ber production technology-eswar

7/28/2019 Ber Production Technology-ESWAR

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Taxon: Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Genus: Ziziphus

Family: Rhamnaceae tribe: Paliureae.

Nomen number: 42285

About BER Fruit :


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Economic importance:

Environmental: ornamental

Invertebrate food: lac insects

Materials: wood

Medicines: folklor

Weed Human food: fruit Fuels: fuelwood

Materials: wood

Medicine


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Distributional range:

ASIA-TEMPERATE

China: China - Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan,

Yunnan

ASIA-TROPICALIndian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India [possibly

native]; Nepal

Indo-China: Myanmar [possibly native]

Native:

Naturalized: (links to other web resources are provided for some distributions):

AFRICAMacaronesia: Cape Verde

Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia

West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon; Zaire

West Tropical Africa: Cote D'Ivoire; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Mali;

Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo

Contd..


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South Tropical Africa: Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe

Western Indian Ocean: Reunion

ASIA-TROPICAL

Indo-China: Thailand; Vietnam AUSTRALASIA

Australia: Australia

NORTHERN AMERICA

Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Florida

PACIFIC

North-Central Pacific: United States - HawaiiSouthwestern Pacific: Fiji; Kiribati - Gilbert Islands

SOUTHERN AMERICA

Caribbean: West Indies

Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname;

Venezuela

Cultivated:widely cultivated :

Ziziphus mauritiana, also known as Chinee Apple, Jujube, Indian plum and

Masau, is a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae.


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Z. mauritiana is a spiny, evergreen shrub or small tree up to 15 m high, with trunk

40 cm or more in diameter; spreading crown; stipular spines and many drooping

branches. The fruit is of variable shape and size. It can be oval, obovate, oblong or

round, and that can be 1-2.5 in (2.5-6.25 cm) long, depending on the variety. The

flesh is white and crisp. When slightly underipe, this fruit is a bit juicy and has a

pleasant aroma. The fruit's skin is smooth, glossy, thin but tight.The species is believed to have originated in Indo-Malaysian region of South-East

Asia.[1] It is now widely naturalised throughout the Old World tropics from

Southern Africa through the Middle East to the Indian Subcontinent and China,

Indomalaya, and into Australasia and the Pacific Islands.[2] It can form dense stands

and become invasive in some areas, including Fiji and Australia and has become a

serious environmental weed in Northern Australia. It is a fast growing tree with amedium lifespan, that can quickly reach up to 1040 ft (3 to 12 m) tall.

Mysterious and Multi-faced Tropical FruitBer, the Taiwan apple

Ber (Ziziphus mauritianaLam.) is also known as jujube and Indian jujube. It has been

introduced and cultivated since the period of Japanese occupation in Taiwan. During

that time, the single ber weight was less than 10 gram with poor quality and sour taste.Through the varietal and cultural practice improvements for years, about 40 and 6

cultivars have been selected, respectively by farmers and government institutions. The

big size of 200 gram per fruit and the nutritious, sweet, crispy and juicy flesh are

common for recently-released ber cultivars in Taiwan. The good reputation of Taiwan

apple has gained for ber because of the big fruit size and superior quality.


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Flowering and fruiting controlled by artificial light Forcing culture of ber

The normal production duration for ber is usually from December to March, the next year.

The yielding date of ber can be advanced to September to November by pruning the main

stem in January to March and illuminating plants by fluorescent lamp (70-120 lamps per

hectare) 6 to 9 hours during the night for 15 to 30 days starting from May to July. This nightlighting method has been widely adapted for forcing culture of ber.


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Ziziphus mauritiana

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Rosales

Family: Rhamnaceae

Genus: Ziziphus

Species: Z. mauri tiana

Binomial name

Ziziphus mauri tiana

Lam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliopsidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziziphushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziziphushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliopsidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification


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Ziziphus mauritiana, also known as Chinee Apple, Jujube, Indian plum and Masau, is a tropical

fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae.

Z. mauritiana is a spiny, evergreen shrub or small tree up to 15 m high, with trunk 40 cm or

more in diameter; spreading crown; stipular spines and many drooping branches. The fruit is

of variable shape and size. It can be oval, obovate, oblong or round, and that can be 1-2.5 in

(2.5-6.25 cm) long, depending on the variety. The flesh is white and crisp. When slightly

underipe, this fruit is a bit juicy and has a pleasant aroma. The fruit's skin is smooth, glossy,

thin but tight.

The species is believed to have originated in Indo-Malaysian region of South-East Asia.[1] It is

now widely naturalised throughout the Old World tropics from Southern Africa through the

Middle East to the Indian Subcontinent and China, Indomalaya, and into Australasia and thePacific Islands.[2] It can form dense stands and become invasive in some areas, including Fiji

and Australia and has become a serious environmental weed in Northern Australia. It is a fast

growing tree with a medium lifespan, that can quickly reach up to 1040 ft (3 to 12 m) tall.


