BENJAMIN L. BROWN

Marquette Hall 433, Marquette University

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233

benjamin.brown@marquette.edu

414-288-2151/618-444-5065

EDUCATION

Brandeis University Ph.D. Physics 1987

New York University M.S. Physics 1984

Principia College B.S. Physics 1972

EMPLOYMENT

Professor, Marquette University 2008-Present

Physics Department Chair, Marquette University 2008-2013

Senior Research Associate, North Carolina State University 2007- 2008

Physics Department Chair, Principia College 2004-2007

Professor, Principia College 2003- 2007

Associate Professor, Principia College 2000-2003

Assistant Professor, Mount Holyoke College 1990-1998

Research Associate, Harvard University 1987-1990

Visiting Scientist, Brookhaven National Laboratory 1985-1987

Member of the Technical Staff, AT&T Bell Laboratories 1984-1987

Senior Technical Associate, AT&T Bell Laboratories 1975-1983

OTHER POSITIONS

Department Affiliate, Harvard University 1996-1997

Society of Physics Students (SPS) Zone I Councilor 1995-1997

President, Positron Resources Incorporated 1995-1998

AWARDS, HONORS

1. IBM Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University

2. Sigma Xi; Sigma Pi Sigma

3. Physical Science Award, Principia College

ACTIVITIES AT MARQUETTE IN BOLD IN THE FOLLOWING:

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

1. American Physical Society

2. American Association of University Professors, lifetime member

3. American Association of Physics teachers

4. Sigma Xi

COURSES TAUGHT AT MARQUETTE

1. PHYS 1001 General Physics 1

2. PHYS 1002 General Physics 2

3. PHYS 1003 General Physics with Introduction to Calculus 1

4. PHYS 1004 General Physics with Introduction to Calculus 2

5. PHYS 1018 Introduction to Research (sophomore seminar)

6. PHYS 2004 (formerly 104) Modern Physics: Atoms, Particles

7. PHYS 2005 (formerly 105) Modern Physics: States of Matter

8. PHYS 2055 Electronics Lab

9. PHYS 3995 Research

10. PHYS 4072 Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics

11. PHYS 4931/HOPR 4953 Topics in contemporary physics, History of Science

12. PHYS 4931/HOPR 4953 Topics in contemporary physics, Physics of Finance

SERVICE

1. Review (invited) of an article for Journal of Physics B, by D. Cassidy et al.,

"Positronium Emission and Cooling in Reflection and Transmission from Thin

Meso-Structured Silica Films," 2015.

2. Sigma Xi Scientific Honors Society board member, Marquette University chapter,

2014-Present.

3. Faculty advisor to the Marquette University Sailing Club, 2012-Present.

4. Active with the Physics Club, Sigma Pi Sigma chapter, traveling with students to

Orlando, FL, for a Quadrennial Sigma Pi Sigma Conference, 2012.

5. Served on Master’s thesis committee for Cheng, Xiang, Chemistry, 2011.

6. Developed a CONNECT based computer homework system with Marquette

colleagues for the Tom Moore Six Ideas that Shaped Physics introductory textbook

series in collaboration with McGraw Hill, 2010-2015. While initially created

exclusively for Marquette, this system has now been expanded and shared with the

new 3rd

edition, 2016, where “Benjamin Brown and his colleagues at Marquette

University” are acknowledged in all six volumes for our contributions.

7. Facilitated a “Spin Up” national conference at Marquette on improving physics

departments nationwide, 2009.

8. Student major advising, 2009-2013, and freshman advisor, 2011-2012.

9. Deans Advisory Committee, 2008-2013.

10. Illinois State American Association of Physics Teachers, elected to governing board

2002-2006

11. Society of Physics Students Chapter Advisor Mount Holyoke College and Principia

College: Outstanding Chapter citation from the national SPS at MHC 1992, 1994 and at

Principia College 2003, 2005. Elected SPS Zone councilor, 1995-1997.

12. Advisor to the Principia Solar Car 2001 with a first place finish at the Formula Sun

Grand Prix 2001, South Haven, Michigan.

