cw~djb+ Etw

a`ack9 kh phujg nak ed ~skwldwcn ck cw~djb*

wlaw c~* nak }h~~d~~ tkcrdu~aj~ a~ a }auw hb

cw~ hpk kawtud* cb cw~ djdodkw~ lard khw*

}duragck` wldo* wld jcrck` kd|t~ akg

dkgdarhtu whpaug~ a plhjd plcnl ckgcnawd~

}auwcnc}awchk ck wld kawtud hb ockg~+ C

nakkhw tkgdu~wakg aks awwdo}w wh d|}jack a

tkcrdu~aj plcnl ghd~ khw udnh`kc~d wlaw cw

ae~hjtwdjs nhk~c~w~ ck wld dbbhuw hb a nhkwdkw

wh nho}jdwd cw~djb a~ a ~s~wdo+ Sht oas

~as wlaw cw phtjg khw gh wlc~ hb cw~djb* etw

hkjs es wld ockg phuick` ck cw+ Akg C ao

gc~}h~dg wh a`udd+ Etw wldk sht lard

aeakghkdg wld ghnwuckd wlaw wld tkcrdu~aj c~

a }ls~cnaj udajcws* ~h bau a~ wlaw odak~ a

udajcws wlaw phuick` a~ a tkcrdu~aj nak d|c~w

ckgd}dkgdkwjs hb ockg+ Dcwldu sht wluhp

wld phui hb ockg hk wld ~lhtjgdu~ hb a

}ls~cnaj udajcws* akg wldudes wuak~bhuo wld

jawwdu btkgaodkwajjs* hu sht nhkkdnw cw pcwl




wld kawtud hb ockg a~ jcrck` ck wld nhkwdkw~*

akg wldk sht lard aeakghkdg wld ghnwuckd

hb }dwucbcdg hu d|wua/odkwaj tkcrdu~aj~+ Wh

udnh`kc~d wld tkcrdu~aj a~ udaj* plcjd icjjck`

akg ~wtbbck` cw* c~ wh agocw a njaco plcnl sht

udbt~d wh ~awc~bs+ Wld udajcws hb wld tkcrdu~aj

c~ a ~tbbcncdkw }uhhb% wlaw wld hefdnw~ hb ockg

oas ed ajcrd pcwl cw~ rcwajcws+

Wld ~dnhkg }hckw c~ wlaw hb wld wduwcaus

qtajcwcd~* wh plcnl pd udbduudg aehrd+ Cw c~

a bdawldu ck wld na} hb udndkw udajc~o wh lard

`crdk wld ~dnhkgaus qtajcwcd~ wldcu gtd+ Etw

ldud cw~ anlcdrdodkw ot~w dkg+ Cw c~ co}h~/

~cejd hk wld ~aod }ucknc}jd wh gh ft~wcnd wh

wld wduwcaus qtajcwcd~* ~as* edatws hu gdjc`lw/

btjkd~~+ Cb sht ud~durd akswlck` bhu a ockg

~wuc}}dg hb hefdnwcrd nhkwdkw~* sht ot~w* a~

udajc~o agocw~* ud~durd }jda~tud akg }ack+

Etw cb ~h* ajj qtajcwcd~ ckrhjrck` }jda~tud akg

}ack aud ockg/gd}dkgdkw* akg kh }ls~cnaj

udajc~o nak udnh`kc~d wldo a~ udaj+ Akg sdw*

ck wutwl* wlds aud wld oh~w anwtaj* oh~w

}uhbhtkgjs ckldudkw* oh~w hefdnwcrdjs nlauan/

wduc~wcn qtajcwcd~ hb ajj+ Akg pldwldu }ack




akg }jda~tud aud ~dk~d/nhkwdkw~ hu khw* C

wlcki cw la~ eddk }uhrdg co}h~~cejd wh

~d}auawd wldo ck wudawodkw buho ~dk~d/

nhkwdkw~ dcwldu a~ djdodkw~ hb bddjck` hu a~

hefdnw~ hb dohwchk+ Z+ Sht ot~w dcwldu a~~c`k

~dk~d/nhkwdkw~ wh wld ockg* hu ad~wldwcn

nhkwdkw~ wh }ls~cnaj udajcws+ %#

,ccc+# Pd lard eddk }tu~tck` wluht`lhtw

wld cgda hb nhkwcktcws ck ickg edwpddk ockg

akg cw~ hefdnw~+ Cw la~ a}}daudg wh t~ wlaw

a~ jhk` a~ a ~drduaknd }udracj~* a ft~w

d~wcoawd hb udajcws/rajtd~ c~ co}h~~cejd+ Hk

wld hkd ~cgd pd lard a na}tw ohuwtto9 hk

wld hwldu ak do}ws ~skwldwcn btknwchk+

Wld wpdkwcdwl/ndkwtus udajc~o plcnl la~

eddk htu `tcgd la~ nauucdg htw wlc~ cgda hb

nhkwcktcws t} wh wld }dktjwcoawd ~wd}+ @udaw

a~ ~ddodg wh ed cw~ agraknd edshkg dnjdnwcn

hu oawducajc~wcn udajc~o~* cw ~wcjj ~ddodg wh t~

wh bacj ck gc~naugck` wld ja~w wuand hb dnjdn/

wcnc~o+ Akg wldudbhud pd a~idg htu~djrd~ cb cw

pa~ khw* bhu ~hod uda~hk hb }ucknc}jd* tkaejd

wh nho}jdwd cw~ }huwuasaj hb a udajcws aw hknd

~hjcg akg rcwaj+ Akg wld uda~hk plcnl ~t`/



>< WLD GC^WCKNWCHK EDWPDDK

`d~wdg cw~djb pa~* wlaw cw kd`jdnwdg wh dkqtcud

ckwh wld nhkgcwchk~ hb ~djb/d|c~wdknd+

Bhu ldud* C ao nhkrckndg* akg khw ck wld

bajjancd~ plcnl lard hbwdk eddk khwdg a~ wld

ea~c~ hb ~tefdnwcrd cgdajc~o* jcd~ wld btkga/

odkwaj `uhtkg bhu }janck` ockg ck wld ndkwud

hb udajcws+ Akg* drdk ck wld na~d hb ~te/

fdnwcrd cgdajc~o* C ao ~tud wlaw wld `dktckd

jh`cnaj ohwcrd c~ wld ~aod ck }ucknc}jd+ Cw

c~ khw wld bacjtud wh gc~wck`tc~l edwpddk ak

anw akg ak hefdnw hb ockg+ Cw c~ khw aks

~co}jd }udftgcnd wlaw ockg nak a}}udldkg

hkjs plaw c~ a }auw hb cw~djb+ Etw cw c~ wld

ck~c`lw‗ak ck~c`lw ~te~wakwcajjs ft~w‗wlaw

a tkcrdu~d ~drdudg bcugo wld jcbd hb ockg

nak kdrdu btjbcj wld nhkgcwchk~ hb ~djb/

d|c~wdknd+ Pd ~ap wlaw wh hrdujhhi wld

nlauanwdu hb ockg plcnl edau~ hk wlc~ }hckw*

pldk ~wawck` wld ~co}jd~w banw~ hb }dund}/

wchk* c~ wh ed oc~jdg ae ckcwch+ Ockg c~ ajpas~

a phujg9 cw~ hefdnw~ aud ajpas~ bua`odkw~+

Wlc~ kawtud* wld kawtud hb edck` a phujg

hu plhjd* c~ plaw C waid wh ed wld nhkgcwchk

hb ~djb/d|c~wdknd+ Cw c~ ak hjg au`todkw bhu




ohkagc~o hu }ak}~snlc~o wlaw khwlck`

nak ~wucnwjs ed wudawdg a~ edck` aw ajj* plcnl

ghd~ khw }h~~d~~ a ~djb+ Htu ghnwuckd

d|wuanw~ wld jh`cnaj }ucknc}jd hb wlc~ au`t/

odkw* a~ gc~wcknw buho a nduwack ~dkwcodkwaj

eca~ ck barhtu hb a ~}cucwtaj ~hncdws+ Nhk/

~cgdu* bhu ck~waknd* ]jawh'~ Cgda~* plcnl htu

udajc~w la~ waidk a~ ws}cnaj hb wld oh~w udaj

akg oh~w co}huwakw hb ajj }ls~cnaj banw~+

Nhk~cgdu* cb wlc~ c~ udajjs wldcu }jand* wld wa~i

wlds lard wh btjbcj* a~ ]jawh ckgddg nhkwckt/

ajjs ud}ud~dkw~ cw‗wld btknwchk hb nhkncjca/

wchk hb ajj nhkwuaucd~* wld ud~hjtwchk hb ajj

}uhejdo~* wld nho}jdwchk hb ajj bua`odkwauc/

kd~~* wld ~s~wdoawc~awchk hb ajj ae~wuanwchk~

ckwh a ohud wlak hu`akcn nhknudwdkd~~+

Ckgc~}dk~aejd nhkgcwchk~ hb wld btjbcjodkw

hb ~tnl a btknwchk aud tkqtd~wchkaejs* aw wld

rdus jda~w* udwdkwchk wh jdw kh djdodkw guh}