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Plants are capable of seed production once they reach a height of about 1 metre. Wild-growing

plants in northern Australia may take 8 years to reach this size. In Australia, plants growing

under natural conditions are capable of producing seeds once they reach a height of about 1m.

Plants between 1 and 2m high produce, on average, less than five fruits per season. Large plants

(>5m high) can produce 5000 or more fruits in a single season.In India, some types ripen as early as October, others from mid-February to mid-March, others

in March, or mid-March, to the end of April. In the Assiut Governorate, there are 2 crops a year,

the main in early spring, the second in the fall. In India the trees flower in July to October and

fruits are formed soon after. In FebruaryMarch the fruits are mature and in some places a

second crop is produced in the fall. Pickings are done by hand from ladders and about 110 lbs

(50 kg)is harvested per day. The fruits remaining on the tree are shaken down. Only fully maturefruits are picked directly from the tree. They are transported in open bags to avoid

fermentation.[8]

Seedling trees bear 5,000 to 10,000 small fruits per year in India. Superior grafted trees may

yield as many as 30,000 fruits. The best cultivar in India, with fruits normally averaging 30 to the

lb (66 to the kg), yields 175 lbs (77 kg) annually. Special cultural treatment increases both fruit

size and yield.[edit]World production and yield

The major production regions for Indian jujube are the arid and semi arid regions of India. From

1984 to 1995 with improved cultivars the production was 0.9 million tones on a land of 88,000

ha. The crop is also grown in Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of Africa. Trees in northern India

yield 80 to 200 kg of fresh fruit/tree/year when the trees are in their prime bearing age of 10

20 years.[1]


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Uses :The fruit is eaten raw or pickled or used in beverages. It is quite nutritious and rich in vitamin C.

It is second only to guava and much higher than citrus or apples. In India, the ripe fruits are

mostly consumed raw, but are sometimes stewed. Slightly underripe fruits are candied by a

process of pricking, immersing in a salt solution. Ripe fruits are preserved by sun-drying and a

powder is prepared for out-of-season purposes. It contains 20 to 30% sugar, up to 2.5% protein

and 12.8% carbohydrates. Fruits are also eaten in other forms, such as dried, candied, pickled,

as juice, or as ber butter. In Ethiopia, the fruits are used to stupefy fish.

The leaves are readily eaten by camels, cattle and goats and are considered nutritious.

In India and Queensland, the flowers are rated as a minor source of nectar for honeybees. Thehoney is light and of fair flavor.

Ber timber is hard, strong, fine-grained, fine-textured, tough, durable, and reddish in colour. It is

most often used to make t has been used to line wells, to make legs for bedsteads, boat ribs,

agricultural implements. The branches are used as framework in house construction and the

wood makes good charcoal with a heat content of almost 4,900 kcal per kg.[3] In addition, this

species is used as firewood in many areas. In tropical Africa, the flexible branches are wrappedas retaining bands around conical thatched roofs of huts, and are twined together to form

thorny corral walls to retain livestock.


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The fruits are applied on cuts and ulcers; are employed in pulmonary ailments and fevers; and,

mixed with salt and chili peppers, are given in indigestion and biliousness. The dried ripe fruit is

a mild laxative. The seeds are sedative and are taken, sometimes with buttermilk, to halt

nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pains in pregnancy. They check diarrhea, and are poulticed on

wounds. Mixed with oil, they are rubbed on rheumatic areas. The leaves are applied as poulticesand are helpful in liver troubles, asthma and fever and, together with catechu, are administered

when an astringent is needed, as on wounds. The bitter, astringent bark decoction is taken to

halt diarrhea and dysentery and relieve gingivitis. The bark paste is applied on sores. The root is

purgative. A root decoction is given as a febrifuge, taenicide and emmenagogue, and the

powdered root is dusted on wounds. Juice of the root bark is said to alleviate gout and

rheumatism. Strong doses of the bark or root may be toxic. An infusion of the flowers serves asan eye lotion.

The fatty-acid methyl ester of Z. mauritiana seed oil meets all of the major biodiesel

requirements in the USA (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and

European Union (EN 14214). The average oil yield is 4.95 kg oil/tree or 1371 kg oil/hectare, and

arid or semi-arid regions may be utilised due to its drought resistance.


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Pests and diseases :The greatest enemies of the jujube in are fruit flies. Some cultivars are more susceptible than

others, the flies preferring the largest, sweetest fruits, 100% of which may be attacked while on

a neighbouring tree, bearing a smaller, less-sweet type, only 2% of the crop may be damaged.

The larvae pupate in the soil and it has been found that treatment of the ground beneath the

tree helps reduce the problem. Control is possible with regular and effective spraying of

insecticide.

A leaf-eating caterpillar and the green slug caterpillar attack the foliage. Mites forms scale-like

galls on twigs retarding growth and reducing the fruit crop.Lesser pests include a smallcaterpillar, Meridarches scyrodes, that bores into the fruit.