PHYSICS DEPARTMENT PROGRESS AND ACTIVITY AS CHAIR

1. The physics major had grown significantly from 2003-2008 under the leadership of

former chair Ruth Howes. The average number of declared physics majors under

Howes grew to about 8 total (the 3 year average, 2005-2008), up from only about 2

total in 2000-2003. The average number of declared physics majors then grew to

about 35 total (the 3 year average, 2010-2013) by the end of my term as chair.

2. The introductory courses for university physics were completely revised in 2009

with the introduction of Tom Moore’s Six Ideas that Shaped Physics textbooks.

This included PHYS 1003, 1004, 1013, and 1014. We introduced material not

covered previously in detail in the former courses. We included a full 11 weeks of

Modern Physics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and Statistical Mechanics.

Interactive teaching methods are required in these courses, and almost all

department faculty were on board with the significantly changed curriculum.

Even though the time spent on Mechanics and Electricity and Magnetism were

reduced, the results of the standardized mechanics tests (Force Concept Inventory,

FCI) showed significant improvement in the mechanics section of the course.

Although in 2016 we have now switched to traditional textbooks for PHYS 1003-

1004 the goal of including significant modern physics topics and interactive

teaching methods, introduced with the Moore books, remains. PHYS 1013-1014

have continued to use the Moore textbooks.

3. The Modern Physics courses, PHYS 2004 and 2005, were also significantly revised

beginning in 2010. A new emphasis on mathematics and computation was

possible, solving a long-standing problem of mathematical under-preparation of

physics students in upper level classes. This has allowed for more focus on physics

in the junior and senior courses, and less on mathematics and computation,

enhancing the physics understanding at the intermediate level.

4. A Physics Advisory Board was formed in 2012. This board consists of several

outstanding alumni and one Marquette grandparent. The board was chosen to

give us advice from industry, government, and law. Our first meeting was held at

MU in May of 2013, with five board members present. The added benefit was

connecting to outstanding alumni.

5. A major effort was made in identifying potential physics majors among the senior

high school students in Illinois and Wisconsin, and in contacting them via mail and

email.

6. The number of students has risen as has the quality and motivation of the students

that were attracted to the department in the years 2008-2013. Approximately half

of the students during those years have gone on to graduate schools in physics, and

the average GPA of graduates was quite high. Many passed Ph.D. qualifying

exams upon arrival at graduate school: Bolgert (Princeton), Reiff (Notre Dame),

Vandrevala (Purdue), and others.

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AT MARQUETTE AND ETH

1. Anna Aiuppa (engineering) and Dan Vrobel (physics), History of Science research

on Alexander Graham Bell vs. Elisha Gray, 2016-2017.

2. Sebastian Konewko (a junior) worked at ETH, Zurich, Switzerland, for Paolo

Crivelli on positron research, summer of 2015.

3. Cyrus Vandrevela, Peter Bolgert, and Michael Osterman continued to develop the

cryogenic moderator system and furthered the construction of the beam at

Marquette during the school years 2010-2012. They all accompanied me to the 3rd

Enrico Fermi summer institute at Lake Como, Italy, a two-week summer school on

Positron Physics, where I gave an invited lecture, 2010.

4. Michael Osterman accompanied me to ETH, Zurich, where the cryogenic portion

of the beam from Marquette was re-constructed as part of the ongoing effort in

Positronium spectroscopy, 2012 summer. He also accompanied me to an

international positron meeting in Manooth, Ireland, where we presented a poster,

2011.

5. Peter Bolgert, Erin Kaplerian, Cyrus Vandrevala, Michael Osterman, Tim Gee,

Mark Ropella (engineering), and Xiang Cheng, a master’s student in Chemistry,

were employed during summers in the effort to develop the positron beam, 2009-

2012. (Peter attended Princeton University graduate school in physics, Erin has

now graduated from Marquette Law School, Cyrus earned a Ph.D. in physics from

Purdue and Michael is now a high school physics teacher).

6. Lawrence Huddy and Tom Romza designed vacuum enclosures, helped to

construct the initial 5 meter long beam with cryogenic cooling, 2008-2009.

(Lawrence is currently a Ph.D. student at UWM).

RESEARCH FUNDING

1. Noyce Engineering/Science Teacher Education Scholars NSF, (co-investigator)

$900,000. Barbara Silverthorn, PI, 2009.