htw* nho}ud~dknd wh oackwack d|}jcncw tkcws*

nhkwcktcws wh oaid drdus }auw }duodawd drdus

hwldu* akg nhknudwd hu bhnt~~dg edck` wh

wuak~ndkg ~}and akg wcod+ Akg ajj wlc~

odak~ ockg+ Wldud nak ed kh nhknudwd




plhjd etw a plhjd ndkwduck` ck ockg* akg kh

~djb/d|c~wdkw plhjd etw a nhknudwd plhjd+ C

gh khw a}}daj wh wld cgda hb % ~djb*% aw jda~w

ck cw~ ntuudkw ~dk~d+ H}ckchk~ gcbbdu* bhu

d|ao}jd* a~ wh pldwldu ~hncdws la~ a ~djb 9 akg

wldudbhud cw c~ njdau wlaw wld khwchk hb ~djb

c~ whh ckgdbckcwd wh t~d ck d~waejc~lck` wld

khwchk plcnl rdueajjs a}}daj~ wh cw‗wld

khwchk hb ~djb/d|c~wdknd hu hb a ~djb/oackwack/

ck` plhjd hb d|}ducdknd+

Lhp wldk gh pd nho}aud wld udajcws wlt~

nhkndcrdg pcwl wld phujg hb wld }ls~cnaj

udajc~w8 Pd oas cjjt~wuawd es ak hjg

gd~nuc}wchk hb oawwdu a~ odk~ ohodkcakda*

wlaw c~* C ~t}}h~d* a~ plaw udajcws phtjg ed

cb wld nhkgcwchk~ hb cw~ btjj akg d|}jcncw

nhknudwdkd~~ pdud udohrdg* akg cw~ udwdkwchk

akg nhkwcktcws ntw ghpk wh a rakc~lck` }hckw+

Pd lard oh~w hb t~ anwtaj d|}ducdknd hb

~hod ~tnl ~wa`d~ a~ pd }a~~ tkgdu wld

ckbjtdknd hb ak akad~wldwcn* pldk nhkwcktcws

ck ~}and akg wcod* nhknudwd ~s~wdo* udwdkwcrd/

kd~~* aud `uagtajjs pc}dg htw* akg pd bddj

htu~djrd~ ~wa`d es ~wa`d udgtndg buho ockg



OCKG AKG CW^ HEFDNW^ 7C

wh cw~ rakc~lck` }hckw ck ehgs+ Wld kawtud

hb wld ~djb/d|c~wdkw plhjd c~ wldk edck` es

gd`udd~ d|wck`tc~ldg ck t~+ ^t}}h~d* bdu

cobh~~cecjd* wlaw wld tkcrdu~d nhtjg ed

akad~wldwc~dg9 wldk* ck wld ~aod pas* wld

nhkgcwchk~ hb cw~ nhknudwd udajcws akg ~djb/

d|c~wdknd phtjg ed `hkd+

'Etw* cw oas ed hefdnwdg*Tw~ ae~wuanw udajcws_

a~ a oa~~ hb ck~dkwcdkw oawwdu* phtjg }du~c~w

akg d|c~w khkd wld jd~~ tkabbdnwdg es wld

d|wcknwchk hb nhk~ncht~kd~~+

,Bcu~w* lhpdrdu* pd lard wh nhk~cgdu pldwldu

pd ikhp wlaw ak ae~wuanw udajcws nak }du~c~w

es cw~djb+ {# Wlh~d plh waid wld co}dund}wc/

ejd~ hb ~ncdknd a~ wld ae~hjtwd ws}d hb plaw

c~ udaj oc`lw ldud lard ~hodwlck` wh ~as+

Etw wld }ls~cnaj udajc~o plcnl la~ eddk htu

`tcgd* wh`dwldu pcwl htu hpk awwcwtgd wh cw*

jdag t~ wh a gcbbdudkw }h~cwchk+ Wld udajcws

hb tkcrdu~aj~* a~ aj~h wlaw hb ~dnhkgaus* akg*

ck htu rcdp* hb wduwcaus qtajcwcd~* nhtjg khw

ed ~d}auawdg buho wlaw hb wld oh~w nhknudwd

~djb/d|c~wdknd* c+d+* buho wld kawtud hb ockg

hu d|}ducdknd+ Ak akDd~wldwc~dg tkcrdu~d*




annhugck` wh wlc~ ghnwuckd* phtjg ed gc~~hjrdg

akg jdard khw a uani edlckg+ Bhu wld

}ucoaucd~* a~ pd lard ~ddk* ~wakg hk wld ~aod

`uhtkg pcwl wld ~dnhkgaucd~ akg wduwcaucd~+

Khp wlc~ nhknjt~chk c~ ck kh pas guapk buho

nhkbt~ck` wld anw~ hb ockg~ pcwl wldcu

hefdnw~+ Cw c~ khw guapk buho wlck`~ edck`

ockg/gd}dkgdkw* a~ nhjhtu oas ed hk wld anw

hb ~c`lw* wlht`l nduwackjs pd nakkhw lhjg

wldo nho}jdwd tkjd~~ ajj wldcu nhkgcwchk~ aud

}ud~dkw+ Cwf®Xguapk uawldu* hkdfoc`lwX~as*

buho wldcu edck` ockg/nho}hkdkw6 wlaw c~*

}h~~d~~ck` a jh`cnaj kawtud hu co}jcncw tkcws*

plcnl bckg~ nho}jdwchk hkjs ck[wld bhnt~;+hb

uocc>0plcnl* ck wtuk* cw nhkgcwchk~+ Wld udaj

tkcrdu~aj* plcnl pd nhk~cgdudg aehrd* akg

htu akajs~c~ hb wld jcbd hb ejtdkd~~* aud na~d~

ck }hckw+

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}ud~~dg ck 1<<4* pldk C ~acg wlaw wld }jak hb wld`udaw oa~wdu~ la~ eddk lakgdg hrdu wh ed nauucdg

htw }cdndodaj es wld fhtukdsodk 9 akg C ~wcjj

edjcdrd wlc~ rcdp wh ed ~htkg+ Cb C nhtjg wuak~bdu*

bhu d|ao}jd* ckwh wlc~ A}}dkgc| a nht}jd hb

}a`d~ buho Pajjand'~ %Ckwuhgtnwhus D~~as~%wh Ld`dj'~ %]lcjh~h}ls hb Ockg*%[ C udajjs

1+ ^dd }udrcht~ }a`d+ C ud}daw wlaw C tkgdu~wakg esD}c~wdohjh`s ck wld ~dk~d plcnl C ud}tgcawd a wldhus

hb ikhpjdg`d plcnl c~ khw ~co}js a }huwchk hb a `dkduaj

wldhus hb Udajcws+ C gh khw* bhu ck~waknd* nhk~cgdu oshpk phui ck Jh`cn wh ed D}c~wdohjh`cnaj* akg lard

kdrdu t~dg wld wduo hu anqtcd~ndg ck cw~ t~d+ C pa~

naudbtj wh d|njtgd wld cgda+ Rhj+ c* }}+ 5 akg >+

5+ ]}+ nccc/cr+ ]uhbd~~hu Ajd|akgdu'~ }hckw aehtw wld

odakck` hb najjck` ak hefdnw ak cgda* bhu ck~waknd* c~

ldud ~wawdg }udnc~djs a~ ld ~wawd~ cw+ C gh khw wlcki

wlaw ck ohgdo Odwa}ls~cn hu Jh`cn cw la~ drdu eddk ck

ghtew+ ^dd* d+`+* os %D~~dkwcaj~ hb Jh`cn*% }+ 15* hu

Euagjds hk % plaw c~ ~hodwcod~ najjdg Cgdajc~o*%

%A}}dauaknd*% }+ 573+




wlcki wlaw btuwldu gc~nt~~chk phtjg ed kddgjd~~+

Wld ~}dntjawcrd }lcjh~h}ldu hu odwa}ls~cncak*

~h bau a~ C ikhp* a~~tod~ khwlck`* ae~hjtwdjs

khwlck`* d|nd}w wlaw* ck wlckick`* ld la~ wh

~awc~bs lc~ wldhudwcnaj pakw+ % Etw a~ wh plaw

pcjj ~awc~bs* C lard hb nhtu~d kh ikhpjdg`d ck

agraknd Wld odwlhg njdaujs c~ d|}duc/

odkwaj+ %[ Cw c~ udajjs ak d|wuahugckaus wlck`wlaw hkd ~lhtjg oddw pcwl ~tnl a ~wawdodkw a~ wlaw

plcnl C ncwdg buho Ckwuhgtnwchk* }+ 5=* aehtw wld

tknlajjdk`daejd a~~duwchk+ C~ cw khw wld pdjj/phuk

akg baocjcau ghnwuckd hb ~}dntjawcrd }lcjh~h}ls*

buho ]jawh akg Ld`dj ghpkpaug~* wlaw ndu/

wackws nhod~ aw wld dkg hb wlht`lw hu nh`kcwchk

akg khw aw wld ed`ckkck`9 a~ wld ud~tjw hb ~ncdkndakg odwa}ls~cn akg khw a~ wldcu bhtkgawchk 8 C~