The tree is subject to shrouding by a parasitic vine . Powdery mildew causes defoliation and

fruit-drop, but it can be adequately controlled. Lesser diseases are sooty mould, brown rot and

leaf-spot. Leafspot results from infestation by Cercospora spp. and Isariopsis indica var. zizyphi.

In 1973, a witches'-broom disease caused by a mycoplasma-like organism was found in jujube

plants near Poona University. It proved to be transmitted by grafting or budding diseased scionsonto healthyZ. mauritiana seedlings. Leaf rust, caused by Phakopsora zizyphivulgaris, ranges

from mild to severe on all commercial cultivars in the Punjab.

In storage, the fruits may be spotted by the fungi. Fruit rots are caused

by Fusarium spp., Nigrospora oryzae, Epicoccum nigrum, and Glomerella cingulata

P d ild Oidi i h id f i hi
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Symptoms:

The developing young leaves show a white

powdery mass causing them to shrink and

defoliate.

Small, white powdery growth appear on the

young fruits which later enlarge and coalesce

and final turn brown to dark brown.

In severe cases, the whole fruit surface gets

covered with the powdery mass.

Affected young fruits drop off prematurely or

become corky, cracked, mis-shapen and

underdeveloped.

Matured fruits turn rusty. Sometimes the whole

crop is rendered unmarketable.

Powdery mildew - Oidium erysiphoides f.sp. zizyphi

Alternaria Leaf spot - Alternaria chartarum Isariopsis

Rust - Phakopsora zizyphi-vulgaris

Soft rot - Phomopsis natsume

Powdery mildew: Oidium erysiphoides f. sp. Zizyphi


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Management:

Spraying of dinocap 0.05 per cent or wettable sulphur 0.25 per cent

should be done during first and third weeks of November or when the fruit

attains pea size.

Triton-AE or Teepol or Sandovit may be added for adhesion.

2. Alternaria leaf spot: Alternaria chartarum

Symptoms:

The disease is characterised by the

formation of small irregular' brown spoton the upper surface of the leaves.

On the lower surface dark brown to black

spots are formed.

The spots coalesce to form big patches.

The diseased leaves later drop. Plant debris serve as potential source of

primary infection.

Plant protection:


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Plant protection:

Pests:

Fruit fly:Destroy all the infested fruits. Dig the soil under tree canopy to destroy pupae and

incorporate 1.3% Lindane dust @ 30 g /tree. Spray Malathion 50 EC or Endosulfan 35 EC

or Quinalphos 25 EC at 2 ml/lit. Use polythene bags fish meal trap with 5 gm of wet fish

meal + 1 ml Dichlorvos in cotton. 50 traps are required/ha, fish meal and Dichlorvos

soaked cotton are to be renewed once in 20 and 7 days respectively.

Scale insects

During pruning, all the affected materials should be collected and burnt. The trees should

be sprayed with Phosphamidon 40 SL or Methyl demeton 25 EC @ 2 ml/lit.

Diseases Black leaf spot:

Spray Carbendazim 1 g/lit or Chlorothalonil 2 g/lit at 15 days interval from the initialappearance of the symptom.

Powdery mildew

Spray Dinocap 1 ml/ litre to control the disease.

Yield

The yield ranges about 70-80 Kg of fruits/tree/year


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maggots of the borer bore into ripe fruits

and affected fruits fall to the groundBER FRUIT borer complex consisting of ber fruit borer, meridarches scyrodes and ber fruit

flies, carpomyia vesuviana. The ber fruit borer is small, dark insect brown in colour with

fringed wings.

Early instar larva is light yellowish and full-grown larva is red in colour. The larva boresinto the fruits and feeds on the pulp around the seeds.

While in the case of ber fruit flies, adult is small fly with black spots on the thorax and

dark bands on the wings.

The maggots bore into the ripe fruits and feed on the pulp. When full-grown, they comes

out of the fruit and drop to ground and pupate 6-15 cm below the soil. Adult emerges

from the soil.The fruit borer can be effectively managed by following methods:


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Attacked fallen fruits should be collected regularly and destroyed.

Wild ber trees present around or near to the ber orchard should be removed.

Soil under the tree or near the trees should be raked to destroy the maggots and pupae present

in the soil.The fruits just before attaining the marble size, incorporate fenvelrate 0.4 per cent or

chlorpyriphos 1.5 per cent dust at 40 kg per hectare to the soil under the tree or near the trees

to reduce the fruit borer incidence.

Spray the crop three times, with endosulfan at 2 ml or malathion at 2 ml or fevelrate at 0.5 ml orcarbaryl at 4 g or monocrotophos at 1 ml/lit of water or neem seed kernal extract (NSKE) 5 per

cent; first spray at marble stage, second spray at 15 days later and third spray at fruit ripening

stage, by alternate use of insecticides. For the third spray add 10 g jaggery/ litre of spray

mixture.

For the control of fruit flies, use traps containing 1 ml methyl eugenol and 2 ml malathion/ litre

of water. Take 100 ml of fro m this solution per trap and hang the traps at 10 traps per hectare.


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