2. Marquette University startup funding, $120,000, 2008.

3. Principia Annual Fund for a college ham radio station for teaching and community

service, $20,000, 2006.

4. Peninsula Foundation grant and Principia Corp. Funds for Excellence; grant for low

energy positron beam for undergaduate teaching and research, 2003-2007, $150,000.

5. Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) funding through DOE

(Positron Resources Incorporated), $60,000, 1996.

6. Research Corporation grant for experimentation with the positron beam, 1994, $30,000.

7. Sigma Pi Sigma Marsh White student research grant to study single electron plasmas,

$2,000, 1995.

8. Instrument for Laboratory Research/NSF grant awarded for quantum demonstration

labs, $15,000, 1992.

CURRENT RESEARCH AREAS

1. Research in History of Science, addressing a recent biography suggesting that

Alexander Graham Bell plagiarized the telephone patent of 1876. I am working in

collaboration with two students, Anna Aiuppa (engineering) and Dan Vrobel

(physics), 2015-Present.

2. Collaborative research with Paolo Crivelli, ETH, Zurich, on the precision

measurement of the 1S to 2S interval in Positronium. A cryogenically moderated

positron source developed at Marquette was loaned to ETH in 2012, which

resulted in a 20 fold increase in positron yield. The gas positron trap developed at

Marquette and loaned to ETH in 2014 can store up to one million positrons,

resulting in many orders of magnitude increase in signal to noise. A total of 3500

lbs. in equipment is currently on loan, and the collaboration has been extended,

2012-Present.

3. An experiment to simulate positron annihilation in the Milky Way galaxy is being

planned for ETH, 2017.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH SUMMARY

1. Observing active galactic nuclei (AGN’s) at Kitt Peak National Observatory with

weeklong observations for both the 1.3 meter McDonald telescope, and the 2.6 m

telescope, in collaboration with Ohio University, 2013-2014. A detailed Hubble

Space telescope observing proposal was written with two others, but not accepted

(< 8% acceptance rate), 2014.

2. Construction and development of a positron beam at Marquette with advanced

features. The advanced positron beam including the trap was developed with the

help of many undergraduates and instrument maker Joe Holbus, 2008-2014.

3. Intense positron beam and Positronium Anihilation Lifetime Spectrometer (PALS)

collaboration with the University of Michigan at North Carolina State University, 2007-

2008.

4. A positron beam constructed with major undergraduate student involvement at Principia

and Mount Holyoke, 1990-2007.

5. Antimatter Hydrogen: Participated in early efforts to create low energy antimatter

hydrogen at Harvard, 1987-1990.

6. Positronium Beams: Suggested and demonstrated a method for producing

monoenergetic positronium in a beam. This method has been used for Ps-gas collision

cross-section measurements by a group at U. College London, and specular surface

reflection, in collaboration with Brookhaven National Labs, 1986.

7. Surface and Atomic Physics with Positrons: participated in the first work function

measurements for positrons. Performed a variety of experiments studying positron

annihilation in a Penning trap with dilute gases, thus simulating galactic positron

processes at Bell Labs, 1978-1986.

8. Gravitational Wave Detector: Set an upper bound on gravitational waves using a well-

isolated room temperature Weber bar at Bell Labs, 1975-1982.

PAPERS IN PROCESS

1. I. Petrides, B. Barbiellini, B. Brown, L. Gerchow, D. Gidley, and P. Crivelli,

“Decay rate of Positronium in Metal-Organic-Frameworks.”

2. B. Brown and P. Crivelli, “Proposed laboratory simulation of positron annihilation

in the Milky Way.”

3. B. Brown, A. Aiuppa, and D. Vrobel, “Alexander Graham Bell vs. Elisha Gray:

new insight on the telephone patent of 1876.”

REVIEWED JOURNAL PAPERS PUBLISHED

1. D. A. Cooke, G. Barandum, S. Vergani, B. Brown, A. Rubbia, and P. Crivelli,

“Positron Extraction to an Electromagnetic Field Free Region,” J. of Phys. B, 49,

014001-4(2015).