cw }dula}~ nhkwdkgdg wlaw pd ot~w lard cw ck wld

ed`ckkck` cb pd aud wh lard cw ck wld dkg 8 Cb ~h*

pd aud nhkbuhkwdg pcwl hkd hb wld phu~w hb jh`cnaj

rcnd~* plcnl C pcjj najj %Bhtkgawchkc~o*% akg C

ot~w agocw wlaw C lard ~t~}dnwdg htu atwlhu~ hb

lauehtuck` cw+[ Etw nhk~cgdu bhu ck~waknd Ou+

Euagjds'~ Ikhpjdg`d hb wld Ae~hjtwd‗C }ud/

~tod wld hkjs }uh}h~cwchk~ plcnl ld phtjg nhk/

~cgdu tknlajjdk`daejd 9 wld ud~tjw hb a jaehucht~

dkqtcus ckwh bcu~w }ucknc}jd~+[ A~ udàug~ plaw

pd daujs nhod wh edjcdrd ck hk `hhg ùhtkg~*

edck` hkjs htu }ud~dkw d|}ducdknd‗

% lc~ larck`

ak coodgcawd d|}ducdknd%‗Ou+ Euagjds'~ au`t/

odkw aàck~w ^hjc}~c~o& ~ddo~ wh od wh akkclcjawd

1+ Euagjds* %Ockg*% 1311* }+ >=2+

5+ %Wld Kdp Udajc~o*% }+ 3>* akg ck oaks hwldu

}a~~a`d~+ Nb+ os %Jh`cn*% dg+ 5* cc* 522 khwd akg udbD+

>+ Os hpk %Jh`cn*% ~tnl a~ cw c~* c~ hb nhtu~d ak

awwdo}w wh doehgs wlc~ rcdp ck a gdwacjdg ~s~wdo+

7+ %A}}dauaknd akg Udajcws*% 547 ^+




wld ~t``d~wchk a~ bau a~ ld c~ nhkndukdg+ Bhu cw

nhk~c~w~ ck }hckwck` htw wlaw pd aud nhkrckndg hb

wld d|c~wdknd hb hwldu ndkwud~ hb d|}ducdknd hk wld

~aod `uhtkg~ akg pcwl wld ~aod uc`lw a~ hb htu

hpk+

Etw sht edjcdrd* cw oas ed udfhckdg ,~dd

ncwawchk aehrd buho }+ 2=#* wlaw wldud c~ a ~ncdknd

}uchu wh ajj hwldu~* drdk wh Jh`cn* plcnl la~ bhu

cw~ wa~i wh ~lhp wld }h~~cecjcws hb ikhpck`+

W+ L+ @uddk ~ddo~ wh lard akwcnc}awdg wlc~

~t``d~wchk* akg cw pcjj ed phuwl plcjd wh nhk~cgdu

cw tkgdu lc~ `tcgaknd+ Akg wldk* abwdu wlc~ oh~w

co}dubdnw ~wtgs hb wld }hckw* ~}and pcjj nho}dj

od wh eudai hbb+

@uddk[ nduwackjs ud`augdg cw a~ nhock` pcwlck

lc~Wa~i wh ak~pdu wld qtd~wchk %lhp ikhpjdg`d

c~ }h~~cejd+% Wlc~* ld }hckwdg htw* %c~ khw wh ed

nhkbt~dg pcwl a qtd~wchk hk plcnl odwa}ls~c/

ncak~ aud ~hodwcod~ ~t}}h~dg wh pa~wd wldcu wcod+

%C~ ikhpjdg`d }h~~cejd8% %Odwa}ls~cn~ c~ kh~tnl ~t}dubjtht~ jaehtu+% Cw c~* ld nhkwcktd~* a

wldhus hb wld ~s~wdo hb wlck`~ plcnl ,~s~wdo#

udkgdu~ cw }h~~cejd bhu wlck`~ wh ed annhtkwdg bhu

hk wld ~t}}h~cwchk hb wldcu udjawchk wh danl hwldu+

Ld nhkwua~w~ wlc~ dkqtcus ck wld oack pcwl

}~snlhjh`s akg }jackjs aj~h pcwl aks wldhus hb

ikhpjdg`d plcnl c~ }h~~cejd pcwlhtw a wldhus hb

wld wlck` ikhpk+ Cw c~ wld ~aod gc~wcknwchk

plcnl Ou+ Euagjds co}jcd~ ck lc~ udbdudknd* plcnl

C ajpas~ whhi wh ed nhkwdo}wtht~* wh % D}c~wd/

C+ % Phui~*% c* >04 bD+




ohjh`s+%[ Pajjand ,V+ n+# agh}w~ }udnc~djs wld

~aod awwcwtgd*[

@uddk ckwdkgdg* edshkg aks uda~hkaejd ghtew*

a udlaecjcwawchk hb Jh`cn akg Odwa}ls~cn~ a~

aàck~w ]~snlhjh`s akg Wldhus hb Ikhpjdg`d

nhk~cgdudg a~ ckgd}dkgdkw ~ncdknd~+ Ld }uh/

nddg~* a~ pd ajj gh* khw es }uchu a~~to}wchk~ hb

}udoc~~d~ bhu gdohk~wuawchk‗a odwlhg* C ~lhtjg

nhkwdkg* co}h~~cejd bhu a ~htkg jh`cncak* akg

@uddk pa~ ak d|nddgck`js ~htkg hkd‗etw es

C wusck` wh nhk~wutnw a nhknd}wchk plcnl phtjg

oh~w nho}jdwdjs lauohkc~d pcwl wld banw~[ akg ~h

abbhug wld nho}jdwd~w wldhudwcnaj ~awc~banwchk+

Hb nhtu~d* ld gcg khw gdks wld d|c~wdknd hb

d|wdukajcws* khw drdk hb tknhk~ncht~ d|wdukajcws+&

Ld ldjg* lhpdrdu wld nhkrcnwchk* ck plcnl C

aùdd pcwl lco* wlaw sht nhtjg khw lard a phujg

pcwlhtw nhk~ncht~kd~~ a~ cw~ ndkwud+ Ldud* C ao+

`jag wh tkgdu~wakg* wld kdp udajc~w }ucoaucjs

gcbbdu~ ednat~d ld ~t}}h~d~ aks rcdp jcid @uddk'~

wh ed ak tkpauuakwdg a~~to}wchk ae ckcwch+ Ld

1+ d+`+* %Ockg*% 13==* }+ >3 khwd+ C wlcki ld tkc/

bhuojs ck~c~w~ wlaw wldud nak ed kh wldhus hb ikhpjdg`d

d|nd}w a~ }auw hb akg ck nhkkdnwchk pcwl a nho}jdwd

wldhus hb Udajcws* nb+ d+`+* %Ockg*% 1311* }+ >>0+

>+ C+d+ ~t}ua+ Gu+ OnWa`àuw* C ht`lw wh agocw* udbdu~

pcwl ckwdud~w wh D}c~wdohjh`s 9 etw lc~ Cgdajc~o c~

nduwackjs bau buho ^tefdnwcrc~o+ ^dd %^wtgcd~ ck

Ld`djcak Gcajdnwcn*% 15=+

>+ %]uhjd`hodka wh Dwlcn~*% ~dnw+ <5* 107+

7+ %Phui~*% c* ><=9 cc* 12+ Hk wld d|c~wdknd hb

Kawtud edshkg bckcwd }dund}wchk* ~dd Euagjds* %A}}dau/

aknd*% 50> ®D+




jdard~* ~h wh ~}dai* a bc`lwck` nlaknd bhu ~tnl a

ghnwuckd* abwdu wld kawtud hb wld phujg la~ eddk

nhk~cgdudg+ [ Wlc~ C wlcki c~ bacu* akg C ~lhtjg*

bhu os~djb* annd}w wlaw c~~td9 akg C edjcdrd wlaw

ohgduk odwa}ls~cn* akg @uddk'~ odwlhg* c~

pcwl od+

Hkd ohud he~durawchk edauck` hk os }ucoaus

wld~c~ ck wlc~ ~dnwchk+ C bckg hk }+ 101 a udbdudknd

wlt~ phugdg6 %wld au`todkw ,Euagjds'~# wlaw

aks akg ajj gcrdu~cws* akg ~h aks akg ajj udjawchk~

hb aks akg ajj wduo~ aud ~djb/nhkwuagcnwhus+% Nb+

wld a|cho aehtw udjawchk~* waidk ~ddock`js a~

}dntjcau wh udajc~w~* }+ 700+ C ot~w wlcki wlaw

ldud ck~tbbcncdkw ~wtgs hb a `udaw pucwdu c~ ud/

rdajdg+ Ck wld bcu~w }jand gcrdu~cws c~ }ud~dkw*

annhugck` wh Ou+ Euagjds a~ C udag lco* ehwl ck

}ucoaus bddjck` akg ck wld Ae~hjtwd+ Ck wld

kd|w }jand* lc~ awwcwtgd wh udjawchkaj gcrdu~cws c~

udajjs* cw ~ddo~ wh od* qtcwd ~co}jd+ Ld* hb

nhtu~d* ~h bau buho udfdnwck` ajj gcrdu~cws* pa~

hkd hb wld bcu~w plh bht`lw bhu akg d~waejc~ldg

wld }ucknc}jd hb cgdkwcws ck gcrdu~cws ck Dk`jc~l/}lcjh~h}ls+ Cw pa~ lc~ `udaw nhkwdkwchk+ Lc~

