bentonite g 150neonsbd.com/products/bentonite-g-150.pdflegal maximum contents aflatoxin b1, eu dir...
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![Page 1: BENTONITE G 150neonsbd.com/products/Bentonite-G-150.pdfLEGAL MAXIMUM CONTENTS AFLATOXIN B1, EU Dir 2002/32 & 2003/100 Feedstuff 12% moisture Maximum, µg/kg (ppb) All feed materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071416/6113dadff92b5b4ac769be11/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BENTONITE G 150
Launching July´15
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• Greek fungus “Mykes” and Latin poison “Toxicum”
• 1000 years from “St. Anthony’s fire” until the death of 100.000 turkeys in the UK due to “Aflatoxin” in
1960
• Feed born toxins present in the main crops. Natural contaminants
• Complete elimination of mycotoxins is very unlikely
• Potential threat to human and animal health
• Combined strategies are required to minimise the
risk of transference through the feed – food chain
MYCOTOXINS Historical notes
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• A food safety, animal performance and health concern
• A lot of research during the last 30 years
• One of the most recognised feed chain contaminants
• Hundreds of mycotoxins identified
• Aflatoxin identified as a potent carcinogen (IARC)
• Important economical impact
• Maximum limits established for AB1 and OTA
• The EU is the most restrictive. US AFB1 x 10
• Criteria and controls not harmonised – Risk!
• Functional group in the UE
MYCOTOXINS Today
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MYCOTOXINS CE 1060/2013
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MYCOTOXINS CE 1060/2013
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• Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, M)
Fungi: Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus
• Ochratoxin A (OTA)
Fungi:Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum
• Fumonisins (FB1+B2)
Fungi: Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum:
• Zearalenone (ZEA), Deoxynivalenol (DON), & Trichothecens
Fungi: Fusarium graminearium
• T2 Toxin
Fungi: Fusarium sporotrichioides
MYCOTOXINS OF CONCERN IN
ANIMAL FEED
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DNA, RNA
damage
Protein
Synthesis
Lipid
Peroxidation
Cell membrane
disruption Cell cycle
alteration
Cell death
Toxicity: Liver, kidney, nerves, genes
Immunosuppression
Reduced performance and health
TOXICITY MECHANISM OF
MYCOTOXINS
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• AFLATOXINS are the most dangerous mycotoxins – legal maximums established
• DON, ZEA and Fumonisin B1 are not very toxic but they are very frequently detected. Not important carry over into milk, meat and eggs, but impact on animal performance and health – Recommended maximum established
MYCOTOXIN MENACE IN
ANIMAL FEEDING
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LEGAL MAXIMUM CONTENTS
AFLATOXIN B1, EU Dir 2002/32 & 2003/100
Feedstuff
12% moisture
Maximum, µg/kg (ppb)
All feed materials 20
Complete feedstuffs:
- Cattle, sheep and goats (except dairy, calves and lambs)
- Dairy cattle
- Calves and lambs
- Pigs and poultry (except young animals)
- Young animals and other complete feedstuffs
20
5
10
20
10
Complementary feedstuffs:
- Cattle, sheep and goats (except dairy, claves and lambs)
- Pigs and poultry (except young animals)
- Other complementary feedstuffs
20
20
5
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LEGAL MAXIMUM CONTENTS
AFLATOXIN B1, EU Dir 2002/32 & 2003/100
Mycotoxin
FOOD
Maximum,
µg/kg (ppb)
AFM1(*)
- Milk
- Infant formulae and milk
0.05
OTA(**)
Pork kidney
10*
20**
1 Reg. 1881/2006/CE 2 National Reg. Denmark: *Viscera condemned, ** Carcass condemned
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Physical methods: Cleaning, sorting, thermal, wet milling… Incomplete or expensive
“Binders”: Economical but variable efficacy
Chemical methods: alkali, acid, ammonium, additives, ozonation… Effective against fungi, variable efficacy against toxins or expensive
Microbiological methods: Ethanol fermentation (bio-fuels): Possible increase in mycotoxin concentration: AFB1, ZEA, FB1…
Dietary interventions: Effective reducing mycotoxin toxicity: Vitamins, AAs, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, enzymes…+ Combinations with mycotoxin binders
STRATEGIES AGAINST CARRY OVER OF FEED
MYCOTOXINS
FAO 1999, EFSA, 2009
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70% of the products described by EFSA against mycotoxins in feed are “Binders”
More than 50% of the “Binders” are “Clays” or clay based products
Differences among clays are essential for understanding their efficacy and mode of action
MYCOTOXIN ABSORBING
AGENTS BINDERS
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• Structural differences are due to:
Genesis
Chemical composition
Isomorphus substitutions
• Structural differences confere: Specific characteristics
Special properties
STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
AMONG CLAYS
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Phyllosilicate 2:1
Surface area: 50-120 m2/g
CEC: 50-150 mEq/100g
Exchangeable cations: Ca2+, K+, Na+
Swelling capacity (Na+ smectite)
Hydrophyllic surface
Uses
Absorbent
Rheological additive
Binder
SMECTITE (Bentonite)
Mx(Al,Fe,Mg)4(Si,Al)8O20(OH)
4
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Surface area (SA): Clays have very large SA. The greater the SA the better adsorption of mycotoxins
Active centres (AC): points for active sorption of cations. A proper number of AC should exist on the surface for effective and irreversible adsorption of mycotoxins. Usually occupied by cations (Na, K Ca, Mg) and measured by the cation exchange capacity
Cation exchange capacity (CEC): Number of cations readily exchangeable. Required for stable binding of mycotoxins
Charge Density (CD): Number of cations per unit of surface area
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CLAYS
AGAINST MYCOTOXINS
An adequate charge density is essential
for effective protection against mycotoxins
without interferences with nutrients
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DIFFERENTIAL ASPECT OF MYCOTOXIN
BINDERS - SILICATES Mg Silicates Al Silicates
Sepiolite
Mg
Bentonite
Ca
Bentonite
Na
Bentonite
Natural
Zeolite
Synthetic
Zeolite
Surface
area, m2/g 350 120 70 60 50 500
C.E.C. meq/100g
15 60 90 120 200 500
Charge
density*
CEC/SA
0.05
0.5
1.5
2
4
1
Example EXAL BENTONITE
G-150
Novasil, H
SCAS
Others Clinopti-
lolite
Zeolite-A
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Effective adsorption and no desorption
No interference with nutrients and additives
Safe for the user, animal and environment
Easy to handle
Economical
REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD
MYCOTOXIN BINDER
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BENTONITE G 150:
1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER
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MINE: Selective mining after exhaustive control of raw mineral
Drill sampling: Mineralogical composition and contaminants
Extraction of selected raw mineral
Coarse grinding in site to homogenize the raw mineral
Distribution on homogeneous stacks of 50 cm depth
Activation: watering and sun drying cycles to increase swelling
Activated raw mineral sampling: Traceability and quality controls
FACTORY: Purification and re – activation
Grinding and classification: Purification
Fluid bed heat drying: Re – activation to increase adsorption
BENTONITE G 150 packaging and sampling for quality controls
BENTONITE G 150:
1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER
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BENTONITE G 150:
1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER
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BENTONITE G 150:
1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER
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BENTONITE G 150:
1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER
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BENTONITE G 150:
1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER
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