2. D. A. Cooke, P. Crivelli, J. Alnis, A. Antognini, B. Brown, S. Friedreich, A.

Gabard, T. W. Haensch, K. Kirch, A. Rubbia, V. Vrankovic, “Observation of

Positronium Annihilation in the 2S State: towards a new measurement of the 1S-

2S transition frequency,” Hyperfine Interactions, 233, 67-73(2015).

3. P. Crivelli, D. Cooke, B Barbiellinin, B. L. Brown, J. I. Reldblyum, P. Guo, D. W.

Gidley, L. Gerchow, A. J. Matzger, “Positronium in MOF’s: the atom out of the

box,” Phys. Rev. B, Rapid Communications, 89, 241103-7(2014).

4. R.H. Howell, T.E. Cowan, J. Hartley, P. Sterne, and B. L. Brown, "Positron Beam

Lifetime Spectroscopy of Atomic Scale Defect Distributions in Bulk and Microscopic

Volumes," Applied Surface Science 116, 7-12(1996).

5. B. L. Brown, "A Cobalt-58 Slow Positron Generator," Applied Surface Science 116,

104-107(1996).

6. L. D. Hulett, Jr., B. L. Brown, et al., editors, "Application of Positron Spectroscopy to

Materials Science," Adv. Mat. Sci. 3, 1-75(1994).

7. B. L. Brown, G. Gabrielse, L. Haarsma and K. Abdulah, "Antihydrogen Production at

Low Energies," Hyperfine Interactions 73, 193-204 (1992).

8. M. H. Weber, S. Tang, S. Berko, B. L. Brown, K. F. Canter, K. G. Lynn, A. P. Mills,

Jr., L. 0. Roellig, and A. J. Viescas, "Observation of Positronium Specular Reflection

from LiF," Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2542-2546(1988).

9. B. L. Brown and M. Leventhal, "Galactic Center Positronium Fraction: Observations

and Simulations," Astrophys. J. 319, 637-644(1987).

10. B. L. Brown and M. Leventhal, "Laboratory Simulation of Direct Positron Annihilation

in a Neutral Hydrogen Galactic Environment," Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1651-1655(1986).

11. B. L. Brown, W. S. Crane, and A. P. Mills, Jr., "Generation of Highly Monochromatic

Positrons Using Cold Moderators," App. Phys. Lett. 48, 739-743(1986).

12. B. L. Brown, M. Leventhal, and A. P. Mills, Jr., "Direct Annihilation Fraction of

Positrons in a Neutral Low-Density Galactic Environment," Phys. Rev. A 33, 2281-

2284(1986).

13. E. M. Gullikson, A. P. Mills, Jr., W. S. Crane, and B. L. Brown, "Absence of Energy

Loss in Positron Emission from Metal Surfaces," Rapid Communications, Phys. Rev. B

32, 5484-5490(1985).

14. B. L. Brown, "Possible Galactic Positron Annihilation Medium: Neutral Atomic

Hydrogen," Astrophys. J. (Letters) 292, L67-71(1985).

15. B. L. Brown, M. Leventhal, A. P. Mills, Jr., and D. W. Gidley, "Positron Annihilation

in a simulated Low Density Galactic Environment," Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2347-

2351(1984).

16. B. L. Brown, A. P. Mills, Jr., and J. A. Tyson, "Results of a 440 Day Search for

Gravitational Radiation," Phys. Rev. D 26, 1209-1223(1982).

17. B. L. Brown, A. P. Mills, Jr. and J. A. Tyson, "Real Time Analysis System for a

Gravitational Wave Antenna," Rev. of Sci. Inst. 53, 479-485(1982).

18. B. L. Brown, "Frequency Following Oscillator for a Two-Phase Lock-In Amplifier,"

Rev. of Sci. Inst. 50, 629-632(1979).

19. A. P. Mills, Jr., P. M. Platzman and B. L. Brown, "Slow Positron Emission from Metal

Surfaces," Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1076-1080(1978).

REVIEWED CONFERENCE PAPERS IN BOUND PROCEEDINGS

1. B. L. Brown “Current Intense Positron Beams at the North Carolina State

University PULSTAR Reactor and Argonne National Laboratories,” lecture and

paper, International Enrico Fermi Summer Institute, in Physics with Many

Positrons, ed. by A. Dupasquier, Allen P. Mills, and R.S. Brusa (Societa italiana di

fisica, invited, international conf.), pp. 451-461, 2010.