ehhi~ aud btjj hb cw+ Plaw ld ck }ucknc}jd udbt~d~

wh annd}w C tkgdu~wakg wh ed eaud nhkftknwchk [

wlaw c~* wld euck`ck` wh`dwldu hb gcbbdudkw~* pcwl/

htw odgcawchk es aks akajs~c~ hb wldcu nhkgcwchk~

~awc~banwhus wh wlht`lw+ Rdus jcidjs kh ~tnl

akajs~c~ c~ tjwcoawdjs akg nho}jdwdjs ~awc~ban/

whus+ Etw drdus ~ncdknd* ~tudjs* ck gacjs }uanwcnd*

gdoakg~ ajj hb cw wlaw nak ed hbbdudg* akg udfdnw~

C/ ]+ >5+

5+ %A}}dauaknd akg Udajcws*% }+ 2==* nb+ 40= ,dg+ 5#+



2h WLD GC^WCKNWCHK EDWPDDK

udjawcrdjs eaud nhkftknwchk~* wlaw c~* ~tnl nhk/

ftknwchk~ a~ aud }ud~dkwdg es do}cucnaj he~dura/

wchk~+ C~ wldud aks oak hb ~ncdknd* plh* ck lc~

gacjs phui* akg a}auw buho }lcjh~h}lcnaj nhkwuh/

rdu~s* pcjj annd}w a eaud `crdk nhkftknwchk a~

nhkndcraejs tjwcoawd wutwl 8 ,^dd ]uhbd~~hu

Lhe~hk'~ aggud~~* ncwdg edjhp* }+ 2<+#




CC+

Jh`cnaj ]uchucws+

C bckg ~hod gcbbcntjws ck udnhkncjck` pcwl danl

hwldu* akg pcwl wld wuagcwchkaj utjd~ hb Bhuoaj

Jh`cn* wld ~wawdodkw~ pcwl udàug wh Co}jcnawchk

wluht`l plcnl wld gdbckcwchk hb Jh`cnaj ]uchucws/

c~ a}}jcdg* ck wld phui edbhud t~* wh gcbbdudkw

na~d~+ C wlcki wlaw wldud c~ aw jda~w a }ucoa bancd

he~ntucws plcnl c~ phuwl }hckwck` htw+ Os }ud/

gc~}h~cwchk c~ barhtuaejd ck hkd ~dk~d wh wld kdp

Udajc~w~* Bhu C ao cknjckdg wh wlcki wlaw wld

oh~w hercht~ gcbbcntjws plcnl C ~lajj ckgcnawd

auucrd~ buho wldcu udnh`kcwchk hb a }hckw ck plcnl

wld wuagcwchkaj utjd~ hb co}jcnawchk aud aw batjw*

ck a pas wh plcnl C lard budqtdkwjs guapk awwdk/

wchk+ Hk wld hwldu lakg* cb C ao uc`lw* wld

ghnwuckd hb Jh`cnaj ]uchucws phtjg ed ck ~hodgdùdd abbdnwdg+'

C waid ckwh nhk~cgduawchk wludd }a~~a`d~ ck wld

ehhi plcnl ~ddo wh od wh aùdd9 akg aj~h wph

}a~~a`d~* nhkwcktht~ pcwl wld bcu~w akg wlcug hb

wld wludd* plcnl ~ddo wh od wh ckwuhgtnd a

gcbbdudkw }hckw hb rcdp* cknhk~c~wdkw pcwl wlaw hb

wld bhuodu }a~~a`d~ akg pcwl cw~djb* wlht`l* C aonhkrckndg* nhkwackck` ak co}huwakw wutwl+

Wld wludd }a~~a`d~ bcu~w odkwchkdg aud ,a# }+

74* buho wld phug~ %Bcu~w* hkd ~ncdknd*% wh }+ 72*

dkgck` pcwl wld phug~ %udqtcudg qtakwcws hb

au~dkcn%9 ,e# }+ 115* %Cw c~ co}huwakw% ghpkwh %wld }udoc~d~ ed baj~d%9 akg ,n# }}+ 5=7/4*




% Jh`cnaj }uchucws oas ed gdbckdg % ghpk wh

%ajwlht`l nhkrdu~djs* khw+%

Wld wph }a~~a`d~ plcnl C nhkwua~w pcwl wld~d

aud ,g# }+ 72*% Otnl hb oawldoawcn~ % ghpk wh

wld phug~ hk wld ~aod }a`d'

' odnlakcn~ akg

}ls~cn~ ot~w ed baj~d%9 akg ,d# hk }+ 5=4* wld

~dkwdknd ed`ckkck` % Wlt~* a }uh}h~ % akg

dkgck` % }tud oawldoawcn~ ,aucwlodwcn#+% ^dd

aj~h }}+ 55= akg 554* plcnl ~t``d~w ak do}cucnaj

ea~c~ bhu wld ghnwuckd hb ,g# akg ,d#+

]a~~a`d~ ,a# akg ,n# ~wawd wld ghnwuckd hb

Jh`cnaj ]uchucws*[ akg }hckw htw cw~ a}}jcnawchk*

ck }dubdnw a`uddodkw pcwl danl hwldu* akg nhk/

~c~wdkwjs pcwl wld wuagcwchkaj utjd~ hb Bhuoaj

Jh`cn+ Ldud c~ }a~~a`d ,a# 6 % Es Jh`cnaj]uchucws c~ odakw wlaw udjawchk plcnl lhjg~

edwpddk a }uh}h~cwchk akg cw~ kdnd~~aus nhkgc/

wchk+ Wlt~ cb A co}jcd~ E* etw E ghd~ khw co}js

A* wldk E c~ wld kdnd~~aus nhkgcwchk hb A9 bhu

A'~ wutwl gd}dkg~ t}hk E'~ wutwl+ Wlaw c~*

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wlht`l A ed baj~d* sdw E oas }uhrd wutd 9 bhu pdaud ~asck` odudjs wlaw A'~ wutwl c~ a ~tbbcncdkw

nhkgcwchk hb E'~ wutwl* akg aud khw oackwackck`

wlaw cw c~ wld hkjs nhkgcwchk* hu a kdnd~~aus nhk/

gcwchk+ Bhu d|ao}jd* jdw t~ a~~tod cw wh ed

wutd wlaw cb wld wc~~td~ hb a oak'~ ehgs ae~hue a

nduwack aohtkw hb au~dkcn* ld ot~w gcd9 wlaw wldud

c~ kh }udrdkwck` nat~d dcwldu ikhpk hu tkikhpk+

Wldk drcgdkwjs bhu cw wh ed wutd wlaw wlc~ oak'~

C+ Wld ghnwuckd c~ hkd a}}audkwjs hercht~ wh nhoohk/

~dk~d* akg wld gdbckcwchk oc`lw ed ehuuhpdg buho

Auc~whwjd* O+ < 11* 1=13 a 5+ /cu}hk}a ha/a+ C^d|dWac dwrac*

ardr a\icar* dIdcra <d arcr cIdwrchr (|#f+




ehgs la~ ae~huedg ~tnl ak aohtkw hb au~dkcn* cw

ot~w ed wutd wlaw wld oak c~ gdag 9 plduda~ wld

odud banw hb lc~ gdawl ghd~ khw }uhrd wlaw oaksakhwldu }h~~cejd nat~d c~ khw wld anwtaj nat~d+

Ck ~lhuw* ' Wld oak c~ gdag ' c~ jh`cnajjs }uchu

wh wld }uh}h~cwchk* wld wc~~td~ hb lc~ ehgs lard

ae~huedg wld udqtcudg qtakwcws hb au~dkcn+%

,Wlc~ c~ wld plhjd hb }a~~a`d ,a#+ ]a~~a`d ,n# c~

otnl ohud `dkduaj* etw nhkwack~ khwlck` wh nja~l

pcwl cw+#

Drdus hkd ~dd~ aw hknd wlaw pd aud ldud gdajck`

pcwl wld udjawchk hb akwdndgdkw wh nhk~dqtdkw ck

a khuoaj ls}hwldwcnaj ftg`odkw* pldud co}jcna/

wchk c~ ~wawdg annhugck` wh wld wuagcwchkaj utjd

plcnl `hrduk~ ajj co}jcnawchk akg nhkrdu~chk ck

Bhuoaj Jh`cn+ Wutwl hb akwdndgdkw co}jcd~

wutwl hb nhk~dqtdkw9 wutwl hb nhk~dqtdkw ghd~

khw co}js wutwl hb akwdndgdkw+ Cw c~ wld ~aodrcdp hb co}jcnawchk plcnl agocw~ }jtuaj hu ajwdu/

kawcrd nat~d~*[ a~ ckgddg wld aehrd }a~~a`d ck/

~c~w~+

Cb pd khp d|wdkg htu nhk~cgduawchk wh }a~~a`d,e# ,}+ 115#* pd ~dd wlaw* wlht`l wld pucwdu ghd~

khw udoaui t}hk wld qtd~wchk hb Jh`cnaj ]uchucws*

sdw ld wudaw~ }udnc~djs wld ~aod co}jcnawchk~ a~

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utjd* edwpddk wld }acu hb }udoc~~d~ hb a

~sjjh`c~o akg cw~ nhknjt~chk+ Wld wutwl hb

wld wph }udoc~~d~ co}jcd~ wlaw hb wld nhknjt/

~chk+ Wld wutwl hb wld nhknjt~chk ghd~ khw

co}js wlaw hb wld wph }udoc~~d~+ Ck wlc~ ud~}dnw

nhknjt~chk c~ wh }udoc~~d~ a~ nhk~dqtdkw wh

C+ Khwd wlaw hk }+ 115 Nat~aj Gd}dkgdknd c~ a~~todg

wh ed udnc}uhnaj+ Akg nb+ }+ 5>4+




akwdndgdkw+ Cw c~ %wld co}jcdg*% wld kdnd~~aus

nhkgcwchk hb wldcu wutwl+ Wlds aud %wld co}jcdu+%

Cw c~ njdau wldk wlaw es wlc~ gdbckcwchk* a}}jcdg

wluht`l wlc~ ~wawdodkw hb co}jcnawchk~* wld nhk/

njt~chk hb drdus ~sjjh`c~o c~ jh`cnajjs }uchu wh

cw~ }udoc~~d~+

Khp jdw t~ wtuk wh }a~~a`d~ ,g# ,}+ 72# akg ,d#

,}+ 5=4#+ ]a~~a`d ,g# pcjj `crd t~ ajj pd pakw+]a~~a`d ,d# odudjs nhkbcuo~ cw+

Cw aohtkw~ wh wlc~+ Oawldoawcn~ aud jh`cnajjs

}uchu wh Odnlakcn~ akg ]ls~cn~+ YC ~lajj ud}ud/

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Oa ghd~ khw co}js wld wutwl hb Od* etw Od ghd~

co}js wld wutwl hb Oa+ ^h ,c# Od oc`lw ed baj~d,otnl hb cw[# pcwlhtw Oa edck` baj~d 9 etw ,5# cb

Oa pdud baj~d* wldk Od phtjg ed baj~d+

Ldud wld `dkduaj gdbckcwchk hb Jh`cnaj ]uchucws

c~ wld ~aod a~ wlaw btjbcjjdg es Nhk~dqtdkw ck

udjawchk wh Akwdndgdkw akg Nhknjt~chk ck udjawchk

wh ]udoc~~d~* nhk~cgdudg ck annhugaknd pcwl wld

wuagcwchkaj utjd~ hb Bhuoaj Jn[`cn+

C+ Wlc~ ud~durawchk nak oaid kh gcbbdudknd+ Wld

wph udqtcudodkw~ plcnl bhjjhp buho wld jh`cnaj }uchucws

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Oa‗ud~tjw~ ~h ~wucnw wlaw wld baj~cws hb wld oawldoa/

wcnaj }udoc~~d~ Oa pcjj ckrhjrd wldcu baj~cws+ Wlt~ sht

nakkhw annhtkw bhu wld udqtcudg }h~~cejd baj~cws hb Odplcjd Oa c~ wutd* es ~t}}h~ck` wlaw ~hod }auw hb Odgd}dkg~ hk a baj~d }udoc~~ ckwuhgtndg ckwh wld nlack

aw a }hckw jhpdu ghpk wlak Oa+




Etw pd lard wh khwd wlaw pd aud a}}jsck` cw wh

a gcbbdudkw na~d+ Od c~ %ak d|}jcncw gdgtnwchk%

buho Oa ,wlc~ c~ ~}dncajjs kdnd~~aus ck hugdu wh

oaid ,5# lhjg `hhg#+ Wlaw c~ wh ~as* ck wlc~ na~d

wld Jh`cnaj ]uchucws c~ wlaw hb ]udoc~~d~ wh wldcu

Nhknjt~chk+ Akg wld ~aod udqtcudodkw~ hb wld

gdbckcwchk hbJh`cnaj ]uchucws lard wh ed ~awc~bcdg

ck wlc~ na~d a~ pdud ~lhpk wh ed ~awc~bcdg ck wld

udjawchk~ hb Nhk~dqtdkw wh Akwdndgdkw akg hb

Nhknjt~chk wh ]udoc~~d~+ Wlt~ Jh`cnaj ]uchucws

c~ a~nucedg ehwl wh ]udoc~~d~ hrdu Nhknjt~chk

akg wh Nhknjt~chk hrdu ]udoc~~d~+ Hercht~js*

wldk* wldcu udjawcrd co}jcnawchk~ ot~w ed gcbbdu/

dkwjs ~wawdg wh ~t}}huw wld~d wph nhkbjcnwck`

}udwdk~chk~ wh ]uchucws9 akg pd ~lajj ~dd lhpwlc~ c~ ghkd+

Bhu ldud cw c~ a~~duwdg wlaw ,c# wutwl hb ]ud/

oc~~d~ ,Oa# ghd~ khw co}js wlaw hb Nhknjt~chk

,Od#9 etw wlaw ,5# wutwl hb Nhknjt~chk ,Od#

co}jcd~ wutwl hb ]udoc~~d~ ,Oa# 9 ck hwldu phug~*

,~dd ,c# akg ,5# hk }+ 27# wlaw ,c# Nhknjt~chk

,Od# oc`lw ed baj~d* pcwlhtw ]udoc~~d~ ,Oa#edck` baj~d 9 akg wlaw ,5# cb ]udoc~~d~ ,Oa# pdud

baj~d* wld Nhknjt~chk ,Od# ot~w ed baj~d+

Wh abbcuo wld~d co}jcnawchk~ hb Nhknjt~chk akg

]udoc~~d~ ud~}dnwcrdjs c~ bjawjs wh nhkwuagcnw wld

wuagcwchkaj utjd~ hb Bhuoaj Jh`cn* plcnl ~as wlaw

cb wld Nhk~dqtdkw hu Nhknjt~chk c~ baj~d wld

Akwdndgdkw hu hkd ]udoc~~ aw jda~w ot~w ed baj~d*ck hwldu phug~+ Wutwl hb Akwdndgdkw hu ]udoc~~d~

co}jcd~ wlaw hb Nhk~dqtdkw hu Nhknjt~chk 9 etw

wlaw wld baj~dlhhg hb wld Akwdndgdkw hu ]udoc~~d~

ghd~ khw ckrhjrd wlaw hb wld Nhk~dqtdkw hu

Nhknjt~chk* ck hwldu phug~* Wutwl hb Nhknjt~chk

hu Nhk~dqtdkw ghd~ khw co}js wlaw hb ]udoc~~d~

hu Akwdndgdkw+




Akg wld~d wuagcwchkaj utjd~ pdud wldbhtkgawchk

hb a~nuceck` jh`cnaj }uchucws wh hkd na~d hb co}jcdg

}uh}h~cwchk ,Nhk~dqtdkw hu Nhknjt~chk# hrdu cw~

co}jcdu ,Akwdndgdkw hu ]udoc~~d~#+

Wldudbhud cw ~ddo~ njdau wlaw wld utjd~ hb co}jc/

nawchk es plcnl Jh`cnaj ]uchucws c~ a~nucedg wh

Nhk~dqtdkw akg Nhknjt~chk hrdu Akwdndgdkw akg

]udoc~~d~ aud ck bjaw nhkwuagcnwchk pcwl wlh~d esplcnl cw c~ a~nucedg wh ]udoc~~d~ hb gdgtnwchk

hrdu cw~ Nhknjt~chk+

Cw c~ ~tu}uc~ck`* }ucoa fagd* wlaw Jh`cnaj

]uchucws ~lhtjg ed a~nucedg wh Nhk~dqtdkw hrdu

Akwdndgdkw* akg wh Nhknjt~chk hrdu ]udoc~~d~+

Etw wld gdbckcwchk hb Jh`cnaj ]uchucws* akg aj~h

ajhk` pcwl wld utjd~ hb co}jcnawchk wuagcwchkaj

akg Bhuoaj Jh`cn* jdard~ kh d~na}d+

Hk wld hwldu lakg* wh hewack plaw ~ddo~ }ucoa

bancd ohud kawtuaj* wld Jh`cnaj ]uchucws hb wld

]udoc~~d~ hrdu Nhknjt~chk* pd ~ap wlaw utjd~

pdud a}}dajdg wh plcnl gdbs wld wuagcwchkaj utjd~

hb jh`cnaj co}jcnawchk+

C pcjj guap htw wld nhkwua~w edwpddk wld wph~dw~ hb utjd~+

C+ Wlt~ pd lard cw ajjd`dg hk hkd ~cgd* ck

~t}}huw hb Jh`cnaj ]uchucws hb ]udoc~~d~ hrdu

Nhknjt~chk‗hb Oa hrdu Od‗ wlaw wld wutwl hb

wld ]udoc~~d~ ck ak %d|}jcncw gdgtnwchk% kddg

khw co}js wlaw hb wld Nhknjt~chk‗wld wutwl hb Oakddg khw co}js wlaw hb Od 9 c+d+* wlaw wld Nhknjt/

~chk nak ed baj~d plcjd wld ]udoc~~d~ aud wutd+

Hk wld hwldu ~cgd* ck ~lhpck` wld Jh`cnaj

]uchucws hb Nhk~dqtdkw akg Nhknjt~chk hrdu

Akwdndgdkw akg ]udoc~~d~* wld a}}daj pa~ wh wld

hugckaus utjd hb Bhuoaj Jh`cn* wlaw wutwl hb

]udoc~~d~ hu Akwdndgdkw co}jcd~ wlaw hb Nhknjt/




~chk hu Nhk~dqtdkw* c+d+* wlaw cb Nhknjt~chk huNhk~dqtdkw c~ baj~d ]udoc~~d~ hu Akwdndgdkw

nakkhw ed wutd+

Ldud wld wuagcwchkaj utjd doehgcd~ hkjs plaw

~ddo~ wld ockcoto d~~dkwcaj wh wld d|c~wdknd hb

ckbdudknd+ Cb aks kd|t~ hu ckbdudkwcaj udjawchk c~

wh ~turcrd aw ajj* co}jcnawchk ot~w ed agocwwdg wh

lhjg buho ]udoc~~d~ wh Nhknjt~chk ck akd|}jcncw

gdgtnwchk+

Wld batjw hu gcbbcntjws ot~w ed ck wld udqtcud/

odkw h}}h~dg wh wld nhoohk utjd+ Sdw cw

hercht~js doehgcd~ ~hodwlck` wlaw la~ a nduwack

ruac~doejaknd 9 akg* ckgddg* wld oack }hckw hb wld

ghnwuckd hb jh`cnaj }uchucws a~ ~tnl+ Cw ghd~ ~ddo

a~ cb sht nhtjg ~wauw pcwl ~djb/drcgdkw }udoc~~d~*

akg `dw ghpk es gdgtnwchk* pcwlhtw ~wucnwjs baj~d

}udoc~~d~*[ wh qtd~wchkaejd nhknjt~chk~‗a~ c~

ldud a~~duwdg hb Oa akg Od ud~}dnwcrdjs+

Hercht~js wld d|}jakawchk jcd~ ck wld gcbbdudknd

edwpddk }udoc~~~d~ plcnl aud eaud nhkftknwchk~

hb do}cucnaj banw* akg }udoc~~d~ plcnl aud

ud~wucnwdg wh banw~ akajs~dg ck ud~}dnw hb wldcu

nhkgcwchk~ akg ~ncdkwcbcnajjs odgcawdg es nhkgc/wchkdg abbcuoawchk~+ Bhu wld jawwdu* wld wuagcwchkaj