2. A. I. Hawari, D. W. Gidley, J. Xu, J. Moxom, A. G. Hathaway, B. Brown, and R.

Vallery, “The Intense Slow Positron Beam Facility at the NC State PULSTAR

Reactor,” (AIP Conf. Proc., 1099, invited [Hawari], national conf.), pp. 862-865,

2009.

3. B. L. Brown, et al., "A Proposed Intense Positron Source: Experimental Overview,"

Proceedings of SLOPOS5, 5th International Workshop on Slow-Positron Beam

Techniques for Solids and Surfaces, (AIP Press, contributed, national conf.), pp. 289-

295, 1993.

4. G. Gabrielse and B. L. Brown, "Positrons for Low Energy Antihydrogen Production," in

The Hydrogen Atom, Proceedings of the Symposium held in Pisa, Italy, July 1988

(Springer-Verlag, New York, Conf., invited [Gabrlelse], international conf.), pp.193-

201, 1989.

5. B. L. Brown and M. Leventhal, "A Possible Galactic Center Positron Annihilation

Medium: Neutral Hydrogen," in Workshop on Nuclear Spectroscopy of Astrophysical

Sources, Washington, D.C., November 1987, (AIP, invited, national conf.), pp. 196-

202, 1988.

6. B. L. Brown , "Monoenergetic Positronium Created in a Gas and Ps- He Collisions

Cross Section Measurement," Atomic Physics with Positrons, ed. by J. W. Humberston

and E. A. G. Armour, (Plenum, New York, invited, international conf.), pp.241-250,

1987.

7. L. O. Roellig, M. Weber, S. Berko, B. L. Brown, K. F. Canter, K. G. Lynn, A. P. Mills,

Jr., S. Tang, and A. Viescas, "A Positronium Beam and Positronium Reflection from

LiF," ibid, pp.233-339.

8. B. L. Brown, "Creation of a Monoenergetic Positronium Beam in a Gas," Proceedings,

of the 3rd International Workshop on Positron (Electron)-Gas Scattering, Detroit, MI,

ed. by W. E. Kauppila, T. S. Stein, and J. M. Wadehra (World Press, Singapore,

contributed, international conf.), pp.212-214, 1986.

9. M. Leventhal and B. L. Brown, "Positron Astrophysics in the Galactic Center Region:

Observations and Simulations," invited, ibid, pp. 140-147.

10. B. L. Brown, " Positrons in a Low Density Gas: Understanding the Galactic Center

Annihilation Line, and Forming Monoenergetic Beams of Positronium," invited, in

Positron Studies of Solids, Surfaces, and Atoms, ed. by A. P. Mills, Jr., W. S. Crane, K.

F. Canter (World Scientific Press, Singapore, invited, national conf.), 1986.

11. B. L. Brown, "Measurement of Inelastic and Elastic Cross Sections in H2," in Positron

Annihilation ed. by P.C. Jain, R. M. Singru, and K. P. Gopinathan, (World Scientific

Press, Singapore, contributed, international conf.), 1985.

POSTERS PRESENTED, NON-REVIEWED

1. Benjamin L. Brown, “Early Laboratory Astrophysics Experiments on Positron

Annihilation in Diffuse H2 and He,” Positrons in Astrophysics, Mürren,

Switzerland (international, contributed), 2012.

2. Benjamin L. Brown, Andrew Kunz, and Melissa Vigil, “Recent Progress in the

Physics Department at Marquette University,” AAPT meeting, Ontario, California

(national, contributed), 2012.

3. Benjamin Brown, “A Decade of Growth in the Physics Department at Marquette

University,” AIP Department Chairs Meeting, Washington, D.C. (national,

contributed), 2012.

4. Benjamin Brown, Tim Gee, Michael Osterman, and David Schrader, “A Proposed

Pulsed Tunable, low energy positron beam using a thin metal film at 5K,”

POSMOL 2011, the XVI International Workshop on Low Energy Positron and

Positronium Physics, Maynooth, Ireland (international, contributed), 2011.

5. Benjamin Brown, Andrew Kunz, and Melissa Vigil, “Introducing Tom Moore’s

Six Ideas that Shaped Physics Textbooks into a University Curriculum,” Gordon

Conference (attendance by invitation only for 100 participants), South Hadley,

MA, (national, contributed), 2010.