utjd‗akg ~hodwlck` ohud a~ pd ~lajj ~dd

udoack~ wutd ck wld jdwwdu akg ck wld ~}cucw+ Wldwutwl hb wld ]udoc~~d~ ck wld gdgtnwchk pauuakw~

wld Nhknjt~chk 9 akg wld baj~dlhhg hb wld Nhknjt/

~chk ckrhjrd~ a baj~cws ck wld ]udoc~~d~ t~dg ck

gdgtnwchk+ Etw cb eaud Nhkftknwchk~‗tkak/ajs~dg ~wawdodkw~ hb ~h/najjdg banw‗aud agocwwdg

a~ ]udoc~~d~* wld oawwdu ednhod~ aoec`tht~*

1+ Wld~d aud bhuecggdk es wld au`todkw hb khwd c*

}+ 27+




akg pd ~dd wld ruac~doejaknd hb wld kdp utjdplcnl c~ wh ~t}}huw wld jh`cnaj }uchucws hb wld

}udoc~~d~+ Pcwlhtw a bhuoaj eudai ck wld

gdgtnwchk* pcwlhtw ak a~~c`kaejd baj~cws ck aks}udoc~~* pd oas lard `hw buho a ud`chk hb ~djb/

drcgdknd‗~as hb aucwlodwcnaj wutwl‗wh hkd hb

qtd~wchkaejd ud~tjw~ ck aks nhknudwd ~ncdknd+

Akg pd oas d|}ud~~ htu ~dk~d hb plaw la~

edbajjdk t~ ck wld d|wuahugckaus ~wawdodkw wlaw

wld baj~cws hb Nhknjt~chk~ ck ~tnl a gdgtnwchk

phtjg khw ckrhjrd wld baj~cws hb wld ]udoc~~d~

akg ~h wld wutwl hb wld ]udoc~~d~ ghd~ khw ckrhjrd

wld wutwl hb wld Nhknjt~chk+ Pd ot~w ed wd~wck`

wld Nhknjt~chk es wld cgdaj hb ~ncdknd* akg wld

jawdu ]udoc~~d~ hkjs es wld ~wakgaug hb do}cucnaj

banw+ Eaud Nhkftknwchk c~ wlt~ ckwuhgtndg ckwh

wld rdus kdurd hb ckbdudknd*[ akg khw odudjs oagdwld hefdnw hb a }udnatwchk* a~ ck wld wuagcwchkaj

C+ Wld }hckw wlaw a uawchkaj kd|t~ c~ drduspldud

a~~todg es ~ncdknd a~ ck }ucknc}jd }h~~cejd phtjg ~ddo

whh hercht~ wh ed ck~c~wdg hk* pdud cw khw wlaw ~hod

wldhuc~w~ ~ddo cknjckdg wh annd}w wld ~turcraj hb eaudnhkftknwchk ck wld htw~icuw~ hb ikhpjdg`d a~ ud}ud~dkw/

ck` a bdawtud hb wld tkcrdu~d+ Wlc~* C waid cw* c~ Ou+

^}atjgck`'~ rcdp ,}+ 55=#+ Cw c~* c~ cw khw8 wld ghnwuckd

hb nhkwck`dkw wutwl+ Etw nak cw ed oagd nhk~c~wdkw pcwl

wld hwldu }auw hb lc~ rcdp8 ,~dd Gc`ud~~chk* }+ 0=#+ C

wldudbhud ncwd buho ak atwlhucws plh ~laud~ ck oaks

pas~ htu atwlhu~' wdkgdkncd~ ~hod drcgdknd hb wld kddg

plcnl ~ncdknd udnh`kc~d~ wh }h~wtjawd uawchkaj kd|t~*

ck }ucknc}jd* tkgdu drdus do}cucnaj he~durawchk+ %Wld

}dntjcaucws hb @dhodwus c~ wlaw cw ednaod a }tudjs

uawchkaj ~ncdknd daujcdu akg es ohud ua}cg ~wa`d~ wlak

nhtjg ed wld na~d pcwl hwldu gd}auwodkw~ hb }ls~cnaj




utjd

plcnl }uhlcecw~ wld udwuh~}dnwcrd ckbdudkndbuho wutwl hb Nhknjt~chk wh wlaw hb ]udoc~~d~* hu

hb Nhk~dqtdkw wh wlaw hb Akwdndgdkw+

5+ Wldk pd lard wld btuwldu nhkwuagcnwchk+

Ck ~t}}huwck` wld Jh`cnaj ]uchucws hb Oa hrdu

Od cw c~ jacg ghpk wlaw baj~dlhhg hb ]udoc~~d~

hb plaw nhod~ bcu~w ck ak %d|}jcncw gdgtnwchk*%

ldud Oa‗ckrhjrd~ baj~dlhhg hb Nhknjt~chk* Od

‗hb plaw nhod~ ja~w ck wld gdgtnwchk 9 ck hwldu

phug~* wlaw wutwl hb Nhknjt~chk co}jcd~ wutwl hb

]udoc~~d~+ Wld hugckaus utjd hb nhtu~d[ c~ wlaw

baj~dlhhg hb Akwdndgdkw hu ]udoc~~d~ ghd~ khw

abbdnw wutwl hb Nhk~dqtdkw hu Nhknjt~chk dcwldu

pas 9 ck hwldu phug~* wlaw wutwl hb Nhk~dqtdkw hu

Nhknjt~chk co}jcd~ khwlck` dcwldu pas aehtw

Akwdndgdkw hu ]udoc~~d~+

C+ Wlc~ utjd* pd ot~w udodoedu* pa~ udjcdg hk wh

d~waejc~l wld Jh`cnaj ]uchucws hb wld Nhk~dqtdkw ,akg

Nhknjt~chk# hrdu Akwdndgdkw ,akg ]udoc~~d~#+

ckrd~wcàwchk plcnl lard khw sdw dodu`dg buho wld

~wa`d ck plcnl do}cucnaj he~durawchk~ bhuo ak d~~dkwcajdjdodkw ck wld }uhnd~~ hb btuwlduck` htu ikhpjdg`d+%

%@dhodwus oas ed udàugdg a~ wld ws}d wh plcnl drdus

~ncdknd oas ed d|}dnwdg wh nhkbhuo aw wld gc~wakw wcod

pldk cw la~ ednhod nho}jdwdjs uawchkaj+% % Ft~w a~

@dhodwus la~ kh kddg hb btuwldu do}cucnaj banw* nho/

}jdwdjs uawchkajc~dg ]ls~cn~ akg Nldoc~wus* a~ cgdaj

~nldod~* phtjg nhkwack pcwlck wldo~djrd~ drdus

djdodkw plcnl nhtjg ed ~t}}jcdg es }ls~cnaj he~dura/

wchk9 akg phtjg kh jhk`du ed gd}dkgdkw bhu wldcu

btuwldu }uhùd~~ hk wld phui hb d|}ducdknd+% ]uhbd~~hu

Lhe~hk'~ Aggud~~ wh Oawldoawcnaj akg ]ls~cnaj ^hncdws

hb Tkcrdu~cws Nhjjd`d* Jhkghk* 1315+




Pd ~lhtjg khwd bcu~w* es pas hb gcùd~~chk*wld udjawchk hb wld wph udqtcudodkw~ hb Jh`cnaj

]uchucws a~ a}}jcdg ck wlc~ ~aod na~d+ Ck wld

~aod %d|}jcncw gdgtnwchk*% baj~dlhhg hb Nhknjt/

~chk c~ khw wh ckrhjrd baj~dlhhg hb ]udoc~~d~* akg

baj~dlhhg hb ]udoc~~d~ c~ wh ckrhjrd baj~dlhhg hb

Nhknjt~chk 9 ck hwldu phug~* wld wutwl hb wld

]udoc~~d~ c~ khw wh co}js wld wutwl hb wld Nhknjt/~chk* akg wld wutwl hb wld Nhknjt~chk c~ wh co}js

wld wutwl hb wld ]udoc~~d~+ C~ khw wlc~ rdus laug

wh edjcdrd8 Wld d|}jakawchk hb wld wph utjd~

edck` oackwackdg wh`dwldu c~ ~tudjs wlaw ckgcnawdg

aehrd* }+ 20+ Wld bhuodu utjd nhkwdo}jawd~ wld

agoc~~chk hb eaud do}cucnaj nhkftknwchk~ ckwh wld

gdgtnwcrd nlack+ Wld jawwdu co}jcd~ wld agoc~/

~chk hb hkjs ~tnl }udnc~djs nhkgcwchkdg akg d|njt/

~crd ]udoc~~d~ a~ aud uc`lwjs ldjg‗pd ~lajj ~dd

wh ed co}jcdg ck wld Nhknjt~chk~ guapk buho

wldo+ Wlt~ pd nak aw jda~w ~dd a odakck` ck

gdksck` wld khuoaj co}jcnawchk hb wutwl hb Nhk/

njt~chk ck wlaw hb ]udoc~~d~* cb wld bhuodu* a~

doakawck` buho a eaud nhkftknwchk* `crd~ ohud

wlak a ~ncdkwcbcnajjs nhkgcwchkdg ckbdudknd phtjgpauuakw+ Akg pd nak aj~h ft~wcbs* ck a jcocwdg