6. B. Scherer, A. Landrum, B. L. Brown, "Containment of a Single Species Plasma,"

Society of Physics Students, Zone I meeting, Bates College, (local, contributed), 1995.

TALKS WITH PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS ONLY, NON-REVIEWED

1. B. L. Brown and P. Crivelli, “Proposed laboratory astrophysical simulation of

positronium annihilation in atomic hydrogen,” 28th

Texas Symposium on

Relativistic Astrophysics, Geneva, Switzerland (international, contributed), 2015.

2. B. L. Brown, “Ham Radio on Campus and in the Classroom,” ISAAPT, Illinois Physics

Teacher 19, 2 (local, contributed), 2006.

3. B. L. Brown, “Physics of Finance,” ISAAPT, Illinois Physics Teacher 18, 2 (local,

contributed), 2006.

4. Matthew Franking, Benjamin Brown, Jennifer Chapin, “The Galactic Positron

Annihilation Medium: Is ionized Helium a Viable Candidate?” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 50

(national, contributed), 2005.

5. B. L. Brown, “Physics of Sailing,” ISAAPT, Illinois Physics Teacher 16, 2 (local,

contributed), 2004.

6. B. L. Brown, “Honors Astronomy: People of Courage,” ISAAPT, Illinois Physics

Teacher 15, 1 (local, contributed), 2003.

7. B. L. Brown, “Lithium Ion Batteries in the Principia RA IV Solar Car,” ISAAPT,

Illinois Physics Teacher 14, 2 (local, contributed), 2002.

8. B. L. Brown, “Positron Interstellar Annihilation Simulator and Analyzer,” Am. Phys.

Soc. Spring Meeting, Washington, D. C., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 46 (national,

contributed), 2001.

9. B.L. Brown, D. A. Cornell, and P. A. Robinson, “LabVIEW as a Teaching Tool for

Physics,” Am. Phys. Soc. Spring Meeting, Washington, D. C., Bull Am. Phys. Soc. 46

(national, contributed), 2001.

10. B.L. Brown, D. A. Cornell, and P. A. Robinson, “LabVIEW as an Educational Tool at

Principia College,” ISAAPT meeting (local, contributed), 2001.

11. B.L. Brown, “A Low Energy Positron Beam for Teaching and Research,” ISAAPT,

Illinois Physics Teacher 14, 2 (local, contributed), 2001.

12. B. L. Brown, H. Makowitz, D. W. Gidley, and W. Frieze, "A Proposed Intense Positron

Beam," Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 37, 1001(national, contributed), 1992.

13. B. L. Brown, "Positronium- He Total Collision Cross Sections Measurements," Bull.

Am. Phys. Soc. 32, 1240 (national, contributed), 1987.

14. B. L. Brown and M. Leventhal, "Laboratory Simulation of a Neutral Hydrogen Galactic

Medium," Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 17, 811 (national, contributed), 1986.

15. B. L. Brown, "Creation of Monoenergetic Positronium in a Gas," Bull. Am. Phys.

Soc. 30, 614 (national, contributed), 1985.

PROPOSALS NOT ACCEPTED

1. B.L. Brown and A. Kunz, “Overcoming Barriers to Interactive Engagement

Teaching Methods in Introductory Physics for Engineers,” proposal written for

the National Science Foundation, 2011. Proportion of work and ideas: Brown

60%, Kunz 40%.

2. B.L. Brown and D. A. Schrader, “Development of a Pulsed Tunable, Low Energy

Positron Beam with 1 meV Resolution,” proposal written for the National Science

Foundation, MRI program, 2010. Proportion of work and ideas: Brown 70%

Schrader 30%.

3. M. Dietrich, M. Bottroff, and B.L. Brown (co-pi), “The Low-Luminosity End of

the Radius-Luminostiy Relation of Active Galactic Nuclei,” observing proposal

written for the Hubble Space Telescope, 2014. Proportion of work and ideas:

Dietrich 60%, Bottroff 30%, Brown 10%.

4. Co-pi on three other NSF proposals, 1045579, 948010, and 848169, prior to 2012.