~dk~d* wld co}jcnawchk buho wutwl hb Nhknjt~chk wh

wutwl hb d|njt~crd ockcoto ]udoc~~d~+ Wlc~ c~

a kdp }uh}h~aj* plcnl C pdjnhod+

Etw* udwtukck` buho wlc~ gcùd~~chk* pd lard wh

khwd wld nhkwuagcnwchk pcwl wld hugckaus utjd* a~

~wawdg ck wld ja~w }auaùa}l etw hkd+Ldud C oaid kh ghtew wlaw wld hugckaus utjd c~

puhk`* ck ~h bau a~ cw gdkcd~ ajj co}jcnawchk hb

]udoc~~d~ ck Nhknjt~chk+ Hb nhtu~d sht oaslard wld ~aod Nhk~dqtdknd co}jcdg es a ktoedu

hb ajwdukawcrd Akwdndgdkw~ akg wld ~aod Nhknjt/




~chk }uhrdg es a ktoedu hb ajwdukawcrd }acu~ hb

]udoc~~d~ 9 akg cw oas wldudbhud ed au`tdg wlaw cw

c~ co}h~~cejd bhu wld wutwl hb wld Nhk~dqtdkw wh

co}js wlaw hb aks hkd Akwdndgdkw* hu hb wld Nhk/

njt~chk wh co}js wlaw hb aks hkd }acu hb ]ud/

oc~~d~+ Etw wlc~ au`todkw bhu`dw~ wlaw wld([

a}}dauaknd hb khk/udnc}uhnaj co}jcnawchk c~ ldud

gtd wh ~t}dubjtht~ djdodkw~‗eaud nhkftknwchk~

ck wld ktoduht~ ajwdukawcrd Akwdndgdkw~ akg}acu~ hb ]udoc~~d~* akg wlaw wldud oh~w nduwackjs

c~ ck drdus na~d ~hod Akwdndgdkw* nhoohk wh ajj

wld ktoedu* akg ~hod }acu hb ]udoc~~d~* tkgdu/

jsck` ajj wld ajwdukawcrd }acu~* wld wutwl hb plcnl

c~ co}jcdg ck wld wutwl hb wld Nhk~dqtdkw hu

Nhknjt~chk+ Ck %Cb ld c~ }hc~hkdg ld c~ gdag%/

gdawl ghd~ khw co}js }hc~hkck`* etw cw oh~wnduwackjs co}jcd~ wld bdawtud~ hb }hc~hkck` plcnl

aud d~~dkwcaj wh gdawl* akg nhoohk wh ajj cw~

ohgd~+ Wld a}}dauaknd ldud hb khk/udnc}uhnaj*

co}jcnawchk c~ ~co}js gtd wh wld banw wlaw pd waid

htu utjd~ buho tk~ncdkwcbcn wlht`lw+ Ck drdus

Nhknjt~chk wldud c~ ~hod }acu hb ]udoc~~d~ co/

}jcdg* ck drdus Nhk~dqtdkw ~hod Akwdndgdkw9akg udnc}uhnajjs* a~ pd ~ap* wldud c~ a ~wucnwjs

nhkgcwchkdg Nhknjt~chk co}jcdg ck drdus d|}jcncw

gdgtnwchk ck ud~}dnw hb drdus anwtaj ]udoc~~ wlaw

nak dkwdu ckwh cw* akg cb wldud ~ddo~ wh ed ak

h}dkck` bhu baj~dlhhg buho wutd ]udoc~~d~* cw c~

ednat~d eaud nhkftknwchk* wlaw c~* banw~ ckagd/

qtawdjs nhkgcwchkdg* lard eddk agocwwdg ckwh wld

nlack hb uda~hkck`+ C wldudbhud a`udd pcwl Ou+

^}atjgck`'~ annhtkw hb wld oawwdu ,}}+ 554/2#

d|nd}w wlaw plaw ld waid~ a~ hnna~chkaj banw*

a}}dau~ wh od wh ed a wutwl hb }ucknc}jd+

Wld ~wuak`d nhkwuagcnwchk edwpddk wld~d utjd~




es plcnl wld gdbckcwchk hb Jh`cnaj ]uchucws c~a}}ldg wh gcbbdudkw na~d~* c~ hkjs wh ed annhtkwdg

bhu pldk pd he~durd wlaw ck danl na~d wldud c~ ck

wld }uh}h~cwchk* agocwwdg }uh lan rcnd wh ed %wld

co}jcdu*% ~t}dubjtht~ oawwdu* es plcnl wld wutd

udnc}uhnaj co}jcnawchk c~ gc~`tc~dg* akg wdkg~ wh

}a~~ tkkhwcndg+ Etw wluht`l wlc~ co}jcnawchk*

ck }ucknc}jd ajpas~ }ud~dkw* ak djdodkw hb wld

~h/najjdg co}jcdu‗akg wlaw cw~ h}duawcrd djdodkw

‗c~ co}jcdg a~ pdjj a~ co}jcdu+

Akg wlt~ pd ~dd pls htu atwlhu~' wdkdw~ bhund

t}hk t~ wld ntucht~ ud~tjw wlaw Nhknjt~chk c~

jh`cnajjs }uchu wh ]udoc~~d~ akg aj~h ]udoc~~d~

wh Nhknjt~chk+

Cw c~ wutd* hb nhtu~d* a~ nhoohkjs wat`lw* wlaw

wld ]udoc~~d~ hu Akwdndgdkw co}js wld Nhknjt/

~chk hu Nhk~dqtdkw* plcnl c~ wldudbhud a kdnd~/

~aus nhkgcwchk hb wld hwldu~' wutwl* akg ~h bau

jh`cnajjs }uchu wh wldo+ Etw cw c~ aj~h wutd* a~

c~ khw nhoohkjs wat`lw* wlaw wldud ot~w ed ck

}ucknc}jd bhu drdus Nhk~dqtdkw hu Nhknjt~chk a

nhoohk* ockcoto* akg d|njt~crd Akwdndgdkw hu

}acu hb ]udoc~~d~* plcnl wld Nhknjt~chk huNhk~dqtdkw co}jcd~ a~ a kdnd~~aus nhkgcwchk hb

cw~ wutwl* akg wldudbhud a~ ~h bau jh`cnajjs }uchu

wh cw+ Ldud pd ~dd wld udjawcrd ft~wcbcnawchk hb wld

}tvvjck` ghnwuckd plcnl htu atwlhu~ a}}daudg wh

oackwack‗wlaw Akwdndgdkw akg ]udoc~~d~ hk wld

hkd lakg* akg Nhk~dqtdkw akg Nhknjt~chk hk

wld hwldu* aud jh`cnajjs }uchu wh danl hwldu* danl

wh danl+ Bhu danl la~ ck banw* pcwl udbdudknd wh

wld hwldu* hkd hb wld wph ajjd`dg bdawtud~ hb jh`cnaj

}uchucws* rcv+* wlaw cw c~ co}jcdg es wld hwldu* akg

c~ nhk~dqtdkwjs a kdnd~~aus nhkgcwchk hb wld

hwldu'~ wutwl+ Etw wld hwldu akg kd`awcrd bdawtud



OCKG AKG CW^ HEFDNW^ '_5#

hb jh`cnaj }uchucws* wld whwaj khk/co}jcnawchk hb

wld co}jcdu[ es wld co}jcdg*[ c~ hb nhtu~d cuudnhk/

ncjaejd pcwl wld co}jcnawchk plcnl a}}dau~ hkakajs~c~ wh d|c~w ck ehwl wld na~d~ pd lard gc~/

nt~~dg akg plcnl wldudbhud ot~w ed udnc}uhnaj+

Cw c~ wlc~ ajjd`dg kdàwcrd bdawtud ,gd}dkgck` hkwld agoc~~chk hb cuudjdrakncd~ ckwh wld co}jcdu[#

plcnl c~ wld nat~d hb wld nhkwuagcnwchk edwpddk

wld wph }auw~ hb htu atwlhu~' ghnwuckd+ Pcwlhtwcw* wlc~ ghnwuckd C edjcdrd c~ ehwl ~htkg akg nhk/

~c~wdkw 9 akg ajj wlaw c~ kdnd~~aus wh euck` cw~ }auw~

ckwh d|}jcncw lauohks c~ wh ~te~wcwtwd jh`cnaj

udnc}uhncws* plcnl nak ed a~nucedg wh ehwl ~cgd~ ck

wld akwcwld~c~* bhu jh`cnaj }uchucws plcnl hercht~js

nakkhw+ Wld dbbdnw hb ~tnl a ohgcbcnawcgk hk wld

wldhus hb eaud nhkftknwchk akg a jhh~d/ikcwtkcrdu~d C nakkhw ldud gc~nt~~+

1+ âs %}hc~hkck`+% ^dd}+ >1

5+ âs %gdawl+%

>+ Cw pa~ }hckwdg htw aehrd* }+ 20* lhp Ou+ Oaurck

nak oackwack hk wlc~ ùhtkg pcwl ~hod ruac~doejaknd

,}+ 72# wlaw wld wutwl hb wld Nhknjt~chk kddg khw ed

co}jcdg ck wlaw hb wld ]udoc~~d~9ft~w a~ cw c~ nhoohkjs

ldjg hk wld ~aod ùhtkg wlaw wld wutwl hb wld ]udoc~~d~

c~ khw co}jcdg ck wlaw hb wld Nhknjt~chk+



]tejcnawchk~ hb wld Oaknld~wdu

Tkcrdu~cws

DGTNAWCHKAJ ^DUCD^

Kh+ C+ NHKWCKTAWCHK ^NLHHJ^ CK DK@JAKG AKGDJ^DPLDUD+ Wldcu }jand ck wld Dgtnawchkaj ^s~wdo hb

ak Ckgt~wucaj akg Nhooduncaj ^wawd+ Es Ocnladj D+

^agjdu* O+A+* JJ+G+* Rcnd/Nlakndjjhu hb wld Tkcrdu~cws hb

Jddg~* akg jawd ]uhbd~~hu hb wld Lc~whus akg Agockc~wuawchk

hb Dgtnawchk ck wld Tkcrdu~cws hb Oaknld~wdu+ Gdos <rh*

}}+ ||rc+ 003+ <~+ 2g+ kdw ,]tejcnawchk Kh+ 53+ 13=0+#

Kh+ CC+ WLD GDOHK^WUAWCHK ^NLHHJ^ UDNHUG+ Kh+

C+ Edck` Nhkwucetwchk~ wh wld ^wtgs hb Dgtnawchk buho

wld Gd}auwodkw hb Dgtnawchk ck wld Tkcrdu~cws hb Oak/

nld~wdu+ Es F+ F+ BcKGJAS* O+A+* ]l+G+* ^aual Bcdjgdk

]uhbd~~hu hb Dgtnawchk+ Gdos ^rh* }}+ rccc+ 152+ c~+ 2g+

kdw+ ,]tejcnawchk Kh+ >5* 13=<+#

Kh+ CCC+ WLD WDANLCK@ HB LC^WHUS CK @CUJ^'

^NLHHJ^ CK KHUWL AKG NDKWUAJ @DUOAKS+ AUd}huw es Dra Ghg`d* O+A+* @cjnluc~w ^wtgdkw+ Gdos ^rh*

}}+ \+ 173+ C^+ 2g+ kdw ,]tejcnawchk Kh+ >7* c`h<+#

Kh+ CR+ WLD GD]AUWODKW HB DGTNAWCHK CK WLDTKCRDU^CWS HB OAKNLD^WDU* 1<3=/1311+ Gdos ^rh*

172 }}+* pcwl 15 }jawd~* c~+ 2g+ kdw* }a}du9 5~+ 2g+ kdw*

njhwl+ ,]tejcnawchk Kh+ 4<* 1311+#

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hb wld Dgtnawchk Gd}auwodkw+

Kh+ R+ HTWJCKD^ HB DGTNAWCHK NHTU^D^ CK OAK/NLD^WDU TKCRDU^CWS+ Gdos ^rh* }}+ rccc+ 13=+ >~+

kdw+ ,]tejcnawchk Kh+ 21+ 1311+

]tejc~ldg bhu Oaknld~wdu Tkcrdu~cws es ^lduuaww " Lt`ld~



OAKNLD^WDU TKCRDU^CWS ]TEJCNAWCHK^+

DGTNAWCHKAJ ^DUCD^+Kh+ RC+ WLD ^WHUS HB WLD OAKNLD^WDU LC@L

^NLHHJ^ BHU @CUJ^* 1<01/1311+ Es ^aua A+ Etu~wac*!**

O+A+* Ldag Oc~wud~~* ^}dncaj Jdnwtudu ck Dgtnawchk+ Gdos

<rh* }}+ \\+ 517+ pcwl 1< ]jawd~+ 4~+ kdw+

,]tejcnawchk Kh+ 2>* 1311+#

Kh+ RCC+ WLD GDOHK^WUAWCHK ^N]CHHJ^ UDNHUG*Kh+ 5+ Dgcwdg es F+ F+ Bckgjas* O+A+* ]l+G+* ^aual Bcdjgdk

]uhbd~~hu hb Dgtnawchk+ YCk wld ]ud~~+

JDNWTUD^Kh+ C+ @AUGDK NCWCD^ ,Pauetuwhk Jdnwtud#+ Es Uaj}l

Kdrcjjd+ I+N+ 2g+ kdw+ ,Jdnwtud Kh+ c+ 13=4+#

Kh+ CC+ WLD EAKI HB DK@JAKG AKG WLD ^WAWD,A Jdnwtud#+ Es ^cu Bdjc| ^nlt~wdu+ 2g+ kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ 5+ 13=4+#

Kh+ CCC+ EDAUCK@ AKG CO]HUWAKND HB NHOODUNCAJWUDAWCD^ CK WLD WPDKWCDWL NDKWTUS+ Es ^cu+

Wlhoa~ Eaunjas+ 2g kdw+ ,Jdnwtud Kh+ >* 13=2+#

Kh+ CR+ WLD ^NCDKND HB JAK@TA@D AKG WLD ^WTGS

HB WLD @UDDI WD^WAODKW ,A Jdnwtud#+ Es Faod~Lh}d Ohtjwhk* O+A+* Jcww+G+ 2g+ kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ 7* 13=2+#

Kh+ R+ WLD @DKDUAJ ODGCNAJ NHTKNCJ6 CW^

]HPDU^ AKG CW^ PHUI ,A Jdnwtud#+ Es Ghkajg

Oanajc~wdu* O+A+* O+G+* E+^n* G+N+J+* JJ+G+ 2g+ kdw+


Kh+ RC+ WLD NHKWUA^W^ CK GAKWD ,A Jdnwtud#+ Es wld

Lhk+ Pcjjcao Pauudk Rdukhk* O+A+ 2g+ kdw+


Kh+ RCC+ WLD ]UD^DURAWCHK HB ]JAND^ HB CKWDUD^W

HU EDATWS ,A Jdnwtud#+ Es ^cu Uheduw Ltkwdu+ 2g+

kdw+ ,Jdnwtud Kh+ 0* 13=0+#

]tejc~ldg bhu Oaknld~wdu Tkcrdu~cws es ^lduuaww " Lt`ld~



OAKNLD^WDU TKCRDU^CWS ]TEJCNAWCHK^+

JDNWTUD^+Kh+ RCCC+ HK WLD JC@LW WLUHPK ES UDNDKW CKRD^/

WC@AWCHK^ HK DJDNWUuncWS HK WLD UDJAWCHKEDWPDDK OAWWDU AKG DWLDU ,Agao~hk Jdnwtud#+

Es ^cu F+ F+ Wlho~hk* H+O+* G+^n* B+U+^+ 2g+ kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ <* 13=<+#

Kh+ C\+ LH^]CWAJ^* ODGCNAJ ^NCDKND* AKG ]TEJCNLDAJWL ,A Jdnwtud#+ Es ^cu Njcbbhug Ajjet|w* I+N+E+*

O+G+ ,Nakwae+# 2g+ kdw+ ,Jdnwtud Kh+ 3* 13=<+#

Kh+ \+ DK@JC^L ]HDWUS AKG @DUOAK ]LCJH^H]LSCK WLD A@D HB PHUG^PHUWL ,Agao~hk Jdnwtud#+

Es A+ N+ Euagjds* Jcww+G+ 2g kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ 1=* 13=3+#

Kh+ \J WLD DRHJTWCHK HB ^TU@DUS ,A Jdnwtud#+ EsPcjjcao Wlhuetuk* B+U+N+^+ 2g+ kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ 11* 131=+#

Kh+ \CC+ JDCEKCV A^ A ]HJCWCNCAK ,Agao~hk Jdnwtud#+

Es A+ P+ Paug* Jcww+G+* B+E+A+ 2g+ kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ 15* 1311+#

Kh~+ \CCC akg \CR+ HJG WHPK^ AKG KDP KDDG^* es

]atj Pawdulht~d* O+A+* B+U+C+E+A+* akg WLD WHPKD\WDK^CHK ]JAK* es Uasohkg Tkpck* B+U+C+E+A+

,Pauetuwhk Jdnwtud~ 1315#+ c rhjtod+ Cjjt~wuawdg* c~+kdw+

,Jdnwtud~ Kh~+ 1> akg 17* 1315+#

Kh+ \R+ TKCRDU^CWS DGTNAWCHK BHU PHODK ,A

Jdnwtud#+ Es Ou~+ Ldkus ^cg`pcni* Jcww+G+ 2g+ kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ 14* 131>+#

Kh+ \RC+ WLD GC^WCKNWCHK EDWPDDK OCKG AKG CW^HEFDNW^ ,Agao~hk Jdnwtud#+ Es Edukaug Eh~akqtdw*

O+A+* B+E+A+ ]a}du c(/ kdw* njhwl 1(2 kdw+

,Jdnwtud Kh+ 12* 131>+#

>7 Nuh~~ ^wuddw* Oaknld~wdu* akg >> ^hlh ^qtaud* Jhkghk* P+



Nhukdjj Tkcrdu~cws

Jceuaus

Wld huc`ckaj hb wjcc~ ehhi c~ ck

wckd Nhukdjj Tkcrdu~cws Jceuaus+

Wldud aud kh ikhpk nh}suc`lw ud~wucnwchk~ ck

wld Tkcwdg ^wawd~ hk wld t~d hb wld wd|w+

lww}6((ppp+aunlcrd+hu`(gdwacj~(nt>1357=3=<0213<



NHUKDJJ TKCRDU^CWS JCEUAUS

> 1357 =3= <02 13<

bernard bosanquet the distinction between mind and its objects manchester university press 1